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Using generative AI to help scientists synthesize complex materials
Generative AI models have been used to create enormous libraries of theoretical materials that could help solve all kinds of problems. Now, scientists just have to figure out how to make them. In many ...
'They've probably been untouched for 49 million years': The New Mexico cave expanding our search for alien life
In one of the most baffling discoveries of the last decade, scientists have found a clue in a cave to how life might survive in deep space without light.
AIF backs Blaise Ingoglia for CFO
The Associated Industries of Florida is endorsing Chief Financial Officer Blaise Ingoglia’s bid for a full term. “Blaise Ingoglia is exactly who Florida
These AI notetaking devices can help you record and transcribe your meetings
These physical notetakers transcribe audio and give users summaries and action items of meetings using AI. Some even offer live translation.
Goalie Fight! Bruins’ Jeremy Swayman Drops Gloves In Stadium Series
Boston Bruins goaltender Jeremy Swayman has been looking for a fight… for years. If you thought he was going to pass up an opportunity to finally drop the gloves on a national stage during the Stadium Series against the Tampa Bay Lightning, you’re even crazier than he is. Swayman, who kickstarted the tension by leaping […]
Integration of health check-ups into school and healthcare systems can improve adolescent health in LMICs
Nature Medicine - In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), adolescents have limited access to healthcare. A study in urban Zimbabwe demonstrated that routine check-up visits integrated within...
Chicago police issue alert for string of business burglaries, armed robbery on Northwest Side
Chicago police issued an alert on Sunday about a string of business burglaries and an armed robbery on the city's Northwest Side.
Georgia Handles Business with In-State Emory at Home with Senior Day Sweep
Georgia controlled the meet from start to finish, piling up 32 victories while sweeping both the men’s and women’s duals in Athens.
Why Democrats’ upset in a Texas state Senate race is a big deal
Even amid a series of panic-inspiring results for the GOP, a new outcome in Texas stands out.
Pixel 10 and Pixel Watch 4 discounts return to the Google Store
After the inaugural 2026 deal, the US Google Store has brought back the same discounts on the Pixel 10 series and Pixel Watch 4.
Trump tries humor, gets silence, at black-tie dinner with ‘people I hate’
In a frenetic presidency marked by jarring contrasts, he added another Saturday night: suiting up in black-tie regalia amid mass immigration protests and telling jokes about invading Greenland.
Patriots’ Offensive Line Has Already Made Super Bowl History
When New England Patriots rookies Will Campbell and Jared Wilson take the field for the Pats’ first offensive series in Super Bowl LX, they’ll have made history. That’s because the Patriots are about to become the first team to start two rookies in the offensive line in a Super Bowl. Both guys have been awesome […]
Natrona County health and food inspections (1/23/26–1/29/26)
CASPER, Wyo. — The Casper-Natrona County Health Department inspects restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, mobile food units, commissaries and
'Bridgerton' Is Finally Back — And It Surprises In All The Right Ways
Season 4 of the Netflix series puts the spotlight on a cross-class love story.
Intel sets a 7467 MT/s+ memory requirement for Panther Lake Arc B-series iGPU branding, slower configs show up as “Intel Graphics”
Intel Arc Xe3 B-Series won't appear with its full marketing name, unless laptop has memory meeting the standard Intel appears to be tying Panther Lake
Alzheimer’s scrambles memories while the brain rests
When the brain rests, it usually replays recent experiences to strengthen memory. Scientists found that in Alzheimer’s-like mice, this replay still occurs — but the signals are jumbled and poorly coordinated. As a result, memory-supporting brain cells lose their stability, and the animals struggle to remember where they’ve been.
“Existential risk” – Why scientists are racing to define consciousness
Scientists warn that rapid advances in AI and neurotechnology are outpacing our understanding of consciousness, creating serious ethical risks. New research argues that developing scientific tests for awareness could transform medicine, animal welfare, law, and AI development. But identifying consciousness in machines, brain organoids, or patients could also force society to rethink responsibility, rights, and moral boundaries. The question of what it means to be conscious has never been more urgent—or more unsettling.
