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The Beauty Of Settled Science
Commenters convinced me I made a subtle mis-step in my framing of Psychology Research Is Mostly Fine. My framing emphasized that social priming studies had failed to replicate, but that many other subfields of psychology hadn’t. This naturally led commenters to point to failed replications in other subfields. Although none of these were as bad as social priming, few or none were entirely problem-free. Instead of emphasizing the difference between social priming and other subfields, I should have emphasized the difference between settled science and novel research. Here are some of my favorite psychology findings: The brain is sculpted by reinforcement learning, and a key driver of this learning is a prediction-error-based algorithm located in the nucleus accumbens and implemented through dopamine. Psychedelic drugs exert their effects through 5-HT2A receptors, pointing to a role for these receptors in some sort of construct like the balance between priors and new evidence. Certain cognitive functions are localized to certain brain areas (for example, impulse control to the frontal lobes; linguistic structure to Broca’s area, linguistic meaning to Wernicke’s area. But injure one of these areas, or render a certain function useless (eg a blind person having no more use for their visual cortex), and these mappings can gradually shift - suggesting that neurons are general-purpose compute whose specialization is a contingent fact about convenience and efficiency rather than a necessity. Most personality traits and general capabilities are about 50% genetic and 50% random, with little role for family environment or childhood history, with a few notable exceptions like partisan preference. Recent research complicates this story, but the further you go from this basic picture, the gnarlier the chains of indirect causation you require. Neurons fire together in “brain waves”, whose exact frequency corresponds with the character of consciousness; These divide neurons into natural subpopulations and linked graphs. The gamma rhythm corresponds surprisingly well to items in conscious awareness. GABA receptors seem to be involved in something like relaxation. By hitting different GABA receptors in different ways, you can modulate the exact type of relaxation you produce. Hitting GABA-A directly is too powerful and can cause dangerous levels of sedation, but allosteric modulation of GABA is an incredibly fruitful strategy that underlies drugs from benzos to barbituates to alcohol. If you know your GABA-A subunits, you can target specific subtypes of relaxation; for example, Ambien hits GABA-A1 and induces sleep. Memory divides somewhat fuzzily into bins of immediate-sensory, short-term, and long-term, with separate retrieval and storage functions, and separate systems for declarative vs. procedural learning. These can be harmed selectively, usually by hippocampal injury, so that some patients can remember their life stories but not form new long-term memories, or learn new skills like bike-riding but not new facts. The exact substrate of memory is unclear but seems to involve new synaptic connections between neurons in at least some way. The ability of modern psychology and psychiatry to treat mental illness is real but limited. SSRIs work for half or slightly fewer than half of patients; antipsychotics work with extreme side effects; benzodiazpines work but produce addiction and tolerance in many (not all) people. Most supplements are stuck in Poor Quality Study Replication Crisis Hell, but melatonin and l-theanine stand out as especially promising. Psychotherapy works with moderate effect size, but (with a few exceptions) seems to be more about the relationship with the provider than the details of the therapy itself. Mental hospitalization can sometimes defuse immediate crises but work less well than mental hospitals would like, with some studies showing overall negative effects. Schizophrenia is mostly genetic, but risk also increases with prenatal infection (especially rubella) and obstetric complications; there is suggestive evidence for roles of social stress and drug use (with psychedelics and marijuana making things worse, and nicotine if anything making things better). Bipolar and schizophrenia are so closely linked on a pathophysiological level that it seems like they might be the same disease; on the clinical level, they do seem to follow two separate courses/prognoses but can sometimes surprise clinicians by eg someone who seemed condemned to permanent schizophrenia unexpectedly recovering. The brain’s native reinforcement learning algorithms cash out in the phenomena of classical and operant conditioning; different reinforcement schedules reinforce at different levels, which can be exploited by bad actors to make especially compelling products (eg slot machines). None of these are immune to doubt. A few are speculative; one or two are genuinely unorthodox. But they’re all a step above one p = 0.049 paper that might not replicate. If they get overturned, they’ll be overturned by the same sort of genuine scientific shift that replaced Ptolemy with Copernicus or Lamarck with Darwin, not some sort of sordid discovery about someone entering random numbers into a spreadsheet. In 2008, Eliezer Yudkowsky wrote about The Beauty Of Settled Science: If you only care about scientific issues that are controversial, you will end up with a head stuffed full of garbage. The media thinks that only the cutting edge of science is worth reporting on. How often do you see headlines like “General Relativity still governing planetary orbits” or “Phlogiston theory remains false”? So, by the time anything is solid science, it is no longer a breaking headline. “Newsworthy” science is often based on the thinnest of evidence and wrong half the time—if it were not on the uttermost fringes of the scientific frontier, it would not be breaking news. Scientific controversies are problems so difficult that even people who’ve spent years mastering the field can still fool themselves. That’s what makes for the heated arguments that attract all the media attention. Worse, if you aren’t in the field and part of the game, controversies aren’t even fun. Don’t be embarrassed to read elementary science textbooks, either. If you want to pretend to be sophisticated, go find a play to sneer at. If you just want to have fun, remember that simplicity is at the core of scientific beauty [...] A steady diet of science news is bad for you: You are what you eat, and if you eat only science reporting on fluid situations, without a solid textbook now and then, your brain will turn to liquid. Psychology isn’t centrally the new paper in Annals Of Recently-Breaking News saying that an n=5 study showing that large portion sizes increase support for