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Australia needs more people who think like scientists. Here’s what that means
Science equips us with the tools to reason, evaluate evidence, and make informed decisions in a complex, changing world.
Scottie Scheffler walks away with dominant FedEx St. Jude win
Scottie Scheffler shot a final-round 66 and pulled away to extend his lead in the FedEx Cup playoffs.
Poor genetic health threatens many species
Four experts explain what genetic health is and why it matters for our most vulnerable wildlife.
St. Louis Cardinals vs Chicago Cubs Game Discussion Sunday
The St. Louis Cardinals will wrap up their weekend series against the Chicago Cubs Sunday. Hunter Dobbins is the starter for the Cardinals. He’ll go up against Edward Cabrera who will start for the Cubs. First pitch is scheduled for 2:15pm central time and the game broadcast will be available via Cardinals.tv.
Melco Resorts & Entertainment Limited Just Missed Earnings - But Analysts Have Updated Their Models
It's shaping up to be a tough period for Melco Resorts & Entertainment Limited ( NASDAQ:MLCO ), which a week ago...
Two ACL tears couldn’t break Dominika Paurová’s joy
After missing two seasons due to back-to-back ACL tears, Paurová brings her joy and elite talent back to the Wildcats.
Column: Kyle Larson is My Race Car Hero
Kyle Larson Is the Reason I Keep Going I can’t sleep. I’m sitting here after one of the most ridiculous nights I have ever witnessed in motorsports, and I genuinely don’t know how I’m supposed to go to bed. Because tonight wasn’t just another Kyle Larson performance. It reminded me why I fell in love…
Former Starter Set to Face Texans After Joining AFC Rival
The Houston Texans will see former starter Folonruso Fatukasi on the opposing sideline after he joined a new team. The post Former Starter Set to Face Texans After Joining AFC Rival appeared first on HEAVY.
Malik Willis turns heads immediately in impressive Dolphins debut
Malik Willis wasted no time making an impression in his Dolphins debut, leading a 93-yard touchdown drive and completing 4 of 5 passes in Miami’s preseason opener.
Panthers fall 29-14 to Bills on the road
ORCHARD PARK, NY (CAROLINA SPORTS LIVE) — Panthers starters got their reps in Saturday afternoon with their second preseason game of the season. Unfortunately, the team fell 29-14 against the Buffalo Bills on the road. After a thrilling Hall of Fame game against the Cardinals last week, the Black & Blue were looking to bring […]
‘He had magnetism’: Lula returns to site of political origins to launch fourth-term campaign
Brazil’s president was union chief who led metalworkers’ strikes of 1979-80 that paved the way for return of democracy
Melco Resorts And Entertainment (MLCO) Stock Shrugs Off Margin Pressure##
Melco Resorts & Entertainment stock barely flinched after earnings, edging about 2% higher to around US$5.60. The market reaction looked calm for a casino operator that just reported a sharp squeeze in quarterly profitability. Net income fell to US$22.7m in Q2 on US$1.25b of revenue, with basic earnings per share slipping to US$0.06. The near term snapshot looks soft. The bigger question is whether investors focus on this margin pressure or on a business that, over the past year, has reported...
3 Ravens Players to Watch in Week 1 Preseason
Here are the three Baltimore Ravens players to watch in the team's first preseason game against the Philadelphia Eagles.
UFC 331 press conference video
Joshua Van, Alexandre Pantoja square off in UFC 331 title rematch
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's Class of 2026: Mike D’Antoni remains one of the greatest offensive minds in NBA history
Seven seconds or less? Multiple point guard MVPs? The 3-point revolution? D'Antoni had a hand in it all.
State judge orders Kalshi to stop offering sports bets and other wagers
Kalshi ordered to stop offering bets in Washington, must implement geofencing.
Saints will not be signing ex-Lions cornerback Terrion Arnold
Terrion Arnold will be signing with the Seattle Seahawks, not the New Orleans Saints. The ex-Detroit Lions cornerback is awaiting NFL discipline.
2026 Season Opener Countdown: 30 Days Remaining
We continue our countdown to the Panthers opening the 2026 season against the Chicago Bears
Glenn Fogel runs the world’s largest online travel business. He still personally reads customer complaints because ‘you gotta get that sh*t right’
The travel industry, like every sector, is experimenting with the best use cases for AI. Fogel is working towards a world where tourism becomes an intelligence system in its own right
Veteran 49ers DB leaves preseason game vs. Titans with injury
The San Francisco 49ers have battled injuries throughout camp, and now they've lost a cornerback early in their first preseason game.
Politics Chat, August 13, 2026
A newsletter about the history behind today's politics.
Yankees leave bats at home, drop drowsy finale to Mariners
The Yankees had a flight to catch in this Thursday matinée.