Six months on the mental health beat, what Brevard has shared
After six months covering mental health in Brevard County, it's time to reflect on the stories shared and why speaking up matters.
Takeaways From Gavin Newsom’s New Memoir, ‘Young Man in a Hurry’
His introspective memoir tries to challenge the conventional wisdom about his upbringing, explores his marriages and airs a little dirty laundry — but says relatively little about politics.
A “spiritual entertainment” inspired by faith, international intrigue, and Cardinal Zen
Crafting an interesting story is more difficult than simply pulling something from today’s headlines. However, in the hands of a gifted storyteller, current events can be an inspiration for profoundly interesting and edifying stories. David […]
Oliver Bateman: Conor Lamb shares hard-won lessons about modern politics
In March 2018, Democrat Conor Lamb defeated Republican Rick Saccone by 627 votes in a special election for Pennsylvania’s 18th Congressional District,...
How the left can win back the internet – and rise again
In the final part of this series, we look at how infighting has ripped the left apart online while the right has flourished – and how some progressives are turning the tide, says digital media academic Robert Topinka
Basketball box scores, other sports results for Saturday, January 31, 2026; Sunday's schedule
SATURDAY’S RESULTS Boys Basketball WPIAL CLASS 3A Section 2 Bishop Canevin 56, McGuffey 41 McGuffey 12 8 12 9 — 41 Bishop Canevin 13 13 12...
Opera to Broadway with a Shakespearean Twist
The voice of William Shakespeare continues to resonate centuries later, inspiring some of the greatest works in opera and musical theater.
Union, Marathon meeting as strike deadline looms for US refineries
Negotiators for the United Steelworkers union (USW) and Marathon Petroleum continued to meet on Saturday, just hours ahead of a deadline for possible strikes at multiple U.S. refineries and chemical plants, the union said.
Scientists discover how to turn gut bacteria into anti-aging factories
Researchers found that small doses of an antibiotic can coax gut bacteria into producing a life-extending compound. In worms, this led to longer lifespans, while mice showed healthier cholesterol and insulin changes. Because the drug stays in the gut, it avoids toxic side effects. The study points to a new way of promoting health by targeting microbes rather than the body itself.
This IG Page Collects Funny Dating App Screenshots And These 43 Are The Best
People say that dating is hell nowadays. But after you look at these hilarious interactions on Hinge, you might change your opinion. There's no shortage of funny people on dating apps, and Bored Padna has collected the most interesting screenshots of unhinged and sweet chats to show you that not all has been lost in the dating scene. Fails, Funny
Jeannot ‘all business’ facing Lightning at Stadium Series with Bruins
Forward played parts of 2 seasons for Tampa Bay, also went up against former team outdoors with Predators
Hally Leadbetter dishes on her new golf snack, mental health awareness
The brightest, cheeriest booth at the 2026 PGA Show belonged to Hally Leadbetter, who recently launched a new wellness and lifestyle brand,
House minority leader says Republicans can’t rely on Democrats to pass funding bill, raising fears of longer shutdown
House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries told Speaker Mike Johnson on Saturday that Democrats won’t help Republicans pass a funding bill to reopen the government if they attempt to fast-track the measure Monday, according to two sources familiar with a call between the leaders.
Man arrested after shooting in parking lot of Livonia business; no injuries
Winter dessert series begins this weekend
After two weeks of dealing with Old Man Winter, Stokes folks looking to get out of the house will have three entertainment opportunities this coming weekend, as Stokes Arts Community
What does Lady Vols-UConn mean to women's basketball? Let Kim Caldwell tell you
Kim Caldwell on Lady Vols-UConn rivalry: "It’s one of the coolest rivalries in sports."
Ancient tools in China are forcing scientists to rethink early humans
Archaeologists in central China have uncovered evidence that early humans were far more inventive than long assumed. Excavations at the Xigou site reveal advanced stone tools, including the earliest known examples of tools fitted with handles in East Asia, dating back as far as 160,000 years. These discoveries show that ancient populations in the region carefully planned, crafted, and adapted their tools to meet changing environments.
Garmin Enduro 3 review: The longest-lasting sports watch series gets a price cut
If you’re after a high-end sports watch, minus the upkeep and attention-grabbing smartwatch tech, this one is for you.