terrorism. Psychology is centrally ideas like brain waves, GABA receptors, reinforcement learning, twin studies, and connectionism. People who think differently are worrying too much about BREAKING NEWS!!!, and should stop. The key distinction isn’t “recent research in social psychology” vs. “recent research in cognitive/bio/behavioral psychology”, as my essay last week unfortunately implied. It’s recent research in general vs. the deposit of settled science, battle-tested hypotheses, and carefully-earmarked speculation. And part of the reason social priming in particular was such a disaster was that it defied that heuristic, building itself up over hundreds of studies until it approached or even entered the pantheon of settled science - before collapsing (5-HTTLPR was also sort of like this). This isn’t a claim that settled science is always right - Freud was “settled science” for a long time - just that there’s an intuitive distinction between the level of credence you should have in the existence of power posing vs. the existence of Broca’s Area. (I compounded this error by calling the last post “Psychology Research Is Mostly Fine”, which suggested I was talking about the new research rather than the settled science. I actually meant to distinguish between research-psychology-the-field vs. clinical-psychology-aka-therapy, but this framing unintentionally pushed against the point I wanted to make) Some commenters on the previous article understood this point, but challenged its weight. It’s very cool, they said, to know how many neurons are in which brain lobe, but the main way that Psychology affected their lives was through bad clickbait studies used to buttress dumb policies; some p = 0.049 study says that exposure to microaggressions makes minorities’ brains shrivel into raisins, and now their company has to implement punitive DEI or be sued for hazardous work conditions. I won’t dispute this as an accurate description of how the sausage gets made, but it’s worth examining the trains of thought that connect this observation to a campaign against psychology in general: The dumb woke psychology was wrong and bad, and I don’t have good heuristics for distinguishing dumb woke psychology from other psychology, so I’m going to assume it’s all wrong and bad. The dumb woke psychology was wrong and bad; it seems useful to punish/discredit psychology as a whole to assist my campaign against it, so for propaganda purposes I will try to discredit psychology as a whole. To people in the first camp, my response is: come on, your heuristics aren’t that bad. “Microaggressions makes minorities’ brains shrivel up like raisins” is in the woke category; “the hippocampal theta rhythm seems to be associated with both memory and pathfinding, suggesting an unexpected yet surprisingly compelling relationship between the two” is in the not-woke category, don’t play dumb here. To people in the second camp, my response is: deliberately exaggerated propaganda campaigns are bad and this is a confession, not an excuse. Inability to view science through anything but a political lens was what got us into this problem; doubling down on it is a temporary solution but a recipe for permanent disaster. If you pronounce entire fields of science to be acceptable collateral damage in your campaign against bad political actors, you will alienate not just scientists but patients, clinicians, and general lovers of truth. Instead, you can say the thing you mean - that woke partisans shouldn’t try to occupy and exploit the otherwise-noble science of psychology for their own political gain - and wage the same campaign with a halo rather than a comic-book-villain goatee. From the font of oracular wisdom that is Weird Sun Twitter: [ Vessel Of Spirit@VesselOfSpirit i love you all conditionally but i love the good part of you unconditionally. even if it becomes a very small part 2:11 AM · Jan 22, 2015 1 Reply · 5 Reposts · 29 Likes ](https://x.com/VesselOfSpirit/status/558084551772471298) This is how I feel about psychology1, too, but with a touch more optimism. The good part of psychology is enormous, a hoard of endless treasures. You just have to look past the headlines! 1 To play devil’s advocate - should one always be so magnamious? Astrology? Phrenology? These seem different in that their entire orientation was flawed from the start; they didn’t simply fail to find the correct constellation-personality connections, the whole project of searching for connections between constellations and personality was doomed from the start. More difficult might be asking the same question about education research, which is notoriously bad. I don’t know enough about education research to know if there’s some settled science of correct and enlightening results lurking in the background beyond the day-to-day froth of poorly-conducted and politically-motivated studies. I think if it’s 90% bad, 10% good, it’s correct to call it bad as a compact way of communicating a useful truth; I think psychology is better than that, but admit it’s a tough judgment call.
San Diego Business Journal Names Nellie Brutocao Among 2026 "Leaders of Influence in Technology"
On August 3, 2026, Wilson Sonsini partner Nellie Brutocao was honored among the 2026 “Leaders of Influence in Technology” in San Diego Business Journal’s special supplement. Nellie advises companies…
‘Doctor’ El-Sayed’s bizarre health hustle raises campaign headache: ‘Moon Juice Brain Dust’
Abdul El-Sayed criticized Mehmet Oz for selling health products as a doctor, then used his own medical credentials to promote supplements and devices.
A simple supplement could help the immune system fight cancer and viruses
Low arginine levels may allow cancer cells and viruses to slip past the immune system by reducing production of a crucial cellular warning protein. In mice, arginine-rich diets led to fewer colon tumors and milder viral infections, suggesting a simple supplement could have powerful therapeutic potential.
Melatonin vs. magnesium: Which is better for your sleep?
What to know about the supplements people often use to help with falling asleep, jet lag, muscle tension and more.
Collagen supplements may boost bone health in female distance runners, study finds
A new study suggests collagen supplements might help protect the bones of female distance runners.
The supplement behind the C15:0 trend is now available as a gummy
The popular Fatty15 supplement is now available in gummy form. Discover the benefits of C15:0, ingredients, flavor and current pricing.
He bought a fitness supplement online to bulk up, but ended up losing his mind
Daniel Murphy's mental health spiralled after he took missold drugs which had been mixed with steroids.
Yankees potential trade target: Mickey Moniak
Mickey Moniak wouldn’t be a massive addition, but he might be a supplemental piece to get through August.
