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Students apply their knowledge at Britton Science Fair | Morgan Hill Times | Morgan Hill, San Martin, CA
Eighth-graders at Britton Middle School transformed their gymnasium into a showcase of scientific inquiry Dec. 11, presenting projects ranging from lemon-powered batteries to studies on caffeine’s effects on heart rate.
Entertainment Industry Humans Launch 'Creators Coalition on AI'
A group of artists and entertainment pros have formed the Creators Coalition on AI, an agnostic convening organization to address concerns.
‘Bo Schembechler would never stop throwing up’: How Michigan’s scandal reveals college sports’ transformation
Legendary Michigan-based columnist Mitch Albom says Bo Schembechler would be sickened by today's college sports landscape where player poaching and money have replaced loyalty in an era unrecognizable to the iconic coach.
Michigan coaching search lingers as top targets send mixed signals
Michigan football’s coaching search remains unresolved as Arizona State coach Kenny Dillingham addresses rumors.
Photo gallery: Westside defeats Logan, 72-70
LOGAN, W.Va. — Photo gallery from Westside’s 72-70 win at Logan. (Photo gallery courtesy of Teran Malone/Malone Sports Media) Full gallery available here
College Basketball Top 10, Bubble Team NET Rankings: Tested Michigan Remains No. 1
Here are the top 10 men's college basketball teams by NET ranking, who is already fighting on the bubble and the biggest risers and fallers through week 6.
Top 25 And 1 college basketball rankings: No. 3 Duke has case for No. 1
The Blue Devils are 10-0 and own victories vs. Michigan State, Florida, Kansas and Arkansas so far this season
AI blueprint from NAACP prioritizes health equity in model development
Artificial intelligence could further widen race-based disparities in healthcare, the organization says. Its new blueprint is meant as a first step in a larger, more ambitious campaign to ensure that racial fairness is a priority for U.S. healthcare AI.
The most despicable lie from the guns-over-all gang
No, they're not coming for your guns.
Trinity, MyMichigan Health pledge to offer hepatitis B vaccine at birth
Trinity Health Michigan and MyMichigan Health say their hospitals will join five others in the state to offer the hepatitis B vaccine at birth.
Jane Goodall Earth medal to recognise people working to improve the world
Organisers of award in honour of late primatologist hope it will inspire and encourage people to take action
Veterinarian and Animal Science Graduate James F. Dougherty Named to Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni
The Class of 2026 inductees into the Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni have excelled in a varied range of fields—obstetrics and gynecology, addiction prevention and treatment, veterinary medicine, football and entrepreneurship, and government and insurance industry leadership—but they all share a uniquely Scarlet bond: A significant, unwavering devotion to supporting the university where they began […]
CA hires former CDC officials to lead new public health org
Two high-profile former CDC officials have been hired to helm the Public Health Network Innovation Exchange, a new organization about which little is known.
Ramanujan’s 100-year-old pi formula is still revealing the Universe
Ramanujan’s elegant formulas for calculating pi, developed more than a century ago, have unexpectedly resurfaced at the heart of modern physics. Researchers at IISc discovered that the same mathematical structures behind these formulas also describe real-world phenomena like turbulence, percolation, and even black holes. What once seemed like pure mathematics now appears deeply intertwined with the physical laws governing the universe.
Nurses who retired from Kalamazoo hospital will lose health care benefits Dec. 31
Without the payments, retirees will have to pay hundreds to thousands more each year, according to the Michigan Nurses Association.
What Makes This Business So Successful? We Find Out From the Founder's Kids
The children of Morgan Clayton, founder of Tel-Tec Security Systems in Bakersfield, California, share how their father's wisdom, life experience and caring nature have turned their family business into a locally respected powerhouse.
He built JPMorgan's coast-to-coast banker network. Now exec John Richert says the middle market's moment is coming.
JPMorgan's mid-cap chief explains how investment banking works beyond Wall Street, and why the middle market has become a billion-dollar opportunity.
Mahmood Mamdani on how Uganda's history shaped his belonging — and his son's moment
NPR's Leila Fadel speaks with Professor Mahmood Mamdani about his new book, "Slow Poison." The book is a firsthand report on the tragic unraveling of Uganda's struggle for independence.