Of mice and humans: What to know about the diseases mice can spread in the region
This is the latest installment of Pittsburgh Pests, an occasional series examining the insects and other creatures that pose health risks in our region. As...
How the right won the internet
In the second part of our series on digital politics, we look at how online provocateurs have advanced extreme political ideas – and watched them seep into the mainstream, says digital media academic Robert Topinka
North Seattle business owners sounding alarm after string of burglaries
Robin Dreisbach is the co-owner of Ravenna Refills, a body and home goods store. They just had their first anniversary – and first break-in.
The video games industry is killing itself and no one seems to care
After a week of bad news for games companies, a reader worries that Western publishers are too far gone for any kind of recovery to be possible.
Dodgers World Series Champion Linked to Yankees
The New York Yankees reportedly “checked in” on Dodgers free agent Michael Kopech this offseason, per the New York Post’s Jon Heyman. Kopech entered free agency after spending a majority of 2025 on the injured list with the Dodgers. The…
January 30, 2026
A flu variant called subclade K emerged too late to be fully covered by this year’s vaccine. But the flu shot can still help protect you. Plus, a new study suggests dogs began to diversify about 11,000 years earlier than we thought. And, in turbulent times, it helps to hear stories of resilience. What can we learn from 3.5 billion-year-old bacteria that eat light?
Nevada's first-in-the-nation primary bid gets boost from political group Latino Victory
Nevada, New Hampshire and South Carolina are vying to be the first state to vote in the 2028 Democratic presidential primaries.
Official Samsung Galaxy S26 series renders leak, putting to rest all the rumors
This is your best look yet at the upcoming Samsung Galaxy S26 phones.
Oregon politician decries doxxing after stranger shows up at her home
“I am sad and frustrated that this has to be stated,” state Rep. Dacia Grayber wrote.
Galaxy S26 series specs, official-looking images leak ahead of February 25 launch [Gallery]
Samsung’s Galaxy S26 series is looking all but confirmed for a February 25 launch event, while new leaks reveal official-looking...
Falcons hire Ian Cunningham; NBA, MLB Power Rankings; Top 25 NFL stories of 2025
Plus Buffalo's Josh Allen has his recovery timeline after undergoing foot surgery
The Next Crisis Won’t Wait: Why Pandemic Preparedness Is a Business Imperative
Global health security —the ability to protect against the negative impacts of disease outbreaks — is too important to be left solely to the public sector. Industry has a vital interest in helping countries better prepare for future epidemics and pandemics.
Local Small Business Owner Opens Pak Mail Inside of His Existing Accounting Business in Springville, Alabama--Offering Shipping and Office Services
Annex Brands, Inc., one of the leading franchisors in the packing, shipping and office services industries, is excited to announce the opening of its newest Pak Mail location inside of Chapman Accounting Solutions in Springville, AL to new owner, Edward Chapman. This new Pak Mail is set to offer a wide range of essential shipping and office services to the local community, making it easier to provide more service to more people in more places.
Sports quiz of the week: Australian Open, Winter Olympics and Six Nations
Have you been following the big stories in football, rugby, cycling, tennis, cricket, NFL and winter sports?
I Treat Pregnant Moms. I’ve Never Seen So Much Anxiety.
As our government abandons science, pregnant women are increasingly turning to unvetted online resources to soothe their worries.
Habs' New Defensive Pairing of Hutson and Dobson Delivers Results
Here are the Montreal Canadiens news items, stories, and content you may have missed on Thursday. Montreal Canadiens News Don’t […]
Sepsis-finding biotech Prenosis lands $40M in financing, federal contract
Chicago-based sepsis diagnosing biotech Prenosis announced two $20 million milestones this morning, Series A financing and a large government contract.
Strand Larsen future to dominate talk again
Rob Edwards' news conference on Friday is likely to be the latest instalment of the mini Strand Larsen saga, with his move to Crystal Palace in serious doubt. Nothing was ever officially agreed for the Norwegian, even if a £50m deal was struck in principle, and there remains a chance he will stay beyond the deadline - something Wolves would still be happy and comfortable with. Wolves host Bournemouth on Saturday as Edwards tries to maintain momentum, despite last week's defeat by Manchester City, and he will be quizzed about Strand Larsen's future at Compton later.
