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Good science requires much more than evidence

Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.

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Sep 30 • 3:09 PM EDT • Business • wired.com
Wednesday playoff discussion thread

More teams could be going home today!

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Sep 30 • 2:57 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Apple Event on October 13?

Earlier this week, Daring Fireball's John Gruber floated Tuesday, October 13 as a potential date for Apple to hand out iPhone Duo review units to selected reviewers in person, and it appears that he might have been on to something. Bloomberg's Mark Gurman today reported that Apple plans to unveil its all-new smart home hub, a second-generation HomePod mini, and a new Apple TV 4K model on October 13, the same date that Gruber mentioned in his speculative piece a few days ago.

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Sep 30 • 1:53 PM EDT • Technology • macrumors.com
A few noncitizen votes are a scandal. But thousands of rejected ballots are business as usual

One state rejected ballots because some voters failed to include their mother’s maiden name on the back of the return envelope.

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Sep 30 • 1:30 PM EDT • Business • democracydocket.com
Business Profile: Bar-low takes pride in knowing its customers’ HVAC needs

Family-owned Bar-low Heating and Air Conditioning has serviced more than a thousand homes in Hopkinton and surrounding towns over nearly a decade. Owner

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Sep 30 • 12:33 PM EDT • Business • hopkintonindependent.com
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Freedom of speech? Ohio HOAs can restrict that. Here's why, how

Homeowners associations (HOA) can limit political yard sign use, something two Ohio lawmakers have been working to change for years.

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Sep 30 • 12:28 PM EDT • Politics • dispatch.com
With $20M gift, Dartmouth Health to launch institute and at-home primary care program

Richard Levy donated $20 million to Dartmouth Health and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth for the establishment of at-home primary care and palliative services and a Family Caregiver Institute to offer resources and train new members of the caregiver force.

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Sep 30 • 12:12 PM EDT • Health • nhpr.org
Wheeling Health Right drive fills mobile unit with essentials for people in need

People in need were able to take home everyday essentials Wednesday morning as Wheeling Health Right distributed donations collected over the past month.After a

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Sep 30 • 12:08 PM EDT • Health • wtov9.com
City seeks housing developers for vacant North Corktown lots

Detroit is offering the opportunity on 16 lots for 20 homes in the neighborhood near Michigan Central plus $2.5 million through its Small Buildings Program.

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Sep 30 • 12:07 PM EDT • Business • crainsdetroit.com
Newrez Turns Servicing Data Into Repeat Business For Brokers

Newrez is extending its homeowner-engagement platform to wholesale borrowers, giving brokers a potential path back to clients when another mortgage opportunity emerges.HomeHub is now available to protected wholesale borrowers, allowing homeowners to monitor estimated home values and equity, explore refinance and home equity opportunities, and search local listings.

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Sep 30 • 11:25 AM EDT • Business • nationalmortgageprofessional.com
Michigan State at Wisconsin: Spread and Over/Under Prediction

The Spartans head to Madison facing defensive hurdles and the loss of star playmaker Cam Edwards, while the surging Badgers look to capitalize on home-field momentum.

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Sep 30 • 11:23 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Crystal Bal Cake Bites kit brings Halloween baking and science home
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Sep 30 • 11:16 AM EDT • Science • okcfox.com
Fall clothing drive at Rome Polish Home

The Rome Polish Home will host a Cozy Fall & Halloween Community Day on South George Street starting at noon on Saturday, Oct. 3, according to organizers.

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Sep 30 • 11:15 AM EDT • Entertainment • romesentinel.com
Steven Spielberg's 'Disclosure Day' Returns Atop Weekly U.K. Home Entertainment Sales Chart Through Sept. 30

Universal’s Disclosure Day returned atop of the Official Film Chart, the weekly U.K. home entertainment sales chart through Sept. 30, for the first time since reaching No. 1 in August. Directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Emily Blunt, Josh O’Connor, Colin Firth, Eve Hewson and Colman Domingo, the sci-fi thriller has been on the sales … Continue reading "Steven Spielberg’s ‘Disclosure Day’ Returns Atop Weekly U.K. Home Entertainment Sales Chart Through Sept. 30"

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Sep 30 • 11:01 AM EDT • Entertainment • mediaplaynews.com
Apple stock pops on report it will unveil all-new smart home hub at Oct. 13 event

Apple stock pops on reported home hub device event.