BREAKING: Netflix to shut down two more game studios
Netflix is sticking with video games but once again reducing the number of studios it owns making games. The streaming giant is closing Los Angeles-based Night School studio, which it acquired in 2021 and plans to close Helsinki-based Moonloot, which was founded in 2022. Just six weeks ago, Night School had released Unhinged, a novel 30-minute first-person horror game, streamable on TVs to Netflix users. The game was hailed by Netflix co-CEO Greg Peters in a call with investors. Six weeks later, Night School is closing. Prior to its Netflix tenure, Night School had developed the award-winning supernatural thriller Oxenfree. A second Oxenfree game followed after the purchase, as well as a mobile game designed to tie in to an episode of the Netflix show Black Mirror. Netflix attributed the studio closures to a prioritization around kids gaming, party games, story-driven fare and games with mainstream hooks, such as a recently released FIFA game. “We see an opportunity to be more focused in our execution, so we are making organizational changes to the business to match those priorities,” a Netflix spokesperson told Game File. Netflix is also cutting jobs from its internal games team. A rep declined to say how many jobs were being lost by these cutbacks. “We are incredibly grateful to the talented colleagues we’re saying goodbye to today. We thank them for all their contributions to Netflix, and wish them the best,” the rep said. Netflix started releasing video games, initially on mobile as a free bonus to subscribers, in 2021. By 2023, Mike Verdu, then the head of Netflix’s game operations, was telling me that the company was committed to growing carefully, as it offered more games and built up internal game studios. At the time, it hadn’t made any gaming job cuts. Since then, Netflix has altered its approach. In 2024, it shut down Team Blue, a start-up studio led by ex-Call of Duty and Halo developers that was exploring making a high-end first-person game for the service. Last October, Netflix shut down another studio, Boss Fight, shortly after Peters praised the team’s Squid Game game to investors. (One of Boss Fight’s main developers now works on the Netflix FIFA game for outside studio Delphi.) And in December, Netflix sold cozy game studio Spry Fox back to its founders. Amid all of this, Netflix has shifted from emphasizing mobile games to offering games through TVs and PCs, via streamed connections, with phones used as controllers. That’s how Night School’s Unhinged worked, along with games such as Boggle and Party Crashers that have collectively helped the Netflix game controller app chart well on mobile app stores. The studio cuts leave Netflix with a central gaming team that works with external developers, and a dedicated first party studio in, Helsinki-based Next Games, which produced many of the company’s couch-centric party games. The move away from having a roster of internal game studios aligns with Netflix’s own approach to shows and movies, which are largely produced externally. The company owns few TV/film production studios of its own. The gaming industry overall is seeing large holders of multiple studios cut back, with Sony, Ubisoft, Embracer, Microsoft and other giants closing or selling off studios. Cuts in California-based studios, where costs often run relatively high, have been particularly acute. Netflix has faced skepticism about its gaming plans for years. The moves today are likely to fuel them, and the company has few upcoming projects to counter the narrative. Among the few hinted, acclaimed independent studio Don’t Nod said last year it was working on a game tied to a major Netflix franchise.
16 people hospitalized following chemical Hazmat incident at Mass. industrial business
Over a dozen people were hospitalized after a chemical incident at a Massachusetts industrial business made workers seriously ill.
College football championship contenders: Favorites, long shots, and playoff candidates
College football preview season rolls on today at SB Nation. While we previously released our own Top 25 ahead of the campaign, we are diving into those rankings a bit more today, breaking them down by what teams can truly be considered title contenders. Some are longshots, others need a break or two to make […]
Lumexa Imaging turns profit in Q2 after previous losses
The Raleigh, North Carolina-based company—previously known as US Radiology Specialists—on Aug. 12 reported financial results for the three months ending June 30.
PENN Entertainment (PENN) Stock Looks Cheap On Sales While Online Risks Linger
PENN Entertainment has put long term shareholders through a rough ride, with the share price down about 71% over the past 5 years, yet the stock now screens as cheap on several valuation checks. Recent news around stronger physical casino performance and increased iGaming investment has refocused attention on whether the current price reflects the company’s mix of mature retail assets and a more competitive online business. The roughly 71% share price decline over 5 years leaves PENN...
The Herald's weekly entertainment picks
Looking to be entertained from Thursday, Aug. 13, through Wednesday, Aug. 19? Check out the Skagit Valley Herald’s weekly recommendations.
Moment of Science: Ozone
You can't escape ozone in a big city, but we can all work to make less of it. Dan Smith shows how combining three oxygen atoms can make a big difference in our daily health. 💨🫁
Johnson County entertainment restaurant closes after 12 years. ‘Deeply grateful’
Another spot plans to open up inside the former restaurant space. Here’s what to know.
Pirate Problems: Bucs Facing old Friend Sean McVay
New coordinator Zac Robinson faces his mentor in a high-stakes showdown, leveraging intimate knowledge of Sean McVay’s system to neutralize Matthew Stafford’s explosive Rams offense.