How liberals lost the internet
In the first part of our series on digital politics, we look at how centrists have lost ground fighting disinformation – when the real battle is over emotion and attention, says digital media academic Robert Topinka
Nebraska Science Festival, public expo return for 2026
The monthlong festival, presented by UNMC, will run throughout April with a series of science and technology-related activities.
Can Science Still Afford Serendipity?
Serendipitous observations have shaped science for centuries. What happens to such discoveries when the academic atmosphere leaves no room for detours?
Sports Take: Super Bowl shows why NFL teams shouldn’t give up on QBs so quickly
The NFL is witnessing a growing trend of teams dumping young quarterbacks after only a few seasons. Stories of some of these quarterbacks reviving their careers prove that teams should invest in these players to develop into pro-level passers. The trend also serves as a warning for up-and-coming college quarterbacks.
Getty Images Photographers Recognized at 2026 World Sports Photography Awards
Getty Images Photographers Recognized at 2026 World Sports Photography Awards
'Very unfortunate': Fort Pierce Downtown business owners upgrade security after recent burglaries
Two Downtown Fort Pierce businesses were burglarized early Tuesday morning, prompting police to search for suspects and business owners to upgrade security.
Testing the system: regional simulation exercises advance global health security
These exercises – South-East Asia Regional Practice of All-Hazard IHR Event Communications (SAPHIRE), Joint Assessment and Detection of Events (JADE) in the European Region, and IHR Exercise Crystal in the Western Pacific Region – bring together National Focal points (NFPs), who play a critical role under the IHR in safeguarding global health security. These annual exercises stress-test IHR event communication procedures and contingency plans, demonstrating a sustained commitment by countries to strengthening preparedness and learning.
The Observatory and WHO Ukraine reflect on productive partnership and continued collaboration
Why have some health systems coped better than others during the COVID-19 pandemic? Some answers might become clear if we could assess how resilient health systems are in response to crises or shocks, such as the current pandemic and other emergencies, including financial ones, or how well health systems were prepared for such events in the first place. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies has just published a new policy brief, “Strengthening health systems resilience”, which includes a framework to help policy-makers understand health system resilience and how to strengthen it. This policy brief highlights the key features of resilience and provides examples of strategies which have been applied in different countries.
DC Wrap: Tentative deal struck to avoid shutdown; Trump touts past year
A look at the day's biggest stories in national politics
AARP Examines the Importance of State Health Insurance Assistance Programs
Last month, the AARP Public Policy Institute released a report on the State Health Insurance Assistance Programs (SHIPs), outlining the critical role these Medicare counselors have in improving beneficiary health and well-being. SHIPs provide objective, free, one-on-one assistance to Medicare beneficiaries, their families, and caregivers. With locations in every state, over 2,000 offices in communities […]
Three months after Hurricane Melissa: PAHO continues supporting health system recovery across the Caribbean
Washington, DC, 28 January 2026 (PAHO)- Ninety days after Hurricane Melissa swept across parts of the Caribbean, countries are transitioning from emergency response toward recovery—while continuing to confront public health risks linked to damaged infrastructure, disrupted services, and heightened vulnerability to disease. The Category 5 storm made landfall first in Jamaica on 28 October 2025, causing widespread damage in several Caribbean nations, mainly across Jamaica, Cuba and Haiti, and placing sustained pressure on national health systems.
Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries provides an update on the latest government funding negotiations
Trailer: Dirty Rotten Scandals Coming Soon To E! Entertainment
E!’s new documentary series exposes the dark side of our pop culture obsessions! The Dr. Phil Show, America’s Next Top Model, and The Price is Right. Dirty Rotten Scandals premieres Wednesday, March 4th on E!
The chemical genius of Katharine Burr Blodgett
The story of a woman whose discoveries in materials science quietly shape our everyday world but whose legacy was long eclipsed by the famous scientist she worked with at the General Electric Company
Samsung’s confusing Galaxy S26 pricing raises base model cost, but makes Ultra cheaper
New reports reveal that Samsung is, in fact, planning to raise the price of the Galaxy S26 series, but only...
