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Where should the Tigers play Kevin McGonigle?
The rookie’s bat got most of the attention, but he showed off good defense and positional flexibility as well.
Gary Shapiro: why trade shows matter and how to get them right
I ran powerful trade show CES for decades. Bill Gates told me once that trade shows were key for Microsoft. Now, author Robyn Davis is onto something.
Your Samsung Gallery app finally syncs with Google Photos — how to set it up right now
Samsung Gallery has moved on from OneDrive to Google Photos. Here's how to set it up to keep your photos backed up.
Report shows that Louisiana's adult obesity rate declined significantly
Previously, Louisiana ranked as one of the most obese states. Now, a new report shows that the state's adult obesity rate has declined significantly.
What scientists discovered about dogs and human emotions
Brain scans show dogs process human facial expressions differently, suggesting they can distinguish between emotions like fear, sadness, and anger.
The children’s show putting mental health on screen
‘Lulubug’s Garden’ is teaching kids how to talk about big feelings long before they encounter any mental health challenges
Celebrities Front Row at Lacoste Spring 2027 Ready-to-Wear Show [PHOTOS]
See photos of celebrities front row at the Lacoste Spring 2027 Ready-to-Wear Show. Stars like: Uma Thurman and more.
Democrats Lead Governor Races Deep in Republican Territory, Polls Show
Democratic advantages in the races for governor in Texas, Iowa, Ohio and Alaska reflect deep unhappiness with President Trump and the economy. A Republican leads in Kansas.
One last shock twist in the NRL grand final pre-show entertainment debacle
Fans did a double take when they saw this famous face during the tribute to Jai Arrow.
Is Elanco Animal Health (ELAN) Still Undervalued As Its Stock Sits At $22.14?
Elanco Animal Health (ELAN) recently caught investor attention after its latest trading session, with the share price closing at $22.14 even as recent month and past 3 months returns show declines. Zooming out, Elanco Animal Health has a 1-day share price return of 1.70% at $22.14, while the 30-day and 90-day share price returns are down 9.63% and 11.90%, which points to fading short-term momentum even as the 3-year total shareholder return of 131.59% signals a much stronger longer-run...
Latvian PM Andris Kulbergs’ party leads election, partial results show
Latvian Prime Minister Andris Kulbergs' centrist, pro-Ukraine United List party won Saturday's parliamentary election, partial results showed.
A tale of two AAA games: Control Resonant shows what gaming can be, Marvel’s Wolverine shows what it is becoming
News, Reviews and other Informations about Laptops
Jeremiah Smith is The Best Player in College Football
Jeremiah Smith showed why he is the frontrunner for the Heisman Trophy in a big road win over Iowa. Jeremiah […]
RODRIGUEZ: Nebraska football prevails over Maryland, shows promise ahead of Indiana
Anthony Colandrea led Nebraska to a 48-23 victory over Maryland (2-3, 0-3) on a perfect fall Oct. 3 night at Memorial Stadium. In freshman running back Jamal Rule’s absence, the senior quarterback had a game-high 108 rushing yards, including a 51-yard burst in the third quarter.
Arkansas College Football Scoreboard: Week 5
LITTLE ROCK, Ark. — Week 5 of the Arkansas college football season is underway, with teams from across the Natural State in action Saturday at every level of competition. From SEC showdowns to Division II and small-college matchups, here’s a look at this week’s action. Check back throughout the day for updated scores and results […]
Reporting on the science of saunas
For centuries people have sought out saunas and hot springs for their supposed healing properties. But the science behind those claims can be quite vague. So NPR science correspondent Will Stone headed to the International Sauna Congress in Norway to find out just what we know about the health benefits of saunas. This episode was produced by Gabriel Sanchez, with engineering by Eowyn Fain. Our director is Elena Burnett.It was edited by Adam Raney.Our interim executive producer is Courtney Dorning.Support public media with NPR+ and enjoy perks for over 25 podcasts like this one. This show’s perks include bonus episodes and sponsor-free listening. Learn more at plus.npr.org.