The inappropriate business pushback toward Sheetz coming into Michigan
Consumers benefit when businesses compete for their business
WHO highlights health risks and opportunities in the global waste crisis
A new World Health Organization (WHO) report, Throwing away our health: the impacts of solid waste on human health – evidence, knowledge gaps and health sector responses, warns that poorly managed solid waste is driving a public health crisis and calls for urgent action to protect people and the environments they live in.Globally, the volume of municipal solid waste is growing at an unprecedented rate. Yet, many countries still lack the systems and resources to manage this waste safely. “Solid waste reflects how our societies produce and consume, and how we treat people and the environment in the process,” said Dr Ruediger Krech, Director a.i., Department of Environment, Climate Change, One Health & Migration at the World Health Organization. “If we continue to treat waste as an afterthought, we will lock in avoidable disease, climate pollution and deep social inequities. This report is a clear call to put health and equity at the centre of how we design, manage and ultimately reduce waste.”The report summarizes evidence on how solid waste – especially municipal solid waste – affects health through polluted air, water, soil and food. When waste is not collected, or is dumped, burned or not poorly treated, it can release hazardous chemicals, contaminate drinking-water sources and create breeding grounds for insects and rodents.Communities underserved by waste management services, those living near dumpsites and poorly managed landfills and incinerators, children and pregnant women, as well as waste workers – particularly those working informally – face the greatest risks. For the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) community, the report underlines that safe management of municipal and health care waste is integral to safely managed, climate-resilient systems.A large share of municipal solid waste is still not collected or is disposed of in uncontrolled conditions, including open dumpsites and open burning. These practices damage ecosystems, contribute to climate change and undermine efforts to build healthy cities. When waste is properly managed, however, it can become a resource – generating energy and creating green jobs. The report calls for a coordinated, multisectoral response grounded in the waste hierarchy: preventing waste where possible, then reducing, reusing and recycling, with safe recovery and disposal.Key actions for governments and partners include reducing waste generation at source; expanding affordable and reliable waste collection services, especially in underserved communities; improving control at recovery and disposal facilities; and eliminating open dumping and burning, including hazardous waste. The new report identifies a central role for the health sector in addressing solid waste as a public health threat. The health sector can prevent and minimize health-care waste at source, improve segregation and safe treatment, invest in cleaner climate-resilient technologies, and advocate for health-protective policies and standards. The report also encourages more surveillance, research and biomonitoring to strengthen the evidence base, and promotes social protection and inclusion of informal waste workers.“This report gives countries and health authorities a very practical agenda,” said Mr Bruce Gordon, Head, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, WHO. “Health ministries can start now by ensuring safe management of health-care waste, developing strong occupational health programmes for waste workers, and working with municipalities to reduce health risks from solid waste by closing open dumps and burn sites and gradually improving towards safe services. These concrete steps save lives today and will make cities cleaner and healthier in the future.
Southwestern Middle School Holds Inaugural Science Fair
Students at Southwestern Middle School recently had the chance to show off their creative sides in a science fair for students in the Living Environment class. Students collaborated with each other to devise, research, and present the findings for various studies following organisms and living creatures. Students’ interest in their particular projects gave them enough […]
5 Michigan health systems continue hepatitis B vaccines for newborns
Judge expresses skepticism toward Epstein victim lawsuit against big banks alleging they facilitated sex-trafficking
The Jeffrey Epstein victims' lawsuits resembled two others, against JPMorgan Chase and Deutsche Bank, which settled for hundreds of millions.
Ford is starting a battery storage business to power data centers and the grid
Amid Ford's shift away from making large electric vehicles, the automaker is adding a new product line to find a home for its batteries. Ford said Monday
AP Top 25: Arizona stays No. 1 in updated college basketball rankings
The new AP Top 25 is here with a battle between Michigan and Arizona for top dog
Mariah Carey to sing at 2026 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
American pop superstar Mariah Carey will perform at the opening ceremony of next year's Winter Olympics, organisers announce.