A bitter pill: are you wasting your money on supplements?
Will collagen make you look younger? Could magnesium help you sleep better? Or are the benefits overstated? A dietitian reveals which are worth taking
Critics call Trump admin's testosterone replacement therapy 'hypocritical'
The Trump administration announced earlier this month that it is offering supplemental testosterone replacement therapy for men currently serving in the military that are 30 and older. But critics call it "hypocrisy," as the administration kicks out transgender troops.
Supercharged millet could help children's gut health without usual supplement side effects
Every day in the urban slums of Mumbai, hundreds of young children were fed toddler-appropriate porridge, soft curry or fresh-baked goods. For some, these were made of ordinary pearl millet, an ancient ...
Daily multivitamin may help older adults stay independent
Taking a daily multivitamin may help older adults preserve the strength and stamina needed for everyday activities. After three years, users reported better functional health than those taking a placebo, although the preliminary findings still require peer review.
KGK Science secures investment to expand nutraceutical clinical research
North American nutraceutical CRO KGK Science will use growth investment from Maxim Partners to expand clinical trials, decentralised research and regulatory services for dietary supplement and consumer health companies
Week in Politics: Iran War; Trump attends solemn ritual; nuclear deal with Saudi Arabia
The Trump administration is seeking tens of billions of dollars in supplemental appropriations for the Iran War, a war which the president and allies have repeatedly claimed is already won.
A daily fiber supplement reduced knee arthritis pain and improved strength
A prebiotic fiber supplement reduced knee osteoarthritis pain while also improving grip strength and pain sensitivity in a six-week trial. The results hint at a fascinating gut-muscle-pain connection and suggest that a simple daily supplement may be easier to maintain than digital physiotherapy.
There are only a few anti-ageing supplements that actually work
When it comes to supplements to stave off the effects of ageing, columnist Graham Lawton admits he is a hardened sceptic. But he finds some evidence for a few that can improve biological age as we grow older
House narrowly passes short-term funding bill to avert government shutdown
The vote sends the stopgap, known as a continuing \u200bresolution, to the \u200bSenate.
Senators grilled Hegseth on Iran. Here are 3 big moments from the hearing
Hegseth said at the top of the hearing that the supplemental funding was an “urgent, necessary injection of resources” for the department’s needs. He didn’t directly mention the Iran war in his opening statement.
9 Vitamins and Supplements That May Support Brain Health
Certain vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats benefit brain health by supporting nerve function, protecting brain cells from damage, and improving focus.
The supplement behind the C15:0 trend is now available as a gummy
The popular Fatty15 supplement is now available in gummy form. Discover the benefits of C15:0, ingredients, flavor and current pricing.
Collagen Peptides Support Bone Health for Female Runners
The study found that biomarkers associated with bone formation increased and inflammation decreased with collagen peptide supplements
Kaneka pitches “mitoceuticals” as mechanism-led mitochondrial health supplements
Cellular health is becoming increasingly important as industry and science reveal that health systems are interconnected. The mitochondria are especially central in this understanding, as it addresses healthy aging, healthspan, and lifestage demands. Nutrition Insight speaks with Kaneka Corporation and Kaneka Ubiquinol’s consultant to learn about how nutrition is evolving on an industry and consumer level. “Over the past decade, we’ve seen nutrition evolve from addressing nutrient deficiencies to supporting specific conditions and now toward supporting healthspan — the health and well-being across life stages,” says Tsuyoshi Takakuwa, head of Marketing and Sales Team (APAC), Supplemental Nutrition Business Division at Kaneka Corporation.
Are Fish Oil Supplements Good for Brain Health? Here’s What the Science Says
Known as a sports supplement, creatine is drawing attention for its potential effects on cognition, mood and healthy brain aging.
Supplement that binds to microplastics may remove them from our body
A supplement comprised of dead bacteria seems to remove microplastics, and prevent their absorption into cells, by attracting them to the bacteria's rough surfaces
Neuro Is Building a Nine-Figure Business One Piece of Gum at a Time
These founders cracked $100 million in revenue and their supplement-enhanced gums and mints are on their way to 77,000 stores. Why both Red Bull and Wrigley should be nervous.
Health Trends Explained: High Cortisol Issues, Berberine, More
Health trends on social media promise to fix everything from sleep to weight gain but how much of that advice is backed up by science? NBC’s medical contributor Dr. Akshay Syal joins TODAY to separate fact from fiction on trends like issues with high cortisol, berberine supplements for weight loss, Japanese walking and more.
Creatine doesn't just build muscle. It may also help fight cancer
Scientists have discovered that creatine may strengthen one of the immune system's most important cancer-fighting pathways by energizing dendritic cells that activate killer T cells. The promising results could eventually help make immunotherapy more effective, but they have not yet been tested in human patients.
Should you be taking creatine? Here's what the science says
The sport supplement is popular among health influencers and athletes, who say creatine can help build stronger muscles and sharper brains—but is it legit?
Hate taking pills? Meet the newest 'healthy aging' gummy supplement
The trending longevity supplement Fatty15 now comes in gummies, offering an easier, more consistent way to support cellular health.
Anthropic Releases Paper About Claude's Mental 'Workspace.' Don't Read It Uncritically
Anthropic's paper and supplementary materials hint at consciousness, perhaps a bit hastily.
Why Circulation Health Supplements Are Gaining Attention for Supporting Healthy Vascular Function and Everyday Wellness, According to PureHealth Research
PureHealth Research is highlighting growing consumer interest in circulation wellness and the role of targeted nutritional supplementation in maintaining healthy blood flow, vascular function, and overall cardiovascular wellness.Circulation health supplements commonly feature ingredients such as Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Berberine and Butcher's Broom, which are frequently included in formulations designed to promote healthy circulation and vascular health.