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Sep 30 • 11:00 AM EDT • Technology • finance.yahoo.com
A new PS5 jailbreak works on almost every firmware version, and it already runs the latest games

Code hackers focused on the PlayStation 5 have just released another massive contribution to the homebrew scene for Sony's console. The "Relapse" exploit can be used to...

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Sep 30 • 10:53 AM EDT • Technology • techspot.com
Charley Steiner will call Dodgers postseason home games on radio

LOS ANGELES — Every game of the Dodgers postseason, from the National League Division series to — should they advance — the National League Championship Series and World Series, will be televised by Fox Sports. But on radio, Charley Steiner will call Dodgers home playoff games at Dodger Stadium for AM 570 and the team’s […]

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Sep 30 • 10:44 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Citrus County's oldest home starts season

The 1863 Duval-Metz House, the oldest remaining home in Citrus County, opens its 2026–27 season of house tours this month.

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Sep 30 • 10:33 AM EDT • Entertainment • chronicleonline.com
Bend cheesecake business launches vending machine

Little Slice of Hell Cheesecakes launched its vending machine of cheesecakes earlier this month at Midtown Yacht Club, giving Bend a new way to grab local, homemade cheesecakes on the […]

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Sep 30 • 10:30 AM EDT • Business • bendbulletin.com
I On Politics

ADDABBO CONCERT RE-SCHED­ULED: Senator Joseph P. Addabbo Jr.’s Big Band Swing Concert, co-sponsored by Flor Cawley/State Farm, originally scheduled for Fri­day, September 25, was postponed due to fore­casted rain and will now take place on Friday, October 2, 2026, at the Forest Park Bandshell. GREEK AMERICAN HOMEOWNERS ASSN MTG: The next General Meeting of

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Sep 30 • 10:13 AM EDT • Politics • qgazette.com
Baptist Health Foundation Receives $1.5 Million Gift from Robins & Morton to Benefit Baptist Health Homestead Hospital

September 2, 2026 – Baptist Health Foundation announced today a $1.5 million gift from Robins & Morton, a national commercial construction firm, to support the Baptist Health Homestead Hospital Clinical Expansion Fund. The gift will help fund the construction of a new four-story, 134,000-square-foot tower at Homestead Hospital in Homestead, Florida. The expansion will increase […]

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Sep 30 • 9:39 AM EDT • Health • southfloridahospitalnews.com
Packers sign Wisconsin native Kevin Zeitler in latest OL move

The former Badger and Wisconsin native is coming out of retirement and returning home.

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Sep 30 • 9:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
MLB postseason turns to wild card Games 2 on Wednesday

The Dodgers could find out their National League Division Series opponent as early as Wednesday, with four more wild card games on the docket on the second day of the 2026 postseason. The Braves beat the Phillies on Tuesday at Truist Park in Atlanta thanks to a three-run home run in the eighth inning by […]

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Sep 30 • 9:28 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
HEALTH & WELLNESS @ HOME: Cardiologist discusses heart attack risks ahead of winter

Doctor explains why heart attack cases rise in colder months

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Sep 30 • 9:00 AM EDT • Health • wdbj7.com
Alta Hometown Days Returns This Weekend With Expanded Entertainment

Alta Hometown Days returns this weekend with an expanded lineup of entertainment and activities planned throughout the Buena Vista County community. The two-day event is scheduled for Saturday and Sunday, […]

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Sep 30 • 8:33 AM EDT • Entertainment • stormlakeradio.com
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Astrology, homeopathy, vaccine rejectionism, creationism: Why pseudoscience thrives as science advances

Science has never known more, yet pseudoscience keeps gaining ground. Astrology, homeopathy, creationism and vaccine rejectionism all make

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Sep 30 • 8:28 AM EDT • Science • geneticliteracyproject.org
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Apple Smart Home Hub to Feature iMac G4-Style Design and More

Apple's long-rumored smart home hub will have an iMac G4-style design and a host of unique features, Bloomberg's Mark Gurman reports. The smart home hub is said to feature a square 6-inch display, with variants that can be placed on a countertop or mounted on a wall. It features a single FaceTime camera on the front, with microphones and speakers in its connected base.

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Sep 30 • 7:36 AM EDT • Technology • macrumors.com
Apple’s ‘HomePad’ will reportedly launch on October 13th

Apple has a trio of new devices on the way for Siri AI

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Sep 30 • 7:11 AM EDT • Technology • theverge.com
Game Preview: Pittsburgh Penguins @ Philadelphia Flyers 9/30/2026

Who: Pittsburgh Penguins (0-0-0) @ Philadelphia Flyers (0-0-0) When: 7:30 p.m. eastern How to Watch: Nationally televised game on TNT and TruTV, streaming on HBO Max Pens’ Path Ahead: The Penguins have a few days off to prepare for their home opener on Saturday night against Montreal. Next week will be a busy one with games […]

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Sep 30 • 7:01 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Coach says Ireland will fulfil second Israel fixture

Republic of Ireland manager Heimir Hallgrimsson has confirmed his side will fulfil their second Nations League fixture against Israel on Sunday, insisting he must “focus on football” amid ongoing protests. The Stop the Game campaign group in Ireland has called on fans to meet at the Aviva Stadium ahead of the home game against Austria on Thursday to voice opposition to fixtures which it says help to “sportswash genocide.

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Sep 30 • 6:33 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Debt service and the Pentagon. Private equity and the politics of the US housing market. The return of black lung disease & the Franco-Prussian War in color.

Thank you for opening your Chartbook email. RALPH BALSON. 1890—1964. Oil and enamel, signed. Source: Gavekal This going to hurt - the two 7s in the US: diesel and mortgage rates Source: Gavekal In the US housing market, costs are soaring and the role of corporate, private equity-backed buyers is high on the mid-term election agenda. HEY READERS, THANK YOU for opening the Chartbook email. I hope it brightens your day. I enjoy putting out the newsletter, but tbh, what keeps this flow going is the generosity of those readers who clicked the subscription button. If you are persuaded to click, please consider the annual subscription of $60. It is both better value for you and a much better deal for me, as it involves only one credit card charge. Why feed the payments companies if we don’t have to. Subscribe It is striking how, since 2020, big banks have dropped out of the political spotlight in the US. For contributing subscribers only. Subscribe Rates of the lung disease pneumoconiosis among working US coal miners have risen to levels not seen in nearly 40 years Source: Bloomberg Chinese Clean Technology Exports For contributing subscribers only. Subscribe Ralph Balson (1939) Portrait of Grace Crowley Cole, G. O. & Haseman, S. M., (2023) “‘The Substance of Paint’: Class and Materiality in the Work of Ralph Balson”, Open Library of Humanities 9(2). Ralph Balson (1890–1964) was an English plumber and house painter who emigrated to Australia in 1913 and subsequently became a key member of Sydney’s artistic avant-garde. He is credited with having the first solo exhibition of purely abstract painting in Australia in 1941. Despite his role in developing Australian non-objective painting, Balson remained principally a house painter, working on his art practice at weekends. In 1955 he retired on a state pension and became a full-time artist. Balson’s artistic education and methods were critically shaped by his working-class background. He did not travel abroad until 1960 and was an avid auto-didact. His materials, palette, techniques and compositional strategies were likewise informed by his trade. Balson’s profession as a painter-decorator made him conspicuous within the predominantly middle-class Sydney art scene, though his painting partner Grace Crowley considered it an advantage in their pursuit of constructive painting. This paper explores the impact of Balson’s trade on his trajectory towards pure abstraction. While his art was at odds with the predominantly figurative mode of class-conscious art in Australian Modernism, we argue that it is embedded in the experience of class through its creative adaptation of labour into aesthetics. Source: OLH Svetlana Alexievich, The Art of Oral History No. 1 Paris Review Issue 257, Fall 2026 Interviewed by Elena Kostyuchenko INTERVIEWER How were you able to go to Chernobyl? Did you need special papers? ALEXIEVICH It was a time of chaos. They let me right into the zone. … More than anything, there was confusion. Adamovich [Ales Adamovich, the Soviet Belarusian writer], I remember, persuaded Gorbachev to send in the scientists, who showed up without even bringing their shaving kits. They were told that there had been an explosion at a nuclear power plant, but for some reason they thought that they’d be there for only a day or two. The first time I went was several months later, and people kept telling me about things they didn’t understand—how the fishermen couldn’t find worms, because they’d burrowed deep into the earth, how the milk wouldn’t curdle at the cheese factories. The honeybees wouldn’t come out of their hives. The evacuations started, I think, in the first month. The old women hid, they wouldn’t leave. I mentioned radiation to one of them and she said, “I’ve seen that radiation, all right! It’s yellow with green in it. I saw puddles of it in my garden, and I told the other women, and we ran and looked, and she had it in her garden, and the other one, too!” God, it was wild, the way the mind made sense of it. There was a story going around about Gorbachev telling the scientists to show him the radiation. “We can’t, it’s invisible.” “But I want to see it!” I also ran into the soldiers who’d been flown in on helicopters from Afghanistan. I asked them, “What are you doing here with your machine guns?” They said, “We’re collecting the radiation, that’s what.” So you had some of them running around with their guns, others out in the village washing off firewood or burying soil in the soil. These were the kinds of things that exploded our worldview. They made you realize that culture was just a chest filled with old manuscripts. There were no books in there that could help me. Our philosophers turned out to be useless when faced with the unprecedented. Derrida, Baudrillard—philosophy fell silent. What was happening? How would we live with it? That’s when I decided it simply needed to be witnessed. Which is what I did. INTERVIEWER I wanted to ask about how you talk to people. … ALEXIEVICH Yes, we sit and we talk—about what interests me and about life in general. About love, about everything in the world. That way, what comes out is three-dimensional. If you cut straight to the part you need, which is what journalists do, it won’t be interesting, and it won’t be the truth, either. Not the whole truth. INTERVIEWER Do people always open up when you ask questions, or can questions get in the way? ALEXIEVICH You have to ask questions, of course. Your job is to scour away the banality and return people to their true selves, to make them face what they rarely tap into. With every new person, you have to find a new way to do it. When you ask an interesting question or you share what happened to you, you help people really think about what they’re saying and not just repeat whatever they’ve picked up from the newspaper. But not everybody is capable of it, not everyone wants to put themselves through that. Either the chemistry starts to kick in or it doesn’t. A person might be wonderful, but you can tell that the conversation just isn’t going to happen. You can try to push it, but it will be a product of your own intellect, rather than of that mysterious connection. Life doesn’t come from the mind. Some people I can call two years after our last conversation, and they’ll say, “Oh, Svetochka! I think of you all the time,” and we’ll start talking again. With others, that won’t happen. That doesn’t mean they’re not extraordinary people, just that you can’t connect with them. They might have some insight, but you don’t have the right antenna to pick up their signal. Source: The Paris Review Colorized Franco-Prussian war … the ruins of Strasbourg with a French photographer and his mobile dark room. Ralph Balson (1961) Matter Painting If you’ve scrolled this far, you know you want to click: Subscribe