Sarah Trone Garriott Puts Politics Over Good Paying Jobs
Sarah Trone Garriott just showed Iowans exactly where her priorities lie by voting against the largest steel mill project in American history. The $15 billion steel mill planned for Lee County is expected to create at least 1,750 permanent, good-paying jobs, bring billions of dollars in investment to Iowa, and expand American steel manufacturing. Instead of supporting a […]
Motorola's wide foldable could be my next phone if the price is right
A wide screen I can pocket matters more than a bigger one
Barstool's Dave Portnoy pulled from Fox's 'Big Noon Kickoff' appearances, AP source says
Dave Portnoy and Barstool Sports will no longer make appearances on Fox's “Big Noon Kickoff” pregame college football show, a person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press.The person talked to the AP on condition of anonymity because the decision has not been publicly announced.
Barstool's Dave Portnoy pulled from Fox's 'Big Noon Kickoff' appearances, AP source says
Dave Portnoy and Barstool Sports will no longer make appearances on Fox’s “Big Noon Kickoff” pregame show, a person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press.
AI Made StarCraft Bot Swaps In Human Made Bot In Tournament
In a showdown between AI generated Brood War bots and human made ones, OpenAI’s champion resorted to its natural playbook: lie, cheat and steal
Why did Dave Portnoy leave 'Big Noon Kickoff'? Barstool founder's deal with Fox Sports comes to abrupt end
The news came less than 24 hours before the show was set to broadcast from Michigan-Minnesota.
'SNL' is back. See host, musical guest ahead of tonight's show
"Saturday Night Live" is so back, in case you missed it.
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’?An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked ...
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’?An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked ...
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’? An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked audience? Take one look at FC Barcelona 2026/27, and how is the season so far any different? Or if it is lacking any […]
Iowa Hawkeyes vs Ohio State Buckeyes Fan Discussion
The Hawkeyes are back home for another top-25 showdown!
Tyler Childers goes wild in overdue Seattle show
The locked-in country star was in a wildman's groove Friday when he played Seattle proper for the first time in years.
Apple iPhone 18 Pro Max gaming test shows up to 69% less performance loss than iPhone 17 Pro Max
I think it’s safe to say that the iPhone 18 Pro Max’s sustained thermal performance is pretty nice.
LETTER: Thompson puts people before politics in response to MIDA concerns
Rep. Jason Thompson’s billboard on Logan’s Main Street shows the legislator with his family and reads “people before politics” in bold letters. This was demonstrated by Rep. Thompson’s rapid-fire response
New Research Strengthens the Link Between Warming and Extreme Weather
A growing body of attribution research shows that human-caused warming is increasing the likelihood or severity of many extreme weather events.
Usher posts golf video ahead of El Paso stop. Will he tee off here?
Usher shared an Instagram video on Oct. 2 showing himself golfing in the rain, prompting some speculation that he may already be in the El Paso area.
TST Best Bets: October 3, 2026
Mississippi State gets a chance to show how far it has come Saturday, welcoming No. 7 Alabama to Starkville for a matchup of unbeaten SEC teams. Kamario Taylor has helped turn the No. 16 Bulldogs into an early surprise, but keeping up with the Crimson Tide will be their biggest test yet.Over in the Big Ten, No. 14 Iowa returns home after its dramatic win at Michigan to face No. 6 Ohio State. The Hawkeyes will lean on their defense again, this time trying to slow down Julian Sayin and Jeremiah Sm
Five Minnesota Players Michigan Fans Need To Know
Minnesota is playing good football right now, which means a lot of guys are showing up individually. Here are a few that Michigan fans should be aware of heading into this afternoon's game.
Victoria Beckham: From Celebrity Brand To Luxury Business
Victoria Beckham's Paris Fashion Week show caps a turnaround year: a first operating profit of £7.3m, powered by beauty, leather goods and two new CEOs.