Predicting Winners of 49ers Biggest Position Battles
Position battles are one of the most interesting things about training camp and the preseason. The San Francisco 49ershave an elite roster, but that doesn't mean some spots still aren't being fought for. Since then, we've seen several more practices and we've had a depth chart release.
NFL top 5 richest teams in 2026 according to Sportico
This proves that being worth a lot of money doesn't mean your football team wins games.
Schefter: Cowboys remain most valuable sports franchise at $15.5 billion
Schefter: Cowboys remain most valuable sports franchise at $15.5 billion
2026 Fall Preview: Liberal Football
Share on Facebook Share on Twitter By Chris Parker Liberal football has a new head coach in Randy Adams this season. He has been an assistant coach at Jasper along with Northeast High School in Arma, Kan.
Scooters are canceled, plus a sports agent and an unsolved murder
The Pulse Newsletter 📣 | This is The Athletic’s daily sports newsletter. Sign up here to receive The Pulse directly in your inbox. Good morning! Hide your best player today. Coming up: 🛴 In MLB, scooter angst 🔍 An unsolved murder 🏈 Minny’s new QB I need to express an old-man sentiment, one that’s festered within me for years: I loathe electric scooters. I recoil every time I travel to a city where they are popular, with sidewalks and plant beds awash in discarded lanky little vehicles. Also, as a new-ish dad, I always think about how dangerous they can be. Anyone,...
Yankees news: Giancarlo Stanton runs bases as rehab continues
Stanton getting close; Yanks get $2.6 billion investment; Gil at Hudson Valley; veteran reliever released at Triple-A
What do fans think of potential minority share sale?
Liverpool fans consider the club to have a specific set of values, centred around its working-class roots. When FSG attempted to raise season ticket prices last season, fans' group Spirit of Shankly (SOS) launched a campaign called 'Not a Pound in the Ground'. It urged fans to buy food and drink from local businesses in the Anfield area rather than inside the stadium.
Hollywood goes quiet as stars rethink speaking out on politics
As the midterm elections are heating up, more and more Hollywood stars say they’re putting a freeze on speaking out about politics, perhaps feeling burned by the 2024 White House race. …
Politics Report: Baños Cerrados
Last week, former San Diego City Councilmember Donna Frye sent one of the staffers for Mayor Todd Gloria a picture of poop. “This Kodak Moment is from Mission Bay Park this morning near one of the closed bathrooms. Please share with the mayor.”
Jenna Ortega would go ‘all day without eating or drinking’ as a kid on set to ‘not be in the way’
“I was so grateful and so excited to be there that my game face was on.”
Bills DC Leonhard expects defensive starters to play in preseason opener
Jim Leonhard expects his defensive starters to play in the Buffalo Bills’ preseason opener against Carolina on Saturday.
YouTube sensation Ms. Rachel announces debut album with Mr. Aron, 'I'm So Happy'
YouTube sensation Ms. Rachel and her husband, Aron Accurso, are releasing their debut album, “I'm So Happy,” on Sept. 25. Known for her educational YouTube channel, Ms. Rachel, whose real
Is PENN Entertainment (PENN) A Bargain As Strong Q2 Earnings Lift Valuation Questions?
PENN Entertainment (PENN) drew fresh attention after reporting second quarter 2026 results that met Wall Street revenue expectations and delivered a significant earnings per share beat, with management highlighting strength in retail casinos and improving Interactive profitability. See our latest analysis for PENN Entertainment. Despite the strong Q2 result and recent shelf registration for an employee stock plan, PENN Entertainment’s share price is down 7.42% over the past month but up...
Big Bear bald eagle Jackie dies after lingering health issues
Chiefs’ Andy Reid Gets Honest About Rams Amid ‘Rare’ Situation
This could be one of three matchups this season. The post Chiefs’ Andy Reid Gets Honest About Rams Amid ‘Rare’ Situation appeared first on HEAVY.
Experts warn Oklahomans should expect health insurance costs to spike
As Oklahoma’s state employees face potential double-digit hikes in health insurance premiums, experts are warning that all Oklahomans should brace for a similar shock this year.
Will the Dome be deflated? Anchorage sports facility launches fundraising campaign.
The Dome has been the home of the state's largest indoor field for nearly 20 years. The facility's operators are asking for help funding the replacement of its exterior.
WHO says Congo's Ebola outbreak started months before it was declared
The World Health Organization says the fastest-growing Ebola outbreak started in February, months before it was officially declared in May
If Congress can’t save college sports, it’s time for Plan B. Except there is no Plan B
If College Sports Inc. truly wants stability, it's going to have to blow up the current model completely and try something new.
This sports retailer's turnaround is just getting started, Wells Fargo says
Wells Fargo's price target for Dick's Sporting Goods implies 15% upside from Friday's close, a new analyst note shows.