AirTag 1 vs. AirTag 2 Buyer's Guide: All 15+ Differences Compared
Apple's new AirTag introduces a series of small improvements, so how does it compare to the original model from 2021? The second-generation...
Your Halo Story
I’m obsessed with stories. This comes as a shock to many of you, I know. These days when we hear the term, the immediate association is likely with penwoven narratives underpinning myriad entertainment properties and creative content. Or perhaps some variation of a bite-sized window of life viewed through the lens of a social platform. […]
Abortion Pill Safety Decisions by FDA Were Science-Based, New JAMA Study Finds — The Monitor
A new study found the FDA’s abortion pill decisions followed scientific evidence, as misleading claims about the drug’s safety continue to shape public understanding. And Google removed some health AI summaries after a Guardian investigation reported that AI-generated summaries contained false and potentially dangerous health information.
There won’t be a Nothing Phone 4 this year
CEO Carl Pei says there’s no new flaghip on the way, but teased improvements for the 4A series instead.
Americans Are More Worried About Health Care Costs Than Gas or Groceries
The price of health care tops the US public’s long list of economic worries ahead of the midterm elections, according to new polling data, as “affordability” has become a buzzword championed by politicians on both sides of the aisle.
Health Care Costs Tops the Public’s Economic Worries as the Runup to the Midterms Begins; Independent Voters Are More Likely to Trust Democrats than Republicans on the Issue
Heading into this midterm election year, the cost of health care tops the public’s economic anxieties and more than 4 in 10 voters say the issue will have a major impact on their vote, this KFF Health Tracking poll finds.
Samsung's leaked Galaxy Buds 4 and Buds 4 Pro prices could be a great sign for the Galaxy S26 series
Samsung's next earbuds will not increase the prices of their predecessors, which means the same could be true for the Galaxy S26 trio.
Davis police investigate string of downtown business burglaries
Pakistan becomes latest Asian country to introduce checks for deadly Nipah virus
Authorities in Pakistan have ordered enhanced screening of people entering the country for signs of infections of the deadly Nipah virus after India confirmed two cases, adding to the number of Asian countries stepping up controls.
ACU Sports Podcast: Wildcat Annual Fund Director Anthony Egbo
Anthony Egbo, former ACU football player and current director of the Wildcat Annual Fund, talks about ACU Athletics' unique approach to philanthropy, what to expect for ACU Gives, and shares stories of how ACU has impacted student-athletes' lives even if they are only a Wildcat for a year or two.
Samsung fast paces One UI 8.5 Beta 4 update release work
After a brief pause, One UI 8.5 Beta has returned on track as Samsung speeds up work on the Beta 4 update. The latest development signals that users of the Galaxy S25 series will soon receive a new Beta software update. As spotted by TarunVats, Samsung is now working on a new One UI 8.5 Beta […]
Xi-Starmer meeting: Chinese leader tells PM he hopes both countries can ‘rise above differences’
At Beijing talks, British prime minister Keir Starmer tells Xi he wants a ‘more sophisticated’ relationship with China
Are men being misled over testosterone?
In part one of a miniseries exploring the popularity of testosterone, Madeleine Finlay hears from Professor Channa Jayasena of Imperial College London, who is chair of the Society for Endocrinology, about how this craze is manifesting in NHS clinics, and from ‘Sam’ who tells Madeleine about his own journey with the hormone
At World’s Busiest Port, China’s Unbalanced Economy Comes Into View
The shipping traffic and factories never stop in China’s port city of Ningbo, but the local housing market has crashed and nearby restaurants sit empty.
Rick Scott launches video series spotlighting Florida entrepreneurs
'Everything is possible when you work hard.'
The Alliance for Primary Health Care in the Americas marks two years and formally welcomes Bolivia and Uruguay as members
PAHO, the World Bank, and the IDB initiative has driven health system transformation and aligned more than one billion dollars in investments across five countries. Brazil expressed its support, signing a letter of intent.Rio de Janeiro, 28 January 2026 — The Alliance for Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Americas, a joint initiative of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the World Bank (WB), and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), is celebrating its second anniversary with achievements in transforming health systems across the region.