Could We Have Been Wrong About Fish Oil and Brain Health? New Study Raises Major Questions
Fish oil supplements delivered omega-3s to the brain, but a new study found that was not enough to improve cognitive health in older adults at risk for Alzheimer’s.
Rep. Young Kim Introduces Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Act to Strengthen U.S. Leadership, Support American Jobs, and Help Families Globally
WASHINGTON, D.C. — Today, U.S. Representative Young Kim (CA-40) introduced the Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Act to deploy proven, American-made interventions that reduce maternal and child mortality around the globe while supporting U.S. national security and foreign policy interests. Each year, nearly 260,000 women die from preventable pregnancy-related complications. Evidence-based solutions like Multiple Micronutrient Supplement (MMS) prenatal vitamins,
Sony will cease production of discs for new PlayStation games in 2028
New games sold for PlayStation consoles will only be available digitally and won’t be sold on discs effective January 2028, Sony has announced. The move applies to all PlayStation games released from that point on, including those made by Sony and those released by third parties. The PlayStation group calls the change “a natural direction for Sony Interactive Entertainment to adapt to consumer trends as the general preference for digital media significantly outpaces physical discs,” according to a PlayStation blog post reviewed by Game File in advance of its publication. As movies, TV and music have shifted from physical media to an age of downloads and streaming, Sony’s move could speed the demise of physical media in a gaming. The industry has offered consumers games via cartridges, cassettes, floppy discs, CDs, DVDs and Blu-Rays across a 50-year stretch. Sony has been reporting to investors in recent years that PlayStation games have been increasingly purchased as downloads, not as discs. The most recent figures show nearly four in five purchases of full games for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 were purchased digitally in the past year. Stats like that may cause today’s news to carry an air of the inevitable. But Sony’s declaration for 2028 is still likely to produce a shock, as the biggest gaming platform on the planet that uses game discs leaves them behind. Discs going away, but the fate of game boxes is unknown Sony is committing to still selling games in physical retailers even after they drop discs in 2028. Just how those games will be sold—in boxes with codes inside, as cards marked with digital redemption codes—is unclear. Digital games will also continue to be sold in the online PlayStation Store. New games released for PlayStation consoles prior to January 2028 will be unaffected by the policy change, Sony says. That means the PS5 games of 2027, be they a new Madden, a new God of War, a new Call of Duty, a new Sly Cooper (one can dream?), would still potentially be offered on disc. PlayStation 6 implications Sony’s timeline for a transition to a no-disc era will also spin up more speculation about the timing and configuration of Sony’s next-generation console, the probable PlayStation 6. “This pretty much guarantees that PS6 won’t arrive until 2028 at the earliest,” Piers Harding-Rolls, senior games research analyst at Ampere Analysis tells Game File. Harding-Rolls also concludes from today’s news that “the base version of a PS6 will not include a physical media drive,” as Sony looks to keep costs down on the device. Sony itself is saying nothing about the PS6 today: not its timing, nor how it might or might not support internal or external disc drives in order to run disc-based PS4 and PS5 games, should the console be backwards compatible. The many signs this was coming Industry support for games being released on physical media has been waning. As has consumer interest in them. PC games effectively went all-digital years ago, thanks to the popularity of playing games through Steam and other digital storefronts. The Covid-19 pandemic and the lockdowns that kept much of the global population home helped shift shopping patterns toward downloads. Sony’s own data shows PlayStation game downloads being an uncommon consumer choice a decade ago and now becoming the norm. On consoles, physical media has been in such decline that Sony and Microsoft both launched their current gen Xbox Series and PS5 consoles in 2020 with cheaper versions that lacked disc drives. In early 2024, Phil Spencer, then head of Xbox, told me that ““[w]e ship games physically and digitally, and we’re really just following what the customers are doing.” He added that the game industry had become an outlier in still supporting disc-based entertainment, even as movies and TV have bailed on discs in favor of downloads and steaming: “Gaming consoles themselves have kind of become the last consumer electronic device that has a drive. And this is a real issue, just in terms of the number of manufacturers that are actually building drives and the cost associated with those. And when you think about cogs that we’re going to go put in a console—and as you have fewer suppliers and fewer buyers—the cost of the drive does have an impact.” Last year, the Nintendo’s Switch 2, which uses cartridges rather than discs, introduced the concept of game-key cards, which are physical media that contain no game, just a prompt for a download. Even disc-based games aren’t what they once were, now frequently containing just stubs of games rather than the whole thing. The website Does It Play has tested over 3000 games and found that, for example, that the disc version of this year’s hit 007: First Light, only contained the game’s first mission, with the rest needing to be downloaded. Beyond all that, last week brought the news that Grand Theft Auto VI, likely the biggest game launch this decade, will debut for PS5 and Xbox Series without a disc-based version. Today’s big news comes to you for free. Game File is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and ensure more of my work is possible, please consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. Subscribe Discs helped define PlayStation However the trends in entertainment may be going, it is still remarkable to see PlayStation ditch discs given their importance in PlayStation history: In the late 1990s, the first PlayStation’s support for games on relatively cheap CD-ROMs instead of traditional game cartridges allowed the upstart console to outmaneuver cartridge-based systems from Nintendo and Sega, as it drove down game prices down in the process. (The cheaper disc format even prompted Final Fantasy VII maker Square to taunt Nintendo in a magazine ad, saying that if the game was “available on cartridge, it’d retail for around $1200.”) PlayStation devices often doubled as machines for watching movies and TV on the latest disc-based formats. In the late 2000s, for example, Sony’s pricy PS3 gained traction as a go-to device for playing then-novel Blu-Ray discs. In 2013, Sony effectively roasted the digital game-sharing restrictions proposed by rival Microsoft for its upcoming Xbox One console by showing how games could be shared for the then-upcoming PS4. In a 21-second clip that has over 20 million views on YouTube, one PlayStation executive simply handed a game box—presumably with disc inside—to another, who said “thanks.” Sony’s possible motivations The PlayStation announcement today cites “consumer preferences” and a shift away from discs among “the broader entertainment industry,” but does not delve into the decision-making process that brought Sony to this