Gloucester decide against Villa Park return
Gloucester Rugby confirm they will not be returning to Villa Park to face Leicester Tigers in the Prem next season.
Amundi Has $760,000 Stake in PENN Entertainment, Inc. $PENN
Amundi trimmed its stake in PENN Entertainment, Inc. (NASDAQ:PENN - Free Report) by 93.5% in the first quarter, according to its most recent disclosure with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The institutional investor owned 50,567 shares of the company's stock after selling 731,502 sha
Support local artisans at upcoming Native Business Market
The Native Business Market will feature native-owned small businesses, artisans, and service providers on Saturday, Aug. 15, at the Tigua Business Center parking lot.
Political analysts give last-minute take on Minnesota primaries: "Money matters"
Detroit Lions signing QB Josh Dobbs to replace Teddy Bridgewater
The Detroit Lions have their new veteran backup quarterback in Josh Dobbs after Teddy Bridgewater’s retirement.
Consider becoming a referee for Iowa school sports
I started officiating in the fall of 1978. My football crew has two gentlemen who are in their 70s. Two gentlemen are in their 50s. And one gentleman is about
Is Accel Entertainment (ACEL) A Bargain As Earnings Growth Lifts Valuation Hopes?
Accel Entertainment (ACEL) is attracting fresh attention after its 4 August 2026 earnings update, which showed higher sales, revenue and net income for both the quarter and first half compared with the prior year. See our latest analysis for Accel Entertainment. At a share price of $12.16, Accel Entertainment has posted a 6.95% year to date share price return and a 10.34% 1 year total shareholder return, which suggests moderate positive momentum heading into the latest earnings and capital...
Delaware opens Fall EDGE Grant Competition
Delaware's fall EDGE Grant Competition opens Aug. 11. According to the Division of Small Business, $1.15 million in funding is available for eligible startups and small businesses.
PENN Entertainment (NASDAQ:PENN) Releases Earnings Results, Beats Expectations By $0.07 EPS
PENN Entertainment (NASDAQ:PENN - Get Free Report) issued its quarterly earnings results on Thursday. The company reported $0.44 EPS for the quarter, beating analysts' consensus estimates of $0.37 by $0.07. PENN Entertainment had a negative net margin of 12.66% and a positive return on equity of 2.93%. The business had revenue of $1.86 billion for the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $1.86 billion. During the same quarter in the prior year, the firm posted ($0.12) earnings per share. The business's quarterly revenue was up 5.2% compared to the same quarter last year.
2026 Sports Card Release Calendar: Upcoming Topps, Panini & Upper Deck Dates
See which sports cards are coming next in 2026, including upcoming Topps, Panini and Upper Deck releases plus important date-change notes. The post 2026 Sports Card Release Calendar: Upcoming Topps, Panini & Upper Deck Dates appeared first on HEAVY.
Mike Tomlin hasn't thought about returning to coaching, yet
For now, he doesn't miss it. That could change when the regular season starts.
Can would-be buyer afford to take over more Chicago-area hospitals?
Insight Health Systems is in talks to take over West Suburban Medical Center and Weiss Memorial Hospital, which closed in the last year. But records show its Chicago hospital has money troubles.
Flutter Entertainment Q2 Earnings Call Highlights
Flutter Entertainment (NYSE:FLUT) reported second-quarter revenue growth of 3% as strong customer engagement around the FIFA World Cup and acquisitions helped offset customer-friendly U.S. sports results and higher taxes in the United Kingdom. The company also announced that Chief Executive Officer
Nitecore’s latest power bank is the lightest and most compact yet
The Verge is about technology and how it makes us feel. Founded in 2011, we offer our audience everything from breaking news to reviews to award-winning features and investigations, on our site, in video, and in podcasts.
Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) On Guidance Cuts And Losses Still Looks Undervalued
Guidance cut, net loss and delisting put Flutter Entertainment in focus Flutter Entertainment (NYSE:FLUT) is under close watch after a Q2 2026 net loss, a cut to full year revenue guidance and confirmation that its shares now trade only on the New York Stock Exchange. The shift in guidance reflects higher investment to build U.S. market share and the impact of specific sports results on revenue. These moves, together with the London delisting, are shaping how investors reassess Flutter...
PENN Entertainment (PENN) Stock Profit Rebound Faces Lingering Digital Doubts
PENN Entertainment stock barely moved on the results, edging up about 0.3% to US$20.18, even though the earnings story was anything but sleepy. Q2 flipped back into the black with basic earnings per share of US$0.25 and net income of US$33.1m. Retail casinos produced record quarterly revenue and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and rent that management highlighted on the call. The market reaction looks muted for now. The real question for investors is how...
Game 117: Twins at Brewers
A visit to the regional rivals, a tragic tale about a Brewers player, and Wisconsin whacking.
