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The last MLB Draft of its kind? Plus: Sinner makes Wimbledon final, again

The Pulse Newsletter 📣 | This is The Athletic’s daily sports newsletter. Sign up here to receive The Pulse directly in your inbox. Good morning! Let’s talk about high school. Coming up: ⚾ MLB Draft’s endangered future 👊 Ex-teammates brawl ⭐ Haaland-Kane clash Major League Baseball’s draft begins today at 1:30 p.m. ET on NBC. (Our live blog will be here.) If commissioner Rob Manfred gets his way, it’ll be the last draft before the rules begin to change, and what comes next will be worse. MLB and its player union continue to swap proposals ahead of a...

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Jul 11 • 7:27 AM EDT • Sports • nytimes.com
Costco hit with lawsuit alleging protein powder sold in stores contains 'dangerous' levels of lead, arsenic

Costco is facing a class action lawsuit alleging Orgain protein powders sold by the retailer contain elevated levels of lead, arsenic and cadmium.

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Jul 9 • 5:33 PM EDT • Business • foxbusiness.com
Google Photos adds a new AI 'Video Remix' tool

The feature can do things like apply cinematic relighting to brighten up a dark clip, swap out a plain background for something fun, or add artistic styles to videos.

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Jul 8 • 2:30 PM EDT • Technology • techcrunch.com
Proposed 76ers Trade Swaps Joel Embiid for $175 Million All-Star

A proposed blockbuster centered around Joel Embiid would not make sense for the Philadelphia 76ers.

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Jul 4 • 6:14 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Noted neurobiologist and ex-taekwondo captain Chih-Ying Su leaves US for China

As former faculty vice dean swaps San Diego for Shenzhen, her lab offers jobs, training to researchers interested in sensory signalling.

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Jul 4 • 8:00 AM EDT • Science • scmp.com
Home Swapping: How Does It Work, and Is It Worth Your While?

Before you go live in someone else’s house, and have them live in yours, make sure everyone is covered.

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Jul 4 • 5:00 AM EDT • Technology • nytimes.com
Why Norma Kamali Swapped Fashion Shows for Team Fitness

The New York-based designer says free exercise classes are an investment in her team’s mental health and her brand’s resilience.

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Jul 2 • 5:30 AM EDT • Business • vogue.com
The footballer swapping the pitch for the beach

Erin Bloomfield plays and coaches at Sherborne FC, but also represents England on the sand.

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Jun 30 • 1:28 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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NFL stadiums swapped turf for grass ahead of 2026 World Cup. George Kittle thumping for permanent change: 'Clearly we know it's possible'
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Jun 26 • 6:50 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Yankees news: Yanks sign top Taiwanese arm

Yanks land Chien-Fan Lai; a swap at backup catcher and key injury updates; Cole’s rough outing; Boone chides Chisholm

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Jun 24 • 5:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
NBA Draft 2026: Champion Knicks trade out of first round via swaps with Lakers, Mavericks and Suns
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Jun 23 • 11:50 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Justice Department and New York swap suits over state's mask ban

State leaders answered by filing a lawsuit to block the Justice Department's efforts.

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Jun 23 • 3:47 PM EDT • Politics • spectrumlocalnews.com
Microsoft's latest Windows bug belongs in the Recycle Bin

File deletion dialog swaps recognizable names for internal gibberish

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Jun 19 • 8:06 AM EDT • Technology • theregister.com
Bruins make first trade of 2026 offseason

The Bruins made their first trade of the offseason Thursday, making a two-for-two swap with the Sharks.

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Jun 18 • 12:33 PM EDT • Sports • 985thesportshub.com
Sabres swap first-round picks with Sharks, ship off defenseman Kesselring

The Sabres now have the 20th pick in the draft.

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Jun 17 • 4:39 PM EDT • Sports • spectrumlocalnews.com
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Sabres swap first-round picks with Sharks, ship off defenseman Kesselring

The Sabres now have the 20th pick in the draft.

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Jun 17 • 4:39 PM EDT • Sports • spectrumlocalnews.com
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Period pain: Simple shopping swap for better pain relief, study reveals

Many women are buying less effective pain medication for period cramps, supermarket data suggests.

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Jun 14 • 7:10 PM EDT • Health • bbc.com
Jets are swapping speed for size

The Jets may yet again go home without a playoff berth, but they're nevertheless going big.