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Sep 30 • 6:25 AM EDT • Politics • adamtooze.substack.com
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Trump’s shift from ‘Housing First’ is causing upheaval for homelessness programs and many they serve

The Trump administration is shifting federal policy and dollars away from the “Housing First” approach that has been at the heart of federal homelessness policy.

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Sep 30 • 6:02 AM EDT • Health • seattletimes.com
Liverpool Could Trigger €70m Jarell Quansah Clause

The Reds face a high-stakes decision as their academy graduate dominates the Bundesliga, with a strategic buy-back clause offering a cut-price path to an Anfield homecoming.

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Sep 30 • 5:44 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
When “DEI” research is cut, what happens to community health?

“I’m just going to run to the grocery store!” How many times have we said this without thinking about it? For most of us, it's usually an easy walk or a short drive to get the cheese we forgot. In reality, though, 13% of the U.S. population (about 39 million people) live in “food deserts,” which means living more than a mile from a grocery store in urban areas and more than 10 miles in rural areas. This was the case for people in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, where a quick run to buy food wasn’t an option. In the 1930s, federal maps marked the Hill as "hazardous" for lending, a practice known as redlining that steered investment away from Black neighborhoods. Decades of disinvestment followed, and residents went about 30 years without a nearby grocery store. This made it hard to keep healthy eating habits and contributed to chronic disease. When a grocery store finally opened in the area in 2013, researchers saw the opportunity and launched the PHRESH study, which initially compared the health of participants from the Hill district to those in the Homewood district. Over time, the study expanded to other factors such as brain health and Alzheimer's risk. Residents like Roderick Blair overcame initial hesitation to share their health data, trusting it would benefit their neighborhood. Then, in August 2026, the NIH abruptly canceled the study’s grant, citing that it was “subjective” and fell outside their scientific scope—an effect of the administration’s interpretation of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI). Research like PHRESH can help determine what changes in a neighborhood actually improve health, so cutting it has left that question unanswered. Other canceled studies have examined health issues like maternal health, preterm birth rates, or sickle cell disease. Courts have reversed some of these grant cancellations, but not all of them. If we really want America to be healthier, research into why some communities get sicker than others is absolutely critical. The law that created the federal minority health research institute passed with bipartisan support in 2000. But these days, as evidenced by grant cancellations, the political shift in attitudes toward DEI means we often lose access to the health information we need to help all communities thrive. DEI vs. health equity vs. equality and the overlap (or lack thereof) The letters “DEI” evoke very different reactions depending on who you are in the U.S. DEI programs can address gender, disability, age, and other factors, but the fiercest debate centers on race. For some people, hearing DEI brings to mind policies that may have cost them a job or a college seat because they are white. Others see DEI as a matter of justice: a way to expand representation and opportunity for groups that have been historically marginalized. Both perspectives are rooted in lived experience, and both center on the same question: whether hiring and admissions practices are fair. Hiring and admission practices, though related, are not the same as health equity. Health equity is “the attainment of the highest level of health for all people.” It’s the recognition that some groups of people consistently experience worse health outcomes than others. For instance, black mothers die from pregnancy-related complications at three times the rate of white mothers, and rural Americans are more likely to die from issues such as heart disease and cancer. Equity is also often conflated with “equality,” which leads to misunderstanding of how to actually best support communities. Equality ignores the fact that we aren’t all starting life with the same resources or circumstances, whereas equity is about helping people get what they specifically need based on their situation so they have the chance to achieve the same outcome as anyone else. For example, if every household in Pittsburgh got a $30 grocery gift card, that would be equal. But during the decades the Hill District went without a grocery store, that card wouldn’t have helped much. Equity means making sure everyone can actually access a store in the first place. DEI policies can overlap with