The new “America First Global Health Strategy” could erode years of progress under PEPFAR
The authors unpack the impacts the new "America First Global Health Strategy" will have when it comes to HIV/AIDS mitigation in African countries.
Health of Portland must be measured by its residents
Neither visitors nor developers are going to contribute to our quality of life.
Colombia's new president vows to remake the country — and challenge its fragile peace
A new political era for Colombia: a hard-right president promises order, growth and confrontation.
Commentary: AI Could Help to Implement Health Policy
Artificial intelligence may enhance implementation of a new federal rule requiring aduts enrolled under the Affordable Care Act expansion of Medicaid eligibility to complete qualifying work hours or community engagement activities or meet exemption criteria to maintain coverage, according to a new commentary.
Employers everywhere are using AI – but business schools aren’t preparing students for the shift
Amid the rise of AI, researchers found that employers still value skills like communication, professionalism and teamwork among prospective and new employees.
Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) Stock Faces Margin Squeeze Despite Steady Revenue
Flutter Entertainment walked into this earnings print with a stock that has quietly drifted lower over the past month, yet the immediate reaction has been almost flat. The share price edged only 0.1% higher to about US$93, even as the company reported a sharp squeeze in adjusted EBITDA and a group net loss in the quarter. The market mood looks numb rather than shocked. Traders appear focused on the profit hit from heavier U.S. marketing and higher taxes. The more patient question is whether...
New York City lawmaker accused of using government staff for political fundraising
The accusations, outlined in a formal whistleblower complaint, come as concerns about wrongdoing in New York City government remain heightened.
Celebrity culture is one thing. For TMZ, Congress is the new 'reality show'
TMZ is trading Hollywood gossip for Capitol Hill scoops with a new D.C. bureau, launched in April. The online tabloid's two-man crew has brought an unconventional reporting style to the Congress beat.
Experts share MRI efficiency strategies that could raise revenue by upward of 60%
Workflow redesigns have the potential to improve MRI throughput by 20%, while AI-based protocol optimization could boost efficiencies by another 35%, experts write in Clinical Imaging.
Federal workers file class action lawsuit over transgender health coverage ban
Five federal workers filed a proposed class-action lawsuit Monday against the Trump administration, alleging that a federal health insurance policy excluding gender-affirming care violates federal emp...
Jordan Addison shouldn't be out long with jammed thumb
Vikings wide receiver Jordan Addison jammed his thumb, but his absence from practice should not be long, coach Kevin O'Connell said.
Cycling organization rolls out national Bicycle Benefits program
A national program to encourage bicycling while supporting small businesses has launched in Sioux Falls.
Judge criticizes Trump's Justice Department as he says he has no choice but to dismiss Jan. 6 seditious conspiracy case
The move Tuesday closes the book on the Jan. 6 cases that were wiped out with Republican President Donald Trump's sweeping pardons and commutations last year, freeing from prison people convicted of violent of assaults on police and other crimes.
'The Shards' turns Kaia Gerber into an '80s vision of mom Cindy Crawford. She doesn't see it.
Unprecedented images may explain one of greatest mysteries of the sun
Highest-ever resolution pictures of our star could help show why its corona is millions of degrees hotter than its surface
Burke Airport businesses demand chance to have their say amidst closing saga
A plan to close Burke Lakefront Airport faces opposition from businesses that are connected to the airport.
Chartbook 464 The"China squeeze" - the politics of development counterfactuals.