On Politics: Republicans are giving Kathy Hochul a re-election gift
It was already going to be hard for Elise Stefanik, the Republican congresswoman, to beat Gov. Kathy Hochul next year.Now she’ll have to contend with Bruce Blakeman, who recently announced his plans to run for governor and will, at the minimum, make life more difficult for her in the Republican primary. Stefanik has come out swinging against the Nassau County executive, attacking him as a perennial candidate who is too liberal for Republican primary voters.Stefanik should win. A large chunk of the GOP primary vote is concentrated north of the New York City suburbs, where she is strongest. She has the support of the state party chair, Ed Cox, and a wide array of politicians and local organizations. She is a loyal ally of Donald Trump and a frequent presence on cable TV.
Top 25 And 1: Michigan's run at No. 1 might last for a while
The Wolverines and Wildcats remain at the top of the CBS Sports Top 25 And 1
Morgan Stanley says buy this health tech platform after 30% correction in the past month
Morgan Stanley sees shares of Doximity rising 48% from here.
Penn State animal science major earns rare All-American Livestock Judging honor
Megan Zipprich, an animal science major in Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences, was among the 10 recipients of the All-American Livestock Judging Award during the National Collegiate Livestock Judging Contest, held in November in Louisville, Kentucky.
Jac Morgan: Wales captain to join Gloucester from Ospreys
Wales captain Jac Morgan is set to join Gloucester at the end of the season.
Data Breaches Confirmed by Revere Health & Health Management Systems of America
Revere Health in Utah and Health & Health Management Systems of America in Michigan have recently confirmed that they have experienced cyberattacks in Revere Health in Utah and Health & Health Management Systems of America in Michigan have recently confirmed that they have experienced cyberattacks in which patient data was exposed.
Lara Croft actress Camilla Luddington bids farewell to Tomb Raider, as Alix Wilton Regan teases "we're just getting started"
Tomb Raider's Lara Croft actress Camilla Luddington has passed her bow and arrows to Alix Wilton Regan with a farewell post to the character.
Staff complaints, financial pressures roil Planned Parenthood in Minnesota
Planned Parenthood faces external pressures from federal budget cuts and hostile state governments. But current and former employees at the organization’s Minnesota-based Midwest affiliate complain that management is making matters worse.
OPINION: Colleges too often drop the ball on student-athlete mental health
Despite changes at the NCAA, conference and institutional levels to improve access to, education about and training for mental health services, they remain insufficient to meet the growing mental-health needs of student-athletes.
Full-length Replay: Big East Women's: Michigan St. at DePaul
The No. 25 Spartans (8-1) try to bounce back as they visit the Blue Demons (3-8).
Sanford Health celebrates organ donors
Sanford Health is honoring those who have given the gift of life to others.
Full-length Replay: Western Michigan at Iowa
The Hawkeyes (8-2) look to shake off a tough loss when they host the Broncos (5-5).
Trattles named 2025 Michigan 4-H Animal Science Adult Sportsperson of the Year - 4-H Animal Science
St. Joseph County 4-H leader Steve Trattles wins prestigious sportsmanship award for his leadership in 4-H animal science projects.
Refugee and migrant health system review in Lithuania
Lithuania has experienced a substantial increase in the number of refugees and migrants, particularly following the 2021 Belarus border situation and the mass displacement from Ukraine in 2022. By late 2024, over 91,000 Ukrainians had been cumulatively registered in Lithuania, with about 47,000 holding valid temporary protection status. This increase, alongside sizeable communities of Belarusian nationals, Russian citizens and other regular migrants covered under compulsory health insurance contributions, has brought new challenges for Lithuania’s health system, especially related to continuity of care, interpretation support and equitable access across municipalities. This report presents the findings of a joint review of the health system in Lithuania, conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health of Lithuania, and other partners. The review examines the capacity of Lithuania’s health system to provide services for refugees and migrants. It focuses on the health challenges facing refugees and migrants, the policies and systems in place to address these challenges, and the opportunities to strengthen long-term health system capacity. Furthermore, the report offers practical recommendations for addressing the barriers refugees and migrants face in accessing health services.
WHO launches call for high-level experts to join the Science Council
The World Health Organization (WHO) is today soliciting the interest of internationally-renowned experts to serve on its Science Council, one of the Organization’s highest-level advisory bodies to the WHO Director-General.