Issey Miyake and Givenchy: Art and Science
Satoshi Kondo and Sarah Burton show us why they’re BoF500 cover stars.
Chapel Bell Curve:
You’ve got to do something before kickoff. And if you’re looking to maximize your preparations for today’s matchup with Vanderbilt that something should be listening to Nathan and Yara preview the Commodores. Among other audio goodness in this episode you’ll find the following: As always we ask that you like, rate, subscribe, and patreonize the show wherever […]
Governor candidate Bernadette Wilson has been sued repeatedly over unpaid bills, records show
Alaska judges have ordered the Republican candidate to pay thousands of dollars for overdue business and personal debts.
Kid Rock Wants to Show Friendship Triumphs Over Politics With New Eminem Collaboration
On his new Christian rock album Halfway to Jesus, Kid Rock wanted to show friendship exists beyond politics with his collaboration with Eminem.
Novak Djokovic Speaks On Health Ahead Of Zverev Showdown, Seeks ATP Finals Berth
Tennis Focus, Hot Topics Novak Djokovic is seeking a place at the Nitto ATP Finals later this year.
Ocean chemistry on ancient Earth could help scientists search for life on alien worlds
"Earth's history shows that oxygen, nutrients, and life evolved together. Understanding those connections gives us a more nuanced perspective on our own planet's future and what we might look for on other planets."
Dont @ Me, But These 6 Shows Were Rightfully Canceled After 1 Season
So many great TV shows get canceled too soon, like 'The Boroughs' and 'PONIES.' But some shows that get the axe after just one season are, sorry to say, deserving of the cancelation. Here, an entertainment editor's 6 picks for shows rightfully canceled after 1 season.
Alabama State vs Bethune-Cookman live updates, highlights, analysis
Alabama State football plays Bethune-Cookman in a pivotal SWAC showdown. Follow live updates and highlights from Alabama State's Week 5 game.
‘Brave from the beginning’: 20 years of Friday Night Lights – the sports drama that dared to be different
It launched the careers of Jesse Plemons and Michael B Drama, and let its stars improvise in a way that was fresh and new. This show about smalltown US football was confident, trailblazing – and wonderful
Complete Schedule Released For Padres-Brewers NLDS
Fresh off a dominant sweep, the Padres head to Milwaukee to face the top-seeded Brewers. Discover the full rotation plans and kickoff times for this electric postseason showdown.
Ramp's Broadway musical was the worst show I've ever seen
I went to Ramp's Broadway musical, "Bill Pay." It was confusing, sloppy, and overly self-loving. But I'm happy the actors got paid.
Soulection celebrates 15 years with upcoming L.A. show
Soulection, the radio show, independent label and global music collective is celebrating its 15th anniversary on Saturday at Reframe Studios Outdoors.
Rajasthan Royals star creates history, surpasses Chris Gayle for highest T20 score
Lhuan-dre Pretorius has made T20 cricket history with his phenomenal score of 188 runs off 79 balls while playing for the Titans against the Knights. This feat breaks Chris Gayle's former record of 175 runs, showcasing Pretorius's exceptional talent as he maintained a striking rate of 237.97. His recent century for South Africa further underscores his remarkable consistency and prowess on the field.
Home Team Friday: Week 7
HENDERSON, Ky. (WEHT) — Don’t miss out on our weekly coverage of high school football in the Tri-State. Home Team Friday airs every Friday night at 10:35 CT on ABC 25. Watch the videos below to see the full show: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
‘I didn’t realize he was this soft’: Dave Portnoy blames Ryan Day’s ‘temper tantrums’ for being removed from ‘Big Noon Kickoff’
Dave Portnoy and other top personalities at Barstool Sports have been a part of Fox’s Big Noon Kickoff college football pregame show for a little over a year. That is now over, with The Athletic reporting on Friday evening that Barstool Sports would no longer feature on the program. Sources told The Athletic that “there…
Your AI Agents Can Write Code. Can They Understand Your Business?
AI agents need to understand how businesses work. Graphify’s rise shows why ontologies and knowledge graphs matter for the agentic enterprise and economy.