There are three types of China shock discourse. Each has a distinct temporal register. China shock 1.0 was a phrase coined by US academics in the 2010s to retrospectively summarize the impact on particular US labour markets, which they identified through painstaking empirical investigation. China shock 2.0 on everyone’s lips in Europe in the mid 2020s is an alarm raised by trans-Atlantic policy thinkers warning of a coming disaster which they project onto Europe’s ailing car industry. The third type of China shock discourse - commonly known as the “China squeeze” launched most recently by Indian economists Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian in the pages of Foreign Affairs - mobilizes a different, more speculative temporal register: the counterfactual realm of alternate history. The China squeeze argument asks not what has happened, or what is going to happen, but what might have been. Specifically, what options for economic development might have been open to Global South economies like India or the economies of sub-Saharan Africa, had it not been for China’s spectacular industrialization since the late 1990s and the persistent competitiveness of China’s manufacture in low-skilled segments. Chatterjee and Subramanian’s argument is that whilst China has built a powerful position in electrical machinery and other high-skill manufacturing, which is now delivering China Shock 2.0, it also continues to run a trade surplus in low-skill, labour-intensive manufacturing. This surplus is large and has remained largely unchanged in fifteen years. Indeed, in the 2010s, in trade with low-income countries, China’s surplus rapidly increased. On their reading, this squeezes low-income producers in low-skill sectors in which they “should” be able to compete. Source: “China’s Mercantilist Squeeze on Developing Countries” Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian. Peterson Institute for International Economics 26-7 May 2026 Chatterjee and Subramanian’s wording is telling: (emphasis mine) The canonical trajectory of economic development in the post-World War II period is for countries to transition from agriculture to manufacturing, first in low-skilled manufacturing and then later on to high-skill manufacturing (Herrendorf, Rogerson, and Valentinyi 2013). At the global level, this implies that high-income countries (HICs) that once specialized in low-skilled activities cede manufacturing export space to poorer countries that come along to occupy that space. In 1965, advanced economies accounted for about 60 percent of global value-added exports in four key low-skilled manufacturing sectors, i.e., apparel, leather, textiles, and footwear. Over time this share declined and began to be occupied first by the East Asian tigers and, beginning in the late 1990s, by China. Today China accounts for about 50 percent of the global market. The question is whether China, with its rising prosperity, is continuing to behave like its richer counterparts and ceding export space to poorer followers or to behave unlike them and continuing to occupy space. In terms of the conceptual maneuvers it performs, of the three China shock discourses, the “China squeeze” argument is by far the most ambitious. After all, it bases its critique of China on a counterfactual imagining of the world. Like any counterfactual argument, to construct this alternative reality it must rely on a heuristic model. To make their argument Chatterjee and Subramanian mobilize two key claims. The first reference point is the actual history of rich-country industrialization, what they refer to as the “canonical path”. The idea is that countries transition from agriculture to light industry and low-skilled manufacturing and from there up the value chain. To make this useful as a standard of comparison and a means to construct a normative standard, they adjust sectoral export shares for two factors: 1. the underlying level of economic development of the exporting country, as measured by national income and 2. the degree to which the sector in question is internationalized. The idea being that for a high income country to have a high export share in low-skill sectors is anomalous and even more so if that particular product is highly internationalized and thus suitable for being “conceded” to lower-income competitors. Where should this process end? Here Chatterjee and Subramanian introduce their second benchmark. Their normative idea of a global development path is one in which, in due course, low-skill manufacturing exports are distributed in proportion to a country’s share in the global labour force. They imagine, in other words, a world of proportional, polycentric global development without much national specialization in low-skill manufacturing. A useful benchmark is that, in labor-intensive manufacturing sectors, a country’s share of world exports should be broadly commensurate with its share of the world’s low-skilled labor endowment. … In the Heckscher-Ohlin model, this would be true if value added per worker and export propensities, i.e., fraction of output that is exported, are the same across countries. It is this pleasant liberal vista of orderly global development, progressing towards a general distribution of low-skilled manufacturing against which they judge reality and conclude that the low-income countries are suffering a “China squeeze”. China is not exiting low-skill sectors fast enough Allowing for its gdp level and the degree of globalization, China’s share of low-skill manufacturing exports is far higher than it “should” be. Relative to population, its low-skill share of exports is far too high. That in turn yields the conclusion that huge numbers of jobs - the authors suggest tens of millions - are being hoarded by China. For the four sectors captured in figure 4, this excess in value-added exports is $110 billion in 2022. For all low-skilled sectors overall captured in appendix figure D.1, excess value-added exports amount to $365 billion. The crowding out of LMIC exports by China is therefore substantial. Both these claims have in common that they are strong structuralisms. The first is that development paths ought to resemble each other. The second is that broadly speaking as far as low-skilled manufacturing is concerned, all countries are alike. If the world currently diverges from the distribution of trade implied by these assumptions, if China is not following the advanced economy path and has huge exports, this must be the result of “policy”, which the authors then put in question as illegitimate or unfair. Thus the naturalistic construction of a canonical path leading to a “level” distribution of low-skilled manufacturing reveals itself to be a polemical tool. From the point of view of China shock polemics, this discourse is no doubt welcome. But as an account of economic history, it must surely be regarded as nothing short of bamboozling. Development paths do not follow a regular, natural sequence. As