health equity in many ways. For example, they may help expand access to quality education and stable, well-paying jobs, which in turn can provide health insurance, safer housing, and improved finances—all of which can reduce health disparities. But to make that happen, we first need data to identify disparities in communities and to develop solutions that effectively address them. What we lose when the research stops Community data is important to health equity because: You can’t fix what you don’t see: Data show which communities are most affected by health factors such as infection, heart disease, and cancer. If we don’t know what is happening and where, then we can’t develop interventions to help. Poor health costs everyone: Chronic disease is expensive—both to the individual person and to the overall economy. Understanding what groups of people are most at risk allows us to develop interventions that can save everyone money. Disparities exist for many communities: Health equity includes disparities that exist due to a whole host of factors, such as family background, race and ethnicity, rural vs. suburban residence, gender and sexual orientation, veteran status, disability, and lower income. This means many Americans can benefit from research into differences in health outcomes and how to improve them. Trust is easy to lose: Some participants in the PHRESH study were initially vocal about their concerns about participating. But that trust was earned because the researchers kept their promises and centered their work on the community. When projects are canceled mid-cycle, researchers have no choice but to leave behind communities they had promised to help. This hurts trust in the long run. It’s also a very inefficient use of resources, and it will take significant time and effort to redo the work when the government realizes this work is important again. How should we talk about health equity? This is hard because the words “equity” and “DEI” are currently very politically charged. So whether you’re a public health professional, teacher, or friend, how we talk about this topic matters. The right framing can help people who might otherwise be skeptical see why health equity research is important and deserves funding. Here are some suggestions to help your conversations: Choose your words strategically: Who are you trying to reach with your message? Are they likely to be resistant to terms like “diversity” and “equity”? If so, find alternative words to use to still get the message across. It is frustrating to be in that position, but the goal of improving health is too important not to try to make inroads. Sometimes simply reframing can help the message reach those who need to hear it. Focus on the problem: The terms “health equity” and “DEI” are abstract. Make it more specific. For example, discuss differences in maternal death or ways to improve health outcomes in rural communities. These still have equity at their core but will likely be better understood by those you’re talking with. Focus on systems: Disparities exist, but if they are communicated poorly, people can mistakenly think the issue is the individual’s fault. Disparities are largely driven by failures of the system—such as lack of access to health care and a long legacy of racism. When discussing the disparities, frame them around these systemic issues to ensure blame isn’t placed on the individuals impacted. Tell stories: Personalize these policies by using stories from those impacted that connect to the data you’re trying to convey. This helps make the policies and outcomes more concrete and meaningful. Bottom line Some communities end up sicker than others. That’s just the facts. We can argue about the best way to do that research, but canceling it simply because it may be linked to DEI doesn’t make anyone healthier. It just leaves communities like the Hill district behind. And in the end, it causes us all to move backward in our efforts to improve health in this country. Love, EM Big thanks to MacKenzie Isaac & Legairre Radden, who reviewed this piece and generously shared their expertise and lived experience to help improve it. Dr. Liz Marnik, PhD, is Executive Director of The Evidence Collective and a science communicator and immunologist working at the intersection of public trust, science, and public health. To discuss communication training on topics like health equity and storytelling, email Liz at liz@yle.health or learn more on our website. Your Local Epidemiologist (YLE) comprises a team of experts, ranging from physicians to immunologists to epidemiologists to nutritionists, working together with one goal: to “translate” ever-evolving public health science so that people are well-equipped to make evidence-based decisions. The YLE suite of newsletters reaches over 475,000 people across more than 132 countries. This newsletter is free to everyone, thanks to the generous support of fellow YLE community members. To support the effort, subscribe or upgrade below: Your Local Epidemiologist is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. Subscribe