point. Sony is not discussing the economics of this move (I asked!), but there are a number of potential factors: Abandoning discs will spare Sony the cost of manufacturing and shipping them, which analysts and industry veterans I spoke to said could account for $1 or so of a game’s retail price. For first-party games, that’s direct savings for Sony, though the amount is limited by the winnowing percentage of people who were even buying the disc-based versions. For third-party games, Sony could pass the savings on to partners or just retain the better profit margin for themselves. As the 2024 comments from Phil Spencer alluded to, leaving discs behind could mean leaving disc-drives behind, allowing Sony to produce consoles more cheaply. Switching to digital-only for games could diminish the risks of copies of new games leaking. It would also seemingly make second-hand sales of used games impossible, pushing more people to buy their own copies of games. These economic benefits for Sony could be boons for the games industry overall, Ampere analyst Piers Harding-Rolls tells Game File. Among other things, it could free publishers and retailers from having to worry about securing an inventory of game discs when trying to sell games, he noted. “If there is a way to streamline the business of games retail, I generally think it’s a good thing for the industry as it removes unnecessary costs,” Harding-Rolls said. “This will help offset pressure on margins from other directions – development and staffing costs for example.” Should the industry shift from game boxes that contain discs to smaller, cheaper game cards, Harding-Rolls said, that reduces pressure on publishers and retailers. “The advantage of everything going digital for the industry is that sales can be tracked much more easily and there is less commercial risk for publishers wanting to continue selling via retail,” he said. The shift to no discs will also likely impact game development timelines, as developers will no longer face the same urgency to have a build ready to submit to PlayStation for the production of a disc, as industry experts noted around GTA VI’s no-disc news last week. Instead, projects may gain weeks of development time, in the event delivery deadlines for platform approval move closer to release date. Preservationists’ likely worries While millions of gamers have shifted to digital, there are still people who associate game discs—and only game discs—with actual ownership of PlayStation games. That portion of the gaming community spoke up last week about wanting to buy a version of GTA VI that they could hold in their hands, could lend to a friend and could potentially pop into a well-preserved PS5 console three decades from now and still see it run. Such gamers didn’t want to worry that they’d merely purchased a digital copy that could lose access to the game if, say, the company behind the game someday turns of the servers that transmit downloadable copies. Digital copies of games are inherently less long-lasting, because consumers aren’t actually buying a game (on a disc), just buying access to the game. The fine print in online gaming shops notes this, as does a recent law that went on the books in California in 2025. That lasw requires game publishers doing business in the state to refrain from words like “sell” when offering digital copies of games, unless they explicitly tell consumers that what’s being sold isn’t the game itself but a potentially revocable license to access it. A Sony spokesperson noted to Game File that “[w]ith all digital content, including games, movies, and music, players are purchasing a personal license for non-commercial use.” Regarding the fears of PlayStation games being lost to time in an all-digital era, the rep also noted that Sony remains “committed to delivering experiences from past generations to the new platforms our players are using.” They noted that PlayStation has used emulation and remasters to keep offering its classic games to modern gamers. It’s true that many consumers have become accustomed to not having physical copies of new music albums or movies, but the relative precariousness of digital copies of games is in fact being highlighted today by…. Sony’s other big announcement: the upcoming closure of the PS3 and PS Vita online stores Sony said today that it will be closing the online marketplaces for its PlayStation 3 console and PS Vita handheld in most countries in July 2027 (sooner elsewhere: August 2026 for the PS3 store Mexico, Honduras and Nicaragua; late 2026 for PS3 in other Latin American countries and the Middle East). “We know this news may be disappointing to PS3 and PS Vita players who hold a special place in their hearts for this generation of gaming,” Sony said in its announcement, saying the move “was not an easy decision for us to make.” Sony said that PS3 and Vita marketplaces “are no longer able” to support modern commerce systems, prompting a “need” to close the shops and focus on more modern PlayStation platform stores. The news may spark some deja vu. Sony announced back in March 2021 that it planned to take the PS3, Vita and PlayStation Portable marketplaces offline that summer. The move would have caused some 2,000 digital-only games to become unavailable for new purchasers, according to a VGC analysis at the time. Fans complained loudly. By April 2021, Sony walked back the PS3 and Vita shop closures, with then PlayStation boss Jim Ryan saying “it’s clear that we made the wrong decision here.” This time around, Sony is giving a longer notice period in most regions. The closure of those stores is still likely to cut off access to new purchases of digital-only PS3 and Vita games. The current PlayStation 5 marketplace sells PS5 and PS4 games, as well as a selection of PS1 and PS2 games. It does not sell PS3 games, because games for that platform can’t run on the system (some are offered via a PlayStation Plus streaming option). Vita games also aren’t sold via PS5. Sony says digitally purchased PS3 and Vita games will be downloadable after the stores’ shutdowns “for the foreseeable future.” Sony’s move contrasts with Microsoft’s Xbox platform, which continues to sell and support games from all four Xbox console generations. But it puts it in line with Nintendo, which disabled purchases in the marketplace for its Wii console (a contemporary of the PS3) in 2019. Nintendo discontinued purchases in the online shop for its 3DS portable (a contemporary of the Vita) in 2023. The big questions about Sony’s 2028 post-disc era Will Microsoft follow suit, ending support for new disc-based games on Xbox platforms and therefore all game consoles, too? Whether Microsoft does or not, will third-parties that can no longer release games on discs for PlayStation, simply ditch the disc options across the board? Given the GTA VI no-disc experiment launching this November, will more game publishers decide to forgo disc-based offerings even in 2027? How will no-disc PS5/6 games be packaged and sold in brick-and-mortar retail stores? What becomes of game sharing in an all-digital era? Will Sony modify its current set-up, which currently allows some sharing of digital games across a pair of consoles, to allow more casual lending? (See for example, Nintendo’s year-old system of letting players lend a digital game to another player in a “family group” for up to 14 days.) Will there be a version of a PS6 with a disc drive? Or will a drive be offered as an add-on? And how will gamers who want to retain access to PS4/PS5 disc-based games react to whichever configurations Sony chooses to offer? What will the final disc-based PlayStation game be?