David Fishman put it aptly, “development is not a queue”. They are always and everywhere, through and through political. Development is not so much a process, as a project. Each such project is more or less well adjusted to its context. As Gerschenkron taught uneven and combined development implies differentiation rather than simple imitation on a single parth. It may be true that Europe and the US exited relatively early from low-skill work. But clearly technology has changed. As C&S themselves point out, China no longer enjoys a low wage environment. Do they really believe that such huge differences can be accounted for either by industrial policy, which as they admit does not operate powerfully in low-skill sectors, or by exchange rate manipulation? What is overwhelmingly dominant in explaining the persistence of “low-skill” manufacturing in China are surely the network effects of complex supply chains. Indeed the label of “low-skill” may miss the point. The degree of globalization which Chatterjee and Subramanian decide to conjure away in their model of the development path - to allow for the fact that Europe and American textiles exporters did not enjoy just-in-time logistics in the 1950s - obscures the point that the networks through which Chinese factories supply the world are themselves key parts of the low-skill industrialization project. China isn’t knocking out 1970s style “cheap”. It has redefined the entire product cycle. C&S’s casual reference to “T-shirts” is telling. In today’s “fast fashion”, there is weight on both terms. Fashion and fast. China’s success in delivering on both at unprecedentedly high speed and at unprecedentedly low cost, isn’t a low-skill operation at all. If we see development trajectories not as the serial repetition of the same, but as distinctive, crafted projects that cumulate in complex agglomerations of skill, technology and labor, then this explains why the assumption that low-skilled manufacturing should follow the distribution of population flies in the face of all experience. As countless cases attest, low-wage, low-income developed economies are not by themselves the makings of a competitive production base. As Leon Liao puts it quite fairly: “International trade has never been allocated according to population. A country’s population gives it no natural claim to an equivalent share of global exports." And the remarkable fact is that Subramanian alone and with co-authors has long been making this point, not to pillory China, as is the case of the tendentious _Foreign Affair_s and Peterson pieces, but to highlight the great counterpart to China’s industrial success, namely India’s relative failure. The much-quoted Foreign Affairs piece showed low-skill export shares only for China, not for India. If you put both countries in the picture as Chaterjee and Subramanian have done on other occasions, the picture looks like this. China is far above the line, but India, almost as large in terms of population, is no less anomalous, just in the opposite direction. As far as global populations are concerned, and the imagining of tens of millions of “squeezed” jobs, it is this Sino-Indian pair that account for a huge share of the action. What this graph reveals is not China’s cheating, but India’s “greatest development failure”, at least this is the argument made Arvind Subramanian, this time in co-authorship with Devesh Kapur, in their major book, A Sixth of Humanity. Independent India’s Development Odyssey which appeared with Oxford University Press earlier this year. In this highly critical work on India’s development, China is repeatedly evoked, not to criticize but as a benchmark against which to illuminate what India’s political economy has not delivered i.e. large-scale formal employment for hundreds of millions of citizens. Kapur and Subramanian leave no doubt, if you want to understand why China, not India was the main driver of manufacturing globalization from the 1980s, don’t look to slots opening up in the division of labour thanks to the liberal mindedness of advanced economies, look to the contrasting political economy of the Maoist PRC and India’s post-independence political economy. As Kapur and Subramian note: The great divergence between China and India did not begin in 1978 with the Deng reforms—it was well underway by then. In one of the great ironies of modern history, the conditions created by Maoism turned out to be a great launching pad for industrial globalization. As the comparison of India and China in 1980 makes clear, to imagine manufacturing would be equally distributed when populations are so differently endowed in terms of educational and nutritional is fanciful. Here is the data from Kapur and Subramanian, data which I explored back at the very beginning of Chartbook. As Kapur and Subramanian insist, the striking fact is that even as India’s growth accelerated from the 1980s, structural change has not. Formal employment in India lags woefully behind. Why? As Kapur and Subramanian note, the path-dependent impact of India’s poor early start was devastating. The list of factors they mention is long and weighty: We argue for a new five-fold explanation applicable at different stages of Indian history: in the initial stages, the legacy of two key pre-1980s policies, the neglect of agriculture and the strangling of the domestic private sector, were critical. The failure of broad-based agricultural growth militated against rural industrialization, which would have been devoted to satisfying local needs that would have necessarily been labour intensive. Then, when the boom came after 1980, the thicket of regulation and broader labour protections that were legislated prematurely in a nascent democracy, underpinned by a deep ideological aversion to private capital in general and big capital specifically, became a barrier to attaining the size that would be necessary to compete globally. Similarly, the reforms after 1991, while wide-ranging, did not quite encompass non-tradeable inputs critical to manufacturing, namely, land, logistics infrastructure and power. A combination of low investment (logistics infrastructure), regulation (land) and the continued monopoly supply by state governments (power), combined with residual socialism, kept costs at 75–100 per cent above efficient supply. These factors were compounded on the supply side by the government, which dominated the formal labour market and established exorbitantly high wages at the lower end of the skill spectrum. This made their employment in the labour-intensive sector by the private sector less attractive. Finally, when the services sector and its exports boomed, wages soared even further via a Dutch Disease effect: one successful tradeable sector killed and cannibalized another less-skilled tradable sector, namely, manufacturing. Thus, scarcity-inducing policies of the planning era, precocious democracy and a Gandhian aversion to size; inefficient, monopolistic supply