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Jun 14 • 6:45 PM EDT • Sports • nbcsports.com
Jets are swapping speed for size
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Jun 14 • 6:45 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Double The VRAM Of An RTX 3070

Modern games are quite often limited by the amount of volatile memory available to the GPU. Games can require many gigabytes of data during the rasterization process. So the obvious solution for be…

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Jun 14 • 4:00 AM EDT • Technology • hackaday.com
Wanya Morris trade grades: Falcons acquire young Chiefs OT in late-round pick swap

Atlanta has welcomed two former Kansas City right tackles this offseason

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Jun 11 • 3:16 PM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
Could Control of Congress Run Through Northern Maine?

The state’s vast rural areas, which make up the swing Second Congressional District, will be important in November.

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Jun 10 • 11:45 AM EDT • Politics • nytimes.com
Panthers sign WR, waive do-it-all TE on Monday

The Panthers have announced a roster move, swapping out a WR for a TE, before the start of mandatory minicamp.

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Jun 8 • 4:25 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Chief medical officer swaps hospitals; new provost at LSU; hotel picks new executive chef

Take a look at some of the recent promotions and new hires announced at south Louisiana businesses.

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Jun 7 • 5:00 AM EDT • Business • nola.com
Yooka-Laylee is back in a SNES-style kart racer from some of the team behind Diddy Kong Racing

Playtonic's acclaimed platform series is swapping feet for wheels, with multiplayer beta tests promised ahead of launch.

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Jun 6 • 5:00 AM EDT • Technology • eurogamer.net
Nintendo Will Launch A Switch 2 With Replaceable Batteries In The EU

Nintendo is preparing to sell a special version of the Switch 2 in the EU with swappable batteries.

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Jun 4 • 2:19 AM EDT • Technology • engadget.com
An Uncertain Path for Americans Exposed to Ebola

Despite long-established procedures for bringing Americans home for monitoring and treatment, the Trump administration has not said that it will allow those at risk of Ebola back into the country.

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Jun 3 • 3:24 PM EDT • Health • nytimes.com
‘Getting things done’: John Taylor swaps mayoral re-election bid for run at HD 109

His candidacy comes amid a broader political reshuffling in Miami-Dade, with multiple legislative seats opening due to term limits, higher-office bids and shifting congressional borders.

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Jun 3 • 4:30 AM EDT • Politics • floridapolitics.com
Google releases Fitbit Air blueprints to let anyone make bands, accessories

Google is leaning into the Fitbit Air’s swappable pebble design to let anyone make their own accessories. This move is rather Google-y...

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Jun 2 • 8:55 PM EDT • Technology • 9to5google.com
Microsoft’s quantum chip got an upgrade. Critics are still skeptical

Swapping materials in its Majorana 2 chip boosted the effectiveness of quantum bits that rely on the math of topology to reduce errors, Microsoft says.

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Jun 2 • 2:15 PM EDT • Science • sciencenews.org
Impressive U21 Fini potential for Napoli in swap with Genoa

Sky Sport Italia claim Napoli are ready to pick up Italy Under-21 international Seydou Fini from Genoa in exchange for Nosa Obaretin.The idea is said to be in the early stages, but negotiations betwee...

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Jun 2 • 10:05 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Robotics, Science Underway as Cosmonauts Prep for Wednesday Spacewalk

Robotics controllers wrapped up a weekend of swapping scientific hardware packed inside the SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft’s trunk for installation on the International Space Station. Meanwhile, the Expedition 74 crew is continuing its biotechnology and botany research while getting ready for a spacewalk scheduled for Wednesday, May 27.

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May 26 • 2:04 PM EDT • Science • nasa.gov
2023 NFL redraft: Top QBs swap places as Day 3 steals -- plus a UDFA -- crash a wildly different Round 1

Several NFL teams would make major changes three years later as late-round gems reshape the first round

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May 26 • 8:44 AM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
7 Things in Your Home You Should Be Swapping Out Regularly To Protect Your Health

There's more to staying healthy than just exercising and eating right. Sometimes protecting your health also means keeping your environment safe.

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May 25 • 8:00 AM EDT • Health • health.com
How Josh Johnson composed 'Symphony,' the music-driven special aiming to be timeless

The 'Daily Show' co-host swaps topical punchlines for something meant to last decades in his new special 'Symphony,' premiering Friday on HBO.