Broncos vs. Packers second quarter recap
The Green Bay Packers began the second quarter with a second down inside the 15. After a short completion to bring up third and six, Jordan Love’s pass was broken up at the goal line by Riley Moss to bring out Brandon McManus for another field goal. Packers 6, Broncos 0. The Denver Broncos offense […]
Sunday holiday entertainment events canceled in Prichard due to cold weather forecast
All scheduled entertainment performances and the Christmas Extravaganza Movie Night planned for Sunday, Dec. 14, at the Old Historic Whistler Bike Trail have been canceled due to the forecast of extreme cold weather, officials announced.
Early Linux 6.19 Benchmarks On AMD EPYC 9965 2P Excelling For AI & HPC Performance
As the Linux 6.19 merge window winded down this weekend, I began running this development kernel on more systems.
Top 25 And 1: Small margin separates No. 1 Michigan, No. 2 Arizona
There is very little separating the Wolverines and the Wildcats in the Top 25 And 1
A grad student’s wild idea triggers a major aging breakthrough
Senescent “zombie” cells are linked to aging and multiple diseases, but spotting them in living tissue has been notoriously difficult. Researchers at Mayo Clinic have now taken an inventive leap by using aptamers—tiny, shape-shifting DNA molecules—to selectively tag these elusive cells. The project began as an offbeat conversation between two graduate students and quickly evolved into a collaborative, cross-lab effort that uncovered aptamers capable of binding to unique surface proteins on senescent cells.
Mental Health Matters, People with Mental Illness Matter Too
Personal Perspective: Amid the mental health positive catchphrases, deep-rooted prejudice still exists toward people living with serious mental health conditions.
5 Michigan health systems defy federal vaccine panel's advice
Controversy erupted when a CDC panel changed recommendations for hepatitis B vaccines. These Michigan health systems say they won't follow it.
Sunday holiday entertainment events canceled in Prichard due to cold weather forecast
All scheduled entertainment performances and the Christmas Extravaganza Movie Night planned for Sunday, Dec. 14, at the Old Historic Whistler Bike Trail have been canceled due to the forecast of extreme cold weather, officials announced.
Former Republican congressman on why it's so hard to get bipartisan consensus on healthcare
Fred Upton, a former Republican congressman from Michigan, discusses the Senate's failed health care votes and the political fallout of rising insurance premiums.
Geoff Keighley’s The Game Awards 2025 has received a D rating on X
The Game Awards came and went and there were a handful of nice announcements, but it seems the majority of viewers were not impressed with Geoff’s show this year. Each year the organiser and presenter…
The Best Games of 2025 — The Windows Central team ranks our favorite titles across Xbox and Windows PC
Hey gang, Jez here with a round-up of our favorite Xbox and PC games for 2025, alongside some strong honorable mentions you should definitely check out.
Black-owned businesses highlighted in holiday market
G.I.F.T. stands for Generating Income for Tomorrow's Goal. The organization provides grants to Black-owned businesses in Kansas City with a specific interest in those operating in low-income areas.