Accelerating Science: A Blueprint for a Renewed National Quantum Initiative
Sustained U.S. leadership in quantum information science is critical to ensuring that breakthroughs in computing, sensing, networking and materials translate into secure technologies and industries, a skilled domestic workforce and long-term strategic advantage. To secure this future, Congress must act and reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative (NQI).
How to watch NASCAR races on FOX, FS1, FS2, FOX Sports App
Check out the best ways to watch NASCAR action on the FOX Sports family of networks in 2026 for the Cup Series and Craftsman Truck Series.
Here's the Magnetic Charging Puck for Galaxy S26
We keep seeing upcoming accessories for the Galaxy S26 series, all basically confirming the lineup’s support for the Qi2 charging standard. In simple terms, that means... #GalaxyS26 #GalaxyS26Ultra
Galaxy S26 Qi2 25W wireless charger is a MagSafe puck, hints you’ll still need a case
It’s no secret that the Galaxy S26 series is rumored to add Qi2 magnets to the device itself, but if...
New Sony WF-1000XM6 leak reveals new updated colour options
The WF-1000XM6 is set to debut with more launch colour options than Sony's WF-1000XM5 earbuds, according to a new leak. Tipped to debut next month for $329.99 in the US and €299.99 in the Eurozone, the change would be a first for the WF-1000X series.
Scott Pilgrim EX launches March 3
Retro-style side-scrolling adventure brawlerScott Pilgrim EX will launch digitally for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, PlayStation 4, Switch, and PC via Steam on March 3 for $28.99, developer Tribute G…
Samsung teases new privacy feature to hide your Galaxy phone screen from onlookers
Samsung said that the upcoming feature will let you protect selected parts of the screen like notification popup area.
Moto G77 launches with a 108MP camera with 3x lossless zoom, 120Hz AMOLED display, and an IP64 rating
Motorola has grown its Moto G series line of smartphones with the launch of a new model. The new Moto G77 has a new camera, a bigger battery, and a brighter display than its predecessor, the Moto G75.
Send Help is an ode to every worker who has had a bad boss
The scariest thing about Sam Raimi’s latest is how relatable it can feel.
4 Incredible Techniques Combine to Advance Dark Energy Science
Big, recent investments are paying off as the world's dark energy observatories continue to produce results.
Centrist ideas no longer wanted in Conservative party, says Kemi Badenoch
Party leader tells MPs that one-nation Tories doubting her rightward direction ‘need to get out of the way’
Why it’s so hard to uncover the truth about a president’s health
Bruises on Trump’s hands and other apparent ailments have invited speculation. But secrecy, politics, and the vagaries of aging make drawing conclusions difficult.
Investment and Statecraft: The International Politics of Sovereign Wealth Funds - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
In 1953, Kuwait established the world’s first sovereign wealth fund to invest the country’s oil revenues and generate returns that would reduce its reliance on a single resource. Since then, over 100 separate funds have been created to preserve national wealth and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. Today, they manage over $10 trillion in global assets. In this discussion with GJIA, political economist Kathryn Lavelle explains the increasingly novel dynamics that surround fund behavior and what the world can come to expect from their growing presence in international financial markets. GJIA: When it comes to the roles sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) play in global markets and politics, what would you say makes them unique? Kathryn Lavelle: Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) operate on behalf of governments as investors. That in itself is a strange relationship. Within them, a core contest takes place between the state’s interests (or sovereign) part of the dynamic, and the money interests (or wealth) part of it, and these two aspects are frequently in contradiction, serving fundamentally different goals. SWFs are also quite fascinating because when you talk to the people who manage these funds, they have an interest in convincing you that the decisions are made almost exclusively on a financial basis—they really will go to great lengths to differentiate their government owners and those who make the management decisions. At the same time, these people ultimately answer to someone in power. Therefore, for most SWFs, it remains deeply unclear who is actually making the investment decisions and for what purposes. Of course, it is not always clear how other vehicles, such as hedge funds and private equity make the decisions they do, but I think what a lot of people find particularly disconcerting about SWFs is that they seem to act on behalf of people who have a different identity from their own. People who could be trying to manipulate politics and markets in a way that would have a long-term effect on their own populations. Regular investors come and go at will, and they only share an interest in profit as far as most of us understand. However, SWFs have that extra “sovereign” part right behind them that obscures their true interest. GJIA: These funds can be found in countries all across the globe, in both authoritarian states and democracies. Would you say SWFs differ in their goals and structures between regime-type? KL: It is not necessarily regime type that makes the goals and structures of SWFs different. It has to do with their economies. Let’s look at a country like China. There’s going to be a debate about exactly how to characterize the regime, but it is a country with many different kinds of sovereign wealth funds, and a particularly opaque state connection to each. At one time, some of the state-owned Chinese oil companies created specialized investment vehicles listed outside Chinese markets that excluded parts of the firms that were more associated with human rights violations. At the same time, the China Investment Corporation (CIC)—China’s largest SWF—draws a lot of concern, not necessarily because of its investment activities, but because of the dynamics of global politics. So, I wouldn’t really tie differences to regime types themselves in a wholesale way, but rather to how such funds are perceived and how they are structured. Saudi Arabia’s SWF is getting all kinds of attention for its involvement in Hollywood, and this takes me right back to when I was a student in the 1980s, when people were concerned about Japanese investment entities buying assets in Hollywood. They aren’t quite the same in financial terms, but it’s the same kind of concern about foreign investment that drives people to be suspicious, and the whole idea that “foreigners are influencing Hollywood.” This holds true across industries, and it reflects where politics are in places like the United States right now. One metric we can try to look at is transparency, where all the funds will tell you, “we are transparent.” The problem you’ll keep running into with this approach is how you value things. When trying to do comparative studies of equity markets, you’ll find that every country doesn’t use Generally Accepted Accounting Principles like we do in the United States. A fund may appear opaque politically and not want people to show what they’re invested in or what their intent with that investment is, but they could also just not be able to report it because of the way it was purchased, or the kinds of shares they purchased. There are some assets out there that really are difficult to put a monetary value on. GJIA: To what extent do domestic politics shape SWF behavior in both the investing “home” country and the recipient “host” country? KL: This depends on the type of fund present and also on the extent to which voters’ political views are able to influence the fund. For example, in a democratic home state like Norway, the SWF doesn’t invest in nuclear weapons or tobacco because of social concerns, but there is a continuing debate over whether it should invest in oil, even though that’s where most of the money comes from. The degree to which Norway will continue to make those investments, and whether they contradict the government’s overall climate goals, is an open question in Norwegian politics. Because of the way the fund’s governance is structured, it may not be easy to resolve. On the other hand, some people consider pension funds, like the State Teachers Retirement System (STRS) in Ohio, to be quasi-SWF. They have a very strict separation between the people who make up the management division and the fund owners. No teacher or professor would want to invest in things that may harm the future of their students. At the same time, a fund manager might see an opportunity in a diversified multinational corporation that offers a good return, despite it deriving part of its revenue from e-cigarettes. These contests are very apparent. Domestic politics can work in host countries too. A good example is Singapore’s SWF, Temasek, investing in Thailand’s telecommunications sector. If you study political economy, you already know that countries everywhere are uncomfortable with foreign ownership of their telecom sectors because a foreign entity could monitor or manipulate our communications with each other. In the case of Temasek, there was significant pushback from Thai citizens surrounding the deal, which went on to influence national political sentiment toward Singapore as a whole, underscoring the risks some SWFs may face with their investment choices. In this case, fund behavior led to the dissolution of the entire Thai government in 2006 and a subsequent coup d’état. GJIA: To address some of this unease, the Santiago Principles were established in 2009 to ostensibly promote trust and transparency. From your perspective, have these mechanisms actually changed fund behavior? KL: In international relations theory, we always like to have a clear set of norms and best practices—the orientation we want the proverbial ship to be going in. In that regard, the Santiago Principles at least got the discussion going about which direction SWFs should take at a time when people were very skittish about the growing size of these funds. Nobody wanted them to be out there and potentially destabilizing economies, so talks about disclosure, conditions for withdrawal, and the independence of managers were helpful when initiated. The biggest stumbling block was that there wasn’t exactly a good way to measure compliance with the Principles, let alone how to hold funds to them. If you read the Principles, they’re overall quite vague. In general, a fund doesn’t want to reveal how and why they make certain investment decisions because that information is proprietary—a fund makes