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May 21 • 6:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • latimes.com
‘SNL’ Weekend Update Joke Swap Drops Jaws With Raunchy Punchlines

Colin Jost and Michael Che broke constantly during the highly-anticipated tradition in the Season 51 finale.

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May 17 • 9:15 AM EDT • Entertainment • themountaineer.com
‘SNL’ Weekend Update Joke Swap Drops Jaws With Raunchy Punchlines

Colin Jost and Michael Che broke constantly during the highly-anticipated tradition in the Season 51 finale.

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May 17 • 9:15 AM EDT • Entertainment • laconiadailysun.com
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Ouster of RFK Jr.’s allies tests MAHA-Trump alliance

Trump officials have increasingly swapped out RFK Jr.’s handpicked deputies for people with more traditional experience, seeking to tamp down on health agencies’ controversies ahead of the midterms.

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May 16 • 5:00 AM EDT • Health • washingtonpost.com
The Lancia 037 Tribute Just Got A 1,000 HP V8 From Koenigsegg

Kimera's K39 swaps the brand's twin-charged four-cylinder for a Koenigsegg-sourced twin-turbo V8 making 1,000 hp

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May 15 • 2:00 PM EDT • Technology • carscoops.com
The Coming War on Local Black Political Power

The VRA’s demise could result in a hollowing out of Black political representation and influence, not only in Washington and in state capitals.

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May 14 • 5:35 PM EDT • Politics • theatlantic.com
Downtown Businesses on the Move, Plus More Retail & Restaurant News

Several downtown Traverse City businesses are on the move – including swapping locations, preparing for summer relaunches, or getting ready to open their doors for the first time. The Ticker has the latest on those and other restaurant and retail updates from across the region. Downtown MovesThe recent sale of the building at 122 Cass Street …

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May 13 • 8:00 PM EDT • Business • traverseticker.com
RFK Jr. Swaps Vaccine Rhetoric for Story Time as GOP Woos Voters

By Amanda Seitz | KFF Health News TOLEDO, Ohio — The little boy, dressed in a Toy Story sweatshirt, wrapped himself around the nation’s health secretary. “What do you guys want to be when you grow up?” Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. asked a carpet full of preschoolers. “A ...

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May 13 • 10:53 AM EDT • Health • usnews.com
FDA chief plans to resign amid agency turmoil

The ouster of Makary is the latest shake-up at the Department of Health and Human Services, with some officials selected by Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. being swapped out for more conventional choices.

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May 12 • 1:07 PM EDT • Health • washingtonpost.com
Stage production takes genderbent twist on ‘The Odd Couple’

Genderswapping the 1968 comedy, “The Odd Couple: Female Version” follows Florence and Olive, played by local actors Chelsea Bestram and Valeri Hovland. The show focuses on the hilarity and hijinks of their differing personalities.

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May 11 • 11:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • thesheridanpress.com
New 'trick' fixes major flaw in neutral-atom quantum computers — inching us closer to a superpowerful system

A new "geometry‑based" quantum swap gate makes neutral‑atom computers far less sensitive to laser noise — bringing large‑scale, stable quantum processors a step closer to reality.

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May 11 • 11:00 AM EDT • Science • livescience.com
Winter Sports Club hosting annual bike swap Saturday

The Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club is hosting its annual bike swap on Saturday, May 9 from 10 a.m. until noon. It will be located in the Howelsen Hill parking lot. Every individual is welcome...

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May 7 • 5:00 PM EDT • Sports • steamboatpilot.com
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From Debt Burden to Health Investment: How Debt Swaps Can Finance Women's and Children's Health

As debt pressures rise and development assistance declines, countries are exploring new ways to protect investments in women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health. In the final session of the GLN Domestic Resource Mobilisation Webinar Series, experts, governments and civil society leaders examined how debt swaps can help convert sovereign debt into targeted health financing. Discussions highlighted the importance of accountability, country ownership and sustained political will.

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May 6 • 8:00 AM EDT • Health • pmnch.who.int
AMC Entertainment Dilution Continues To Soar

AMC's balance sheet remains distressed due to heavy debt and ongoing equity dilution from debt-for-equity swaps. Read why I rate AMC stock a Sell.

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May 6 • 2:26 AM EDT • Entertainment • seekingalpha.com
Nuggets trade idea swaps Jamal Murray for $107 million ex-Knicks star guard

A massive Denver Nuggets trade idea would net the franchise a ex-New York Knicks standout contributor.