Teen’s video a ‘Breakthrough’ in science communication
Seventeen-year-old Grace Lee from Chula Vista is gaining national attention as a finalist in the global Breakthrough Junior Challenge, an annual competition that invites students to create original videos explaining complex scientific ideas in creative and engaging ways. Founded in 2015, the contest encourages young people to break down advanced scientific theories using imagination and storytelling— “Steven Spielberg meets Albert Einstein,” as organizers describe it. Lee’s submission centers on the principle of least time in physics, a concept that explains why light always travels the path that takes the least amount of time. To bring the idea to life, she used intricate origami characters and stop-motion animation, along with simple at-home experiments, she said. “The fact that light always travels via the path that takes the least amount of time sounds simple at first, but nature is full of surprises,” she said. “This principle is actually very profound and underlies many different fields in physics that seem completely unrelated, from optics to Newton’s laws to Einstein’s theory of relativity.” Also, origami has long been one of her passions and integrating it into her project felt natural. She often makes origami gifts for friends and teaches origami in her school clubs. “A single 10-second scene would take hours to craft,” she said, noting the mixture of stop-motion and post-production editing required to animate expressions and movement. To ensure the science remained accurate and accessible, she spent time reading books and online resources, writing a script, creating a storyboard, and filming and editing repeatedly until the visuals worked.The experiments were among the biggest challenges. To demonstrate water waves, she used everyday household items — “a spatula and an electric toothbrush to vibrate the waves, glass in a baking pan for different depths, and an iPhone flashlight so the waves would be visible.” She also put careful thought into explaining the principle through analogies, including a gingerbread man and a fox. “Analogies and visuals are incredibly important,” she said. “Visual demonstrations allow viewers to see how the science actually works.” Beyond the competition, Lee is deeply involved in science leadership and advocacy. She serves as International President of miRcore, the world’s largest student computational biology organization, with 136 chapters across five countries. She leads a 20-member executive board, organizes outreach connecting schools worldwide, and has helped run workshops at locations including Scripps Research Institute and the University of Michigan. “I used to be intimidated,” she said, but she gradually grew her skills and confidence. “Now I am no longer afraid to use my voice and enthusiasm to bring out the best in others.” Her research experience includes two peer-reviewed papers on asthma and vaping. Misconceptions around vaping, she said, show why clear science communication matters. “Our research shows that there is long-term harm to your lungs on the cellular level that isn’t obvious unless you come down with an illness like the flu,” she said. Lee also founded Full Hearts at Eastlake High School, transforming the small club into one of the school’s largest, with hands-on service projects in partnership with local nonprofits. She continues mentoring younger students to sustain the mission. If she wins the Breakthrough Junior Challenge, Grace hopes the $100,000 science lab prize for her school will expand opportunities for students who have limited access to equipment and hands-on science outside the classroom.
A key decision of Trump 2.0 approaches — picking a Fed chair
A Q&A with CNN’s Matt Egan, a senior reporter covering business and the economy, about who Trump might pick for Fed chair and how Wall Street might react.
To 'graduate' from poverty, they can borrow to build a business. So why aren't they?
It's called the "graduation" approach — both financial and moral support to help people move from extreme poverty to self-sufficiency. But in this innovative Uganda project, something isn't clicking.
Saturday Sports: Michigan's football coach fired; World Cup downhill skiing win; NFL
NPR's Rob Schmitz and sportswriter Howard Bryant discuss the latest on Sherrone Moore's case after his firing as head coach of Michigan football and subsequent arrest for assault.
Outstanding Seniors in the College of Science: Jack Flanigan
The College of Science is proud to recognize 10 outstanding seniors who went above and beyond during their time as Wildcats. Jack Flanigan is this semester's recipient from Hydrology & Atmospheric Sciences.
MHSAA football: Free Press 2025 All-East team captained by top recruit
Here are the top Michigan high school football players in the 2025 season for the Eastern metro Detroit area.
Sherrone Moore’s firing and its shocking aftermath raises tough questions about the culture of Michigan’s athletic department
A series of scandals over the last several years begs a simple, yet critical question: Is what happened with Sherrone Moore a serious, but isolated, incident or a symbol of a broader, cultural problem within the walls of Michigan athletics?
Friday Scoreboard
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — View Friday’s scores from across KELOLAND right here. NBAMinnesota 108 Golden State 101 4 MBBSDSU 94 DWU 62 F USHLFargo 4 Sioux Falls 0 F HOCKEYAugustana 3 Minnesota St. 1 F CWRAugustana 34 MSU-Moorhead 6 F Girls BasketballGayville-Volin 48 Alcester-Hudson 33 FColman-Egan 72 Arlington 41 FBeresford 66 Baltic 52 FSpearfish […]
Builders Movement seeks citizen-based solutions to overcome ‘us vs. them’ politics
In an increasingly polarized political environment, the Builders Movement, a nonprofit political advocacy organization, said that it wants to overcome “us vs. them” thinking in politics. It’s…
Michigan authorizes probe into athletic department after Sherrone Moore firing
Michigan is looking inward in the aftermath of firing Sherrone Moore as a law firm investigates the athletic department's handling of the situation
Michigan Science Center debuts "moonshot" planetarium renovation
After a year-long renovation, the Michigan Science Center reopened its planetarium Friday, showcasing technology upgrades and a new flagship show.