of critical non-tradable inputs; the behemoth of government; and super-successful skill-intensive services successively undermined India’s unskilled labour employment opportunities. The employment failure seems to have been over-determined. … Less quantifiable but no less important are some of the sociological factors that have undermined manufacturing and factory jobs. Take the impact of the success of the IT sector—located in urban areas with better working conditions, such as air-conditioned offices, good schools for children and attractive entertainment options. It became a more attractive place for engineering and management graduates to flock to. … Consider manufacturing and female employment. Indian society makes it difficult for women to work, reflected in India’s unusually low female labour force participation (elaborated in Chapter XIII). Indian society, in particular the routine harassment of women in public spaces, makes it even more difficult for them to travel long distances to take up work.37 Combined with onerous regulations on creating hostels and dormitories for women—which, in turn, prevents multiple shifts of operation—factories need to be located in areas with a large female labour pool. While firms can take apparel plants to female labour or bring them to the plants by building large-scale dormitories, this raises costs. If there was a case for subsidies to encourage labour-intensive manufacturing, housing subsidies to build dormitories for women workers would be a good place to start. All of this meant, that when opportunities did open up, in part thanks to adjustments in China, India was in no position to take advantage. Here is the account of the 2020s from Kapur and Subramanian. It stands in dizzying contrast to the one-sided, “China squeeze” argument delivered in the Peterson and Foreign Affairs pieces: In 2022, for example, India’s share of global exports in clothing (the canonical labour-intensive sector) was 3.1 per cent compared to 32 per cent for China. This is extremely disappointing because China started vacating export space in this sector after the Global Financial Crisis as its wages started rising; it then vacated further space in the aftermath of geopolitical developments that led investors to seek alternative investment locations. Between its peak and today, China lost about 7.5 percentage points of global export share (worth about $43 billion in 2022); over this period, India’s export share remained stagnant at 3 per cent, while that of Vietnam and Bangladesh rose by 3.5 to 4 percentage points. China’s loss did not translate into any gain for India in terms of low-skill exports and employment. Put differently, when the conditions for dynamism and prosperity were established after 1991, and even more tantalizingly when the global export opportunities opened up, it was as if India was a high-wage economy and only skilled labour could benefit from the dynamism. It had converted its physically abundant unskilled workforce into an economically expensive resource, penalizing its use. It is not my mission here to argue for or against Kapur and Subramanian’s interpretation of India’s development trajectory. The point in this context is simply that the “China squeeze” such as it is can only be understood, in relation to the heavy burden of domestic constraints that Kapur and Subramanian so unsparingly enumerate. I am concentrating here on India because it is the great counterpart to China and the unspoken reference point of the “China squeeze” discourse. But the point is more general. Can anyone with a straight face suggest that the main problems afflicting the development of South Africa or Nigeria, the great centers of mass underemployment in sub-saharan Africa, are cheap competition from China driven by Beijing’s industrial policy and an undervalued RMB? Likewise, is the main problem of the American working-class the threat of Chinese competition or the manifest crisis of social reproduction in the United States itself? The point here, as in the discourse around China shock 2.0 in Europe, is to insist that we should not normalize the world and pathologize China, without actually investigating what is going on in America’s industrial wastelands, the German car industry, or India’s lopsided labour market. One-sided pathologization should be understood for what it is, a polemical gesture. Concepts like China shock and China squeeze are, what Reinhart Koselleck, following Carl Schmitt, would have described as “asymmetrische Kampfbegriffe”, or “asymmetrical counter-concepts” or “asymmetrical combat concepts”. If the function of arguments like the “China squeeze” is to alert elites in the rest of the world of the need to rejuvenate and energize their development projects, so be it. But let us see the resulting discourses as the mobilizing interventions that they are. Interestingly, a significant slice of China’s public sphere - the so-called industrial party - have been obsessed for the last twenty years with precisely these questions of counterfactual economic history. Since the mid 2000s, a massive online discourse developed around an alternative history in which Chinese techno-patriots were asked to imagine how they would proceed if they had the possibility of traveling back in time to transport modern technology into the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) thus averting the “great divergence” of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a fantasy of course, but also a goad. The point was not directed at Westerners. The alternate history is dramatically nationalist, but few n the West had even heard of it until recently. The adherents of the industrial party are not liberal moralists. They don’t project natural ladders of international development and ask why others don’t cede space. They take the Realpolitik of global economic development for granted. Their pointe was directed against fellow Chinese. The rallying cry of the alternative narrative was this: Now that we are beginning to gain steam and push forward on our national development path, now that we are breaking out of the inferior position assigned to us even in the early years following WTO accession, do not lose yourself in humanistic imaginings about better futures. In the spirit of Deng, they called on China to embrace the hard truth of development. Perhaps one might of the Industrial Party as a cultural trend born out of desire for symbolic revenge against those who had inflicted the century of humiliation. In terms of the various temporalities of the “China shock” - retrospective, prospective and counterfactual - one might think of the Industrial Policy discourse as truly speculative, conjuring up the China shock that never was. Or perhaps one might better think of it as imagining a world in which a powerful China was no shock at all, but simply a defining fact of modern history. I love putting out Chartbook. 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