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Sep 30 • 5:05 AM EDT • Health • yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com
Amendment 83 protects your right to hunt, fish

I will never forget March 25, 2020 — COVID-19 was raging, and Gov. Jared Polis asked President Donald Trump to declare a major disaster, while issuing a stay-at-home order for Colorado residents. Only essential businesses could remain open, including grocery stores, but who wanted to go out in public and risk exposure? Fortunately, I had […]

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Sep 30 • 2:45 AM EDT • Politics • coloradopolitics.com
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Padres rout Cubs 8-0 in emphatic Wild Card opener with Tatis’ leadoff homer, King’s no-hit bid

San Diego provided more than enough support for King, who struck out eight over seven stellar innings.

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Sep 30 • 2:08 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Padres' hometown hero Joe Musgrove pitches first game in two years
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Sep 30 • 1:03 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Celebrate PHS Homecoming Oct. 23

The Pleasanton Ex-Students Association is getting ready for the PHS Homecoming game to be held on Friday, Oct. 23, at Eagle Stadium. They will be honoring the years ending in

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Sep 30 • 1:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • pleasantonexpress.com
An overview of Hampton Roads

Home to 1.79 million people across 17 localities, Hampton Roads is Virginia’s second most populous region, just behind Northern Virginia. It also boasts

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Sep 29 • 11:57 PM EDT • Business • virginiabusiness.com
Olympiacos Sign 18-Year-Old Left-Back From Legia Warsaw

Olympiacos has signed 18-year-old left-back Athanasios Christopoulos from Legia Warsaw. The Greek defender returns home as a free agent before the window closes.

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Sep 29 • 10:40 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
6 years later, the office is making a comeback

Six years after COVID-19 transformed the way Americans work, the pendulum is swinging back toward the office. The pandemic forced companies to send employees home almost overnight, transforming remote work

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Sep 29 • 9:43 PM EDT • Entertainment • thederrick.com
Family questions mother's remains after police search business tied to funeral home probe

Days after police searched a Glenwood cremation service, an Alsip woman is questioning whether the urn she has actually contains her mother's remains.

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Sep 29 • 8:56 PM EDT • Business • nbcchicago.com
Michele Singer Reiner's sister opens up about family's 'unimaginable' loss

Michele Singer Reiner‘s sister is opening up about the photographer's death nine months after she and husband Rob Reiner were fatally stabbed in their Los Angeles home in December.

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Sep 29 • 7:23 PM EDT • Entertainment • centraloregondaily.com
Braves squander Chris Sale's gem but beat Phillies anyway, thanks to Austin Riley’s redemptive homer
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Sep 29 • 7:07 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
$20M gift launches ‘Dartmouth Health at Home’ program

The presidents of Dartmouth College and Dartmouth Health came together Tuesday to announce a historic $20 million donation launching “Dartmouth Health at Home,” a collaborative initiative to expand healthcare outside hospital walls.