Scientists say creatine may help fight depression
Creatine is best known as a muscle-building supplement, but scientists are now investigating whether it could also help treat depression by boosting the brain's energy supply. A new review examined five randomized clinical trials involving 238 participants and found mixed results. Two studies, both involving women with major depressive disorder, reported that adding creatine to standard treatment improved symptoms, while three others found no meaningful benefit.
Fish oil supplements no match for Alzheimer's risk, new study finds
A new study from the Keck School of Medicine at USC found a revelation regarding fish oil supplements. Here's the researchers' findings.
NM U.S. Rep. Vasquez, a Democrat, urges state Health Care Authority to bring down SNAP error rate
U.S. Rep. Vasquez (D-N.M.) sent a letter Friday chiding NM leaders for errors administering the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
Liver health is the latest wellness obsession
Interest in liver health and sales of liver-focused supplements is soaring as people become more aware of the organ's role in overall health, and rates of liver disease rise.
Millions take omega-3 fish oil for brain health but a new study found no benefit
Fish oil supplements successfully delivered omega-3s to the brain, but a two-year study found no meaningful benefits for memory, cognition, or Alzheimer’s-related brain changes. The results challenge the idea that fish oil pills can help prevent Alzheimer’s and shift attention toward overall diet and lifestyle instead.
Millions take omega-3 fish oil for brain health but a new study found no benefit
Fish oil supplements successfully delivered omega-3s to the brain, but a two-year study found no meaningful benefits for memory, cognition, or Alzheimer’s-related brain changes. The results challenge the idea that fish oil pills can help prevent Alzheimer’s and shift attention toward overall diet and lifestyle instead.
Top supplements Americans use are shifting from multivitamins to targeted health fixes
Dietary supplements are an excellent way to fill gaps in our nutritional requirements. From vitamins and macronutrients to gut-health probiotics, dietary supplements have helped people address deficiencies. ...
Grades for every NBA Draft pick; why Brendan Sorsby cannot play in NFL this season
NBA Draft grades,Brendan Sorsby denied for NFL supplemental draft
From collagen to creatine, shop 10 Amazon supplement deals worth buying
Discover the best Amazon Prime Day supplement deals, including discounts on fish oil, collagen, probiotics and more—save up to 33% today.
The NFL declines Brendan Sorsby’s supplemental draft request
As of now, the Brendan Sorsby appears to be headed for the 2027 draft
NFL won't host Supplemental Draft, making Texas Tech quarterback Brendan Sorsby ineligible in 2026
Amino acid-supplemented ‘longevity diet’ linked to longer healthy lifespan
USC study finds low-protein diet paired with small amounts of amino acid methionine increased healthy lifespan, decreased frailty in mice.
Pentagon seeks $80 billion from Congress for Iran war
Senate Majority Leader John Thune said he's expecting a supplemental spending request from the administration
8 things to know about the gut microbiome and keeping yours healthy
Wellness influencers often talk about fixing a broken gut microbiome. And marketers sell tests and supplements to fix your gut health. Here's what what the evidence really shows about gut health.
Why the Vikings should pursue Brendan Sorsby in supplemental draft
Here's the case for the Minnesota Vikings taking Brendan Sorsby in the supplemental draft.
Growing Interest in Liver Wellness Leads Consumers to Explore PureHealth Research Liver Health Supplements
What does it actually mean to feel "off" after a heavy meal, a few too many late nights, or a season of indulgence? More often than not, the answer points back to the liver – and PureHealth Research is spotlighting growing consumer interest in liver wellness, highlighting how targeted nutritional support could play a role in maintaining healthy liver function and overall well-being.
Ezekiel Emanuel: My father lived into his 90s. He understood something many successful men miss
The wellness industry wants you obsessing over biomarkers and supplements. One physician's life offers a simpler—and more effective—blueprint for aging.
Les Snead has rare history with NFL supplemental draft
Brendan Sorsby available in NFL Supplemental Draft. Rams GM Les Snead one of few that have a history.
Steelers insider hints at plan for major QB opportunity
The Pittsburgh Steelers are unlikely to forfeit a premium draft pick for Brendan Sorsby in the upcoming NFL Supplemental Draft.