Michigan Science Center unveils brand new planetarium with 8K projection
Guests experience a demonstration of the Michigan Science Center's newly renovated planetarium during a VIP preview event on Friday, Dec. 12, 2025 in Detroit.
What ex-Michigan coach Sherrone Moore said in court at arraignment
Fired University of Michigan football coach Sherrone Moore was ordered to continue mental health treatment as a condition of his bond on Dec. 12.
Fake Windows update pushes malware in new ClickFix attack
The ClickFix campaign disguises malware as legitimate Windows updates, using steganography to hide shellcode in PNG files and bypass security detection systems.
Doogan, O’Neil, Roussell, Men Lacrosse Named Finalists for the 2026 RVA Sports Awards - University of Richmond Athletics
RICHMOND, Va. – Maggie Doogan , Aidan O'Neil , Aaron Roussell and the Richmond men's lacrosse program have been named finalists for the 2026 RVA Sports Award...
NSF announces new initiative to launch and scale a new generation of transformative independent research organizations to advance breakthrough science
The U.S. National Science Foundation Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (NSF TIP) on Friday announced the launch of a new initiative designed to launch and scale a new generation…
How religious extremists have influenced science curriculum in Texas and beyond
AU Youth Organizing Fellow Ishan Kanaskar explains how religious extremists have tried to influence science curriculum in Texas.
Embracing Entrepreneurship: Zoë Tsoukalas - Mays Business School News
From Lemonade Stands to Ledgers “I’ve always had the mindset of entrepreneurship. At a very early age, I began my journey towards entrepreneurship with the typical lemonade and snow cone stands. In high school, I launched a clothing and jewelry business, where everything I sold was handmade and one of a kind. I continued with
Mid-Michigan entertainment for the weekend of Dec. 12-14 and beyond
Check out what’s going on around the region.
Connecting the dots with Sherrone Moore and other Michigan scandals
15 Big Ten sports scandals (including Rutgers) from the last 15 years
In the past decade and a half alone, the Big Ten has been marred by massive scandals at its most renowned institutions.
Science-minded artisans help WHOI move forward at Woods Hole shop
Three Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution employees make ocean-inspired art to support organization's mission. Here's where to find it.
Utah State’s Noah Avinger Named HERO Sports All-American - Utah State University Athletics
LOGAN, Utah – Utah State senior cornerback Noah Avinger has been named to the HERO Sports Group of Five All-American second team it was announced on Friday.
When do the playoffs for Michigan high school winter sports start?
Here's a timeline on when each winter sport's playoff tournament is expected to begin.
Japan: Promote Safe Sports by Ending Abuse, Discrimination
The Japanese government’s Japan Sports Agency (JSA) should adopt policies to promote safe sports in Japan by ending abuses and discrimination against athletes, 12 nongovernmental organizations and individuals said in a joint letter to Junichi Kawai, the JSA’s commissioner.
Michigan AD became aware of Sherrone Moore's recent mental health issues before firing, source says
Sugar23 Reorganizes Amid Evolution Into Next-Generation Branded Entertainment Studio, Six Managers Expected To Depart
Sugar23 has announced a comprehensive reorg amid its transition into a next-gen branded entertainment studio.
Sherrone Moore fired: Inside the industry reaction after Michigan's move
With most of the carousel settled, Michigan's decision forces a rare late-cycle reset and could reshape the remaining coaching market.
Read Todd Combs' goodbye letter to Geico employees after he quit Berkshire Hathaway to join JPMorgan
Todd Combs, Warren Buffett's longtime deputy and Geico's CEO since 2020, thanked his employees and heralded his successor in an internal email.
House GOP axes $645M from funds aiding infrastructure, children, vets
House Republicans invoked a rarely used tool that allows a committee to deny administration requests to carry over funding from one year to the next.
Kenya Court Halts $1.6 Billion Health Deal as US Courts Uganda
A Kenyan court temporarily froze the nation’s health deal with the US after a lobby group raised data-privacy concerns, even as President Donald Trump courts more African countries with similar pacts.
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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