money off of how and why it makes decisions—so how do you reconcile that with loosely-defined ideas of openness? Some decisions might have a political purpose. The bottom line is that trying to figure out and assign a score to compliance is not easy, and it is therefore the reason why the Santiago Principles never really got off the ground to the point where they could truly direct fund behavior. GJIA: Many emerging markets are looking to build their own SWFs from mineral and oil revenues. Historically, have funds shaped development trajectories in these countries? KL: I think the big story in international emerging markets investment is that the investment is increasingly no longer unidirectional. In the past multinational corporations of primarily Western background were the main form of foreign direct investment in a country. That has changed dramatically, to the point where you have companies from so-called “developing countries” taking over companies in the United States. Therefore, the landscape of international investment has changed, and I think SWFs are certainly a possibility to be the next step in the game. Historically, you didn’t need an entire financial vehicle to reinvest commodity revenues in your country, but as emerging markets get more financially sophisticated, their capacity to operate such funds has increased. SWFs would allow treasuries to move from relying on holding foreign exchange assets like cash or government bonds to having broader financial markets and targeted growth areas, while easing pressure on welfare expenditures. GJIA: With their increasing financial weight, do you see the presence of SWFs being a factor in the political choices leaders will have to make with regard to domestic and foreign policy? KL: It will depend on just how big the funds get. One of the reasons people are already apprehensive is because of their scale, and if certain SWFs in certain countries achieve a large-enough size, the presence will absolutely be cause for concern. The other factor political leaders will have to consider are their objectives. It’s not always clear how to define a SWF, or even where its activity is concentrated, but it is certainly a worry from the perspective of national security of opaque external investment. More than that, I think one of the most interesting questions going forward is whether the United States, the home to the world’s largest financial markets, will develop its own fund, for which the Trump administration announced a plan. There have also been several proposals in Congress. Were it to come into being, it would have tremendous weight. At the same time, one of the hallmarks of U.S. capitalism is a lack of government ownership of shares, so it would not be clear how such a fund would be received in domestic politics, or which direction it would take. Given how politically fragmented the country is, a Democratic administration would likely be concerned about different sectors of the economy, such as healthcare, and want investment there, rather than a Republican administration, which might prefer defense industries. No investment vehicle could thrive under conditions of such instability. Moreover, it remains unclear where the money to fund a theoretical U.S. SWF would come from. It would be a fundamentally different entity depending on whether it is financed with debt, economic surplus, commodities, or the sale of state companies, as in the case of Singapore. If it is debt, or government borrowing of some form, then the fund would have to outperform whatever the cost of that debt is, which is not an easy thing to do. I think our political leaders have enough on their plate. Our system has worked well keeping political and investment functions generally separate. We have seen different forms of business rise and fall, and even the perception of different countries, all of which funds are tied to. Unless a major SWF either starts—like in the case of the United States—or collapses—an issue that concerns the Saudis, I don’t see any political tsunamis on the horizon. . . . Kathryn Lavelle is the Ellen and Dixon Long Professor of World Affairs at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Her research explores the exchange between domestic and international and political institutions with a particular emphasis on political economy and multilateralism. Dr. Lavelle’s first book, The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets, explored the political circumstances that surround large issues of stock in the developing world. After being granted tenure at Case Western, she was awarded an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellowship and named the William A. Steiger fellow, a designation given to the most promising political scientist in her class of fellows. While in Washington during 2006-2007, she worked on the staff of the House Committee on Financial Services on issues related to domestic and international monetary policy. Dr. Lavelle holds a PhD in political science from Northwestern University; an M.A. in government and foreign affairs from the University of Virginia; and a bachelor’s degree in international economics from Georgetown University. She is a permanent member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations. This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity and length. Interview conducted by Sid Mehrotra. Image Credit: Jason Leung, Unsplash Content Licenses, via Unsplash