After a health scare, he's in his 40s, with abs and a supplement stack
Chris Gayomali used to party, then realized he wouldn't live forever. Now he's in shape for the first time, and hopes to keep it that way.
Taking supplements every day? You might be doing more harm than good
While many of us take supplements regularly, there are some risks people may not be aware of.
Analysis of 352 probiotic supplements finds mismatched microbes across marketed health benefits
Probiotic supplements found in drugstores nationwide contain an assortment of microbes sold for specific health purposes despite limited understanding of the microbes' connections to their marketed use, ...
Taking an omega-3 supplement may not boost memory or cognition
Taking an omega-3 fatty acid supplement did not improve memory, cognitive function or brain cell loss for many people, a surprising new study finds.
NFC Team Named Most Obvious Brendan Sorsby Landing Spot
Texas Tech QB Brendan Sorsby is going into the NFL Supplemental Draft, and one NFC team is named the most obvious landing spot.
Kayshon Boutte precedent could help Brendan Sorsby avoid a suspension
With quarterback Brendan Sorsby intending to apply for the NFL's supplemental draft, some are watching and waiting to see whether the NFL will welcome him to the ranks of professional football.
Texas Tech's Brendan Sorsby declares for 2026 NFL supplemental draft; top 50 NBA trade candidates
Plus, the Bulls have their next head coach
How supplement use changed over decades
Medicare-funded weight loss, Utah's lower drunk driving limit, and more health news from Morning Rounds
As Americans tuck into supplements like their health depends on it, specialized products are displacing multivitamins
Some of today’s most popular products promise better immune, adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, gut, skin or joint health—or combinations of two or more of the above.
Texas Tech QB Brendan Sorsby declares for NFL supplemental draft amid NCAA legal battle
The Red Raiders quarterback bypasses a massive eligibility battle and legal war with the Big 12 after admitting to wagering on his own team
This popular brain supplement was linked to shorter lifespans in men
A large-scale study suggests that men with higher levels of the amino acid tyrosine may have shorter lifespans, potentially losing close to a year of life expectancy. The finding is especially intriguing because tyrosine is commonly associated with brain health and is often used in supplements aimed at boosting focus and performance.
Millions take calcium and vitamin D for stronger bones. A major review finds little benefit
For years, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been promoted as a simple way for older adults to protect their bones and prevent falls. But a massive review of nearly 154,000 people found that calcium, vitamin D, or a combination of both provided little to no meaningful protection against fractures or falls for most older adults.
Are Glutathione Supplements a Scam?
The so-called “mother of all antioxidants” is sold as dissolving strips, capsules, liquids, gels and powders. We asked experts if they actually work.
This 1 Surprising Supplement May Have Muscle Health Benefits, Scientists Find
Experts break down the research.
NHS staff battling wave of food supplement disinformation
Exclusive: Cancer charity says dispelling falsehoods gleaned from social media is now routine task for clinicians
Mainers are turning to plants for health care as conventional treatment is harder to get
Maine companies sell herbal supplements, tinctures and other products made from plants, and Mainers also make their own products at home.
Why dietitian who loves strength training stopped taking creatine
Josie Porter, a dietitian, tweaks her supplement stack as her routine changes.
In the Protein Era, Even He-Man Is Hawking Supplements
To promote “Masters of the Universe,” Mattel, the toymaker behind the movie, tapped into one of the hottest trends in health and wellness: protein.
Baltimore City files lawsuit against Agora Companies over deceptive business practices
Baltimore City is suing a global internet marketing and supplements company, alleging that it targets people, especially the elderly, with deceptive business practices.
Popular joint supplement glucosamine linked to faster Alzheimer’s progression
A major study suggests glucosamine, a popular supplement for joint pain, could be linked to faster progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers found a 25% higher likelihood of developing dementia among glucosamine users and uncovered biological clues that may explain why.
Study links joint pain supplement to accelerating dementia
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — New research has found an association between taking glucosamine, a popular over-the-counter supplement used for joint pain, and a higher…
“Entered A Really Complicated Place”: Mike Greenberg Sounds Off On Sports Betting Debate After Brendan Sorsby’s NCAA Victory
Texas Tech Red Raiders quarterback Brendan Sorsby was granted an injunction by a judge in Texas on Monday. He is now allowed to play for the Red Raiders in the 2026 season and won’t enter the NFL supplemental draft.
The Probiotic Breakthrough for Natural Anxiety Relief and Better Mental Health
A surprising gut-brain discovery suggests that anxiety could one day be treated with specially designed probiotics. Could anxiety be shaped, at least in part, by tiny organisms living in the gut? Research from Duke-NUS Medical School and the National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore points to
NFL landing spots for Brendan Sorsby after appeal falls short
A look at six teams that could have interest in Brendan Sorsby if he enters the NFL Supplemental Draft.
Here's why Fatty15 is the longevity supplement everyone’s talking about
Meet Fatty15, the C15:0 supplement shown to slow aging at a cellular level. Backed by 100+ studies, Fatty15 supports sleep, mood, skin, heart health.
These are the best pill organizers for every need, according to healthcare experts
I spoke with healthcare experts and editors to find the best pill organizers. These models are designed for travel, seniors, supplements and prescriptions.
Do turmeric and curcumin have any actual health benefits?
Turmeric is heralded for its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, but columnist Alice Klein finds that the evidence for this is shaky. Taking high doses of its curcumin extract in supplement form can be risky
Omega-3 fish oil shows promise against type 2 diabetes
A new study suggests fish oil may help reduce insulin resistance even in people who aren't obese. In diabetic rats, omega-3 supplementation improved blood sugar levels, cholesterol, and inflammation by shifting immune cells into a more anti-inflammatory mode.