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Sep 29 • 6:31 PM EDT • Health • wcax.com
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$20M gift launches ‘Dartmouth Health at Home’ program

The collaboration between Dartmouth Health and the Geisel School of Medicine aims to coordinate at-home care.

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Sep 29 • 6:05 PM EDT • Health • wcax.com
Oklahoma rural health gets $223M from One Big Beautiful Bill as SWOSU brings care closer to home

Oklahoma rural health just got a $223 million boost, and SWOSU is using part of it to bring care closer to home for those in western Oklahoma.

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Sep 29 • 5:13 PM EDT • Health • koco.com
Mamdani's pied-à-terre tax rollout was botched, judge rules

New York City plans to place a tax on multi-million-dollar second homes. A judge ruled Tuesday that its rollout needs to be redone.

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Sep 29 • 4:53 PM EDT • Business • businessinsider.com
New: Part Sports, Part Science, and All Hometown Pride —Experience The Buffalo Museum of Science’s Latest Exhibit

Things to Do It’s the museum’s first brand-new permanent exhibit since 2018, and they’ve pulled out all the stops.

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Sep 29 • 4:46 PM EDT • Science • stepoutbuffalo.com
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A comeback built on teamwork

After a stroke, Mark Brady worked tirelessly with ECU Health's rehabilitation team to get back home and on the road to recovery.

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Sep 29 • 4:26 PM EDT • Health • ecuhealth.org
Mayor Mamdani Opens New Bridge to Home Facility in Brooklyn, Expanding Path from Hospital Care to Permanent Housing

New York, NY – Today, Mayor Zohran Kwame Mamdani and NYC Health + Hospitals announced the opening of a new Bridge to Home facility in Brooklyn, expanding

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Sep 29 • 4:16 PM EDT • Health • nychealthandhospitals.org
Estate along Minnesota Avenue tops sales report at $6M

Here’s a look at the top 10 home sales for the week of Sept. 7 in Minnehaha and Lincoln counties.

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Sep 29 • 4:08 PM EDT • Business • siouxfalls.business
Dartmouth Health announces at-home program to address rural challenges after $20M gift

Dartmouth Health and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College announced Tuesday they’re launching a new at-home health care program, an effort to address healthcare delivery challenges in rural New Hampshire and Vermont where patients often live far from doctors and health facilities.

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Sep 29 • 3:51 PM EDT • Health • newhampshirebulletin.com
With $20 million gift, Dartmouth Health establishes caregiver institute, at-home primary and palliative care

Richard Levy donated $20 million to Dartmouth Health to launch an at-home primary and palliative care initiative and a Family Caregiver Institute.

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Sep 29 • 3:15 PM EDT • Health • vnews.com
Homeland Security spending $20M in taxpayer funds for pro-Trump ads

The Department of Homeland Security has tapped $20 million to pay for the campaign-style ads glorifying President Donald Trump that have drawn widespread criticism from Republicans and Democrats as a blatant misuse of taxpayer dollars that likely runs afoul of anti-propaganda law.

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Sep 29 • 3:04 PM EDT • Politics • pbs.org
Homeland Security taps $20M in taxpayer funds for pro-Trump ads

WASHINGTON (AP) — The Department of Homeland Security has tapped $20 million to pay for the campaign-style ads glorifying President Donald Trump that have drawn

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Sep 29 • 2:39 PM EDT • Politics • wtop.com
Homeland Security taps $20M in taxpayer funds for pro-Trump ads

The Department of Homeland Security has tapped $20 million to pay for campaign-style ads glorifying President Donald Trump.

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Sep 29 • 2:35 PM EDT • Politics • ksat.com
Homeland Security taps $20M in taxpayer funds for pro-Trump ads

The Department of Homeland Security has tapped $20 million to pay for campaign-style ads glorifying President Donald Trump.

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Sep 29 • 2:35 PM EDT • Politics • wsls.com
LA mayor candidates set for forum as city struggles with homelessness, Hollywood job losses

Two Democratic rivals seeking to become the next mayor of Los Angeles are meeting on the same stage just days before mail ballots go to voters.

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Sep 29 • 1:37 PM EDT • Politics • pbs.org