No. 3 Spartans Dominate Exhibition: The Eric Nilson Show
Eric Nilson’s four-point explosion and Joshua Ravensbergen’s poised debut fueled a surgical offensive display as the Spartans dismantled Boston College to signal their pursuit of another title.
Trump visa policies weigh on Columbia journalism program as admissions pause
The drop in international applications shows how uncertainty over Trump’s visa policies is affecting one of the preeminent U.S. journalism institutions.
Roxbury community unites to support businesses displaced by Edison building fire
TRANCASA: A First Look at Electric Trucking
TRANCASA is preparing to test its first Tesla Semi, taking another step toward innovation in South Texas transportation. At the Pharr Truck Expo, Carlos Canales and his team showcased the company’s focus on technology and the future of cross-border logistics. How do you see electric trucks changing the industry?
Scientists discover first type I superconductor that breaks time-reversal symmetry
Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with no resistance and expel magnetic fields when cooled to ultralow temperatures. And depending on their quantum structure, they can also showcase ...
The multiplier effect: Wilmington film boosts local business during ‘One Tree Hill’ convention
WILMINGTON — Thousands of fans pilgrimaged to Wilmington almost two weeks ago to celebrate a show that wrapped filming in the city more than a decade ago. Some local businesses felt the boost.
Justin Jefferson Out on Vikings Final Injury Report vs Dolphins
Justin Jefferson is out Sunday vs the Dolphins, the Minnesota Vikings' final injury report shows. Punter Brett Thorson and CB Charles Demmings are out too.
ASUS ROG Edition 20 - Celebrating 20 years of Republic of Gamers
ASUS is celebrating 20 years, with its "Edition 20" products that are pure enthusiast excess in the best possible way, including a custom AMD Ryzen X870E board & AIO, GeForce RTX 5090, 3000 W PSU, open-frame case and pairing it with a high-end OLED into one beautiful showcase.
Delta Expo celebrates regional business, culture, entertainment
From live music and Delta food to shopping, stepping, books, and small-business showcases, Pine Bluff buzzed Sept. 25-26 as the first-of-its-kind Delta Expo brought businesses, entrepreneurs, artists, and community members together at the Pine Bluff Convention Center. Presented by the Pine Bluff Black Chamber of Commerce and visionary president and CEO Joni Alexander-Robinson, the two-day […]
Delta Expo celebrates regional business, culture, entertainment
From live music and Delta food to shopping, stepping, books, and small-business showcases, Pine Bluff buzzed Sept. 25-26 as the first-of-its-kind Delta Expo brought businesses, entrepreneurs, artists, and community members together at the Pine Bluff Convention Center. Presented by the Pine Bluff Black Chamber of Commerce and visionary president and CEO Joni Alexander-Robinson, the two-day […]
Trump Directed Use of Taxpayer Money for Ads Praising His Presidency
The government-funded ads show just how much President Trump has been able to use federal money for his own aims.
Mondavi sets trio of shows in early October
The Mondavi Center will be busy during the coming week, hosting three performances in Jackson Hall.
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe
Carolina Panthers Release Injury Report Ahead of Week 4
The Carolina Panthers have released their injury report ahead of the Week 4 showdown with the Detroit Lions.
Riviera Beach man accused of setting fires on business property after trespass warning
Riviera Beach police say surveillance video showed a man set two fires at a business after he had been warned to stay off the property.
'This Morning' show host hospitalized after on-air health scare
Alison Hammond, host of the British morning show "This Morning," was hospitalized after she appeared to have a health scare during a live broadcast.
'This Morning' show host hospitalized after on-air health scare
Alison Hammond was hospitalized after a health scare during the live broadcast of the morning show "This Morning" on Oct. 2.
Two Carolina Panthers the Detroit Lions Must Watch Out For
A dominant interior force and a towering vertical threat stand between Detroit and a crucial road win as the Lions prepare for a physical Sunday night showdown.
Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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