Repairing DNA damage: Scientists discover a surprising new benefit of melatonin
A new study suggests melatonin supplements may help night shift workers boost their body's DNA repair processes, potentially offsetting some of the damage linked to working overnight. The findings are early but raise the possibility of a simple strategy to help reduce long-term health risks associated with night shift work.
Melatonin and Your Heart: Here’s What You Need To Know
Melatonin is a popular supplement that can help people catch ZZZs. But is it harmful to your heart? A cardiologist clarifies recent research on the topic.
Are We Still Taking The Wrong Supplements For Our Gut-Health?
Experts question modern gut health and supplement culture, as Professor Paul Clayton of LYMA warns many probiotics and wellness formulas may be fundamentally incomplete.
YouTube adds ‘custom feed’ to home page, just in case the search bar is too boring for you
YouTube isn’t exactly replacing the traditional search bar, but it is supplementing it with a way to watch a “custom...
Drexel Study Reveals How People Use AI for Mental Health Support — And Their Concerns About It
As more people turn to artificial intelligence chatbots for emotional and mental health support, a new study from Drexel University suggests that most users see these tools as supplements to — not substitutes for — human therapy. Drawing on millions of Reddit posts, the study highlights both the growing appeal of AI support tools for emotional reassurance, coping and practical guidance, as well as the concerns users express about emotional dependence, misinformation and overreliance on the technology.
Scientists say guava juice could make iron supplements work better
Researchers found that drinking guava juice may significantly improve anemia by helping the body absorb iron more efficiently. In a review of 17 studies, women and teenage girls who consumed guava juice — especially with iron supplements — experienced noticeable increases in hemoglobin levels. Since guava contains far more vitamin C than oranges, scientists believe it could become a simple, affordable nutrition tool in regions where anemia is widespread.
Scientists are raising new questions about vitamin B12 and cancer
Vitamin B12 has long been seen as a health hero, helping the body make red blood cells, repair DNA, and keep nerves functioning properly. But scientists are discovering that the story may be more complicated than simply “more is better.” While too little B12 can damage DNA and raise cancer risk, some studies suggest that extremely high levels — especially from long-term high-dose supplements — may also be linked to certain cancers or poorer outcomes in cancer patients.
Leading the shift in liquid dietary supplements through science and delivery
Uroš Gotar, Chief Innovation Officer at TOSLA, explains how scientific validation, flavour engineering, and liquid delivery are shaping the next phase of growth in nutraceuticals
Sprinkle list: Tampa Bay lands big bucks for Sheriff’s training facility, African American cultural center
Mental health, affordable housing and advanced metering also landed supplemental funds.
One Dietary Supplement Was Found to Lower Aggression by Up to 28%
A new tool for anger management?
Scientists discover hidden driver of aging — Simple supplement reversed brain decline
A newly identified brain protein may play a major role in how the body ages. Researchers discovered that declining levels of Menin in the hypothalamus triggered inflammation, memory problems, bone loss, and other aging-related changes in mice. Restoring Menin reversed several of these effects, while a simple amino acid supplement called D-serine boosted cognition. The discovery opens a surprising new path for fighting age-related decline.
Scientists warn popular vitamin D supplement may have a “previously unknown” downside
A surprising study suggests vitamin D2 supplements may reduce the body’s levels of vitamin D3 — the more effective form of vitamin D. Researchers found D3 not only boosts vitamin D status more efficiently, but may also play a unique role in helping the immune system fight off viruses and bacteria. The discovery is prompting scientists to rethink whether D3 should become the preferred choice for supplementation.
These Popular Supplements Are Sold With Anti-Aging Claims. Here's What Science Says.
Experts explain what they can and can't do.
Kim Kardashian says she takes 35 supplements a day as part of her wild health and wellness routine
Kim Kardashian takes 35 supplements daily and gets annual DEXA scans with her sisters and mom in a mobile van at their gated community.
Kyowa Hakko highlights Cognizin citicoline’s science-backed cognitive health benefits
Kyowa Hakko USA is spotlighting citicoline’s benefits for cognitive performance and long-term brain health through multiple complementary mechanisms. The supplier will exhibit its citicoline ingredient Cognizin at this week’s Complementary Medicines Australia (CMA) Innovation Day 2026 in Sydney, Australia (May 21). CMA Innovation Day is one of Australia’s annual industry gatherings for the nutraceuticals supply chain, showcasing the latest innovations shaping the market for vitamins, minerals, and supplements in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region.
Scientists say a daily multivitamin may help slow aging
A daily multivitamin may help slow biological aging, according to researchers studying older adults in a large clinical trial. After two years, participants taking multivitamins showed slower aging in several DNA-based “epigenetic clocks,” with the effect equal to about four months less biological aging. People who started out biologically older than their actual age appeared to benefit the most. The findings hint that a simple supplement could play a role in healthier aging.
Aspen Science Center interns level up community education
In autumn 2025, the Aspen Science Center (ASC) launched a new program, Community STEM Leaders Interns (CSLI), to supplement its long-standing Summer
Fera Pets Launches Science-Backed Pet Supplements Into Petco End Caps Nationwide
Fera Pets, the premium veterinarian-founded pet wellness brand known for its science-driven formulations and rigorous quality standards, is expanding into Petco stores nationwide, bringing its clinically-formulated supplements to pet parents in a leading brick-and-mortar retail destination within the space.