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May 4 • 5:34 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Little Rock Regional Chamber to host Small Business Summit, Impact Awards on May 6

Small business owners across Arkansas will have a chance to swap ideas, pick up new tools and maybe even snag an award when the Little Rock Regional Chamber hos

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May 4 • 5:24 PM EDT • Business • katv.com
Scientists Make Agar Art Accessible to Students

By swapping lab equipment for kitchen staples, a group of scientists and artists created an engaging, hands-on activity to spread the joy of science to kids and adults alike.

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May 4 • 12:00 AM EDT • Science • the-scientist.com
DAZN targets local sports and US expansion with ‘US$100m’ ViewLift takeover

Broadcaster DAZN can offer end-to-end technical and distribution support to major league teams swapping cable for streaming.

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May 1 • 7:45 AM EDT • Sports • sportspro.com
DJI announces Mic Mini 2 with swappable color covers

Sorry, U.S. microphone lovers, you can't get one yet.

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Apr 28 • 5:29 PM EDT • Technology • mashable.com
Flutter Entertainment Stock (FLUT) Opinions on Kenneth Dart's Stake Increase

Insider Accumulation: Social media buzz intensified around Flutter Entertainment after reports of billionaire investor Kenneth Dart boosting his stake to nearly 30% through cash-settled swaps valued at around $45 million. Traders highlighted this as a strong vote of confidence amid the stock's recent pullback from highs. The move aligns with other insiders snapping up shares at depressed levels.Technical Reversal Signals: Chart enthusiasts pointe

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Apr 26 • 1:34 PM EDT • Entertainment • quiverquant.com
North Star Sports hosts annual bike swap in Burlington

A portion of proceeds will be donated to Passion 4 Paws Animal Rescue.

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Apr 25 • 7:23 PM EDT • Sports • wcax.com
Gran Turismo 7 adds 10 new engine swaps

April 2026’s Update 1.69 has added more engine swap combinations, including a 10 million+ McLaren conversion.

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Apr 23 • 5:54 AM EDT • Technology • traxion.gg
No Fifa plans for Iran-Italy swap at World Cup

Fifa stands by comments made last week by president Gianni Infantino in which he said that "the Iranian team is coming, for sure".

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Apr 23 • 5:54 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
7 foods cardiologists love that won't bore you to tears — including some very clever swaps

You don't have to give up bacon and fries entirely, but occasionally swapping them for healthier foods or changing the way you prepare them can benefit your heart.

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Apr 22 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • nypost.com
Rare Cooler Master GeForce RTX 5080 shows up at repair shop, turns out it wasn't even broken

Limited Cooler Master RTX 5080 sent for repair after PSU swap What do you do when you install new hardware and see a spark inside your PC? The last thing

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Apr 19 • 8:00 AM EDT • Technology • videocardz.com
Ohio readies $5M fine against Kalshi for unlicensed sports betting: Capitol Letter

The prediction market operator is waging a multistate battle over whether its sports offerings should be treated as state-regulated gambling or federally regulated financial swaps.

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Apr 16 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • cleveland.com
Ethics panel clears Life Science Hub board member for paid adviser gig under ‘hardship’ exception

For the second time in less than two years, Patrice Milos is temporarily swapping her volunteer role on the board for the Rhode Island Life Science Hub to take a paid agency position. And again, the s...

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Apr 14 • 12:17 PM EDT • Science • yahoo.com
What Flutter Entertainment (FLUT)'s Board Shuffle, Buybacks and Quiet Dart Stake Mean For Shareholders

In recent days, Flutter Entertainment plc reported that long-serving independent director Alfred F. Hurley, Jr. will retire at the 2026 AGM, with Nancy Dubuc set to assume the role of Chair of the Compensation and Human Resources Committee, while the company continues executing a multi-billion-dollar share repurchase program. At the same time, billionaire investor Kenneth Dart has quietly built substantial economic exposure to Flutter through total return swaps, even as analysts question...

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Apr 12 • 3:07 PM EDT • Entertainment • finance.yahoo.com
Green Powered Challenge: Solar Powered Pi Hosts Websites In RAM

If you started with computers early enough, you’ll remember the importance of the RAMdisk concept: without a hard drive and with floppies slow and swapping constantly, everything had to live …

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Apr 12 • 10:00 AM EDT • Technology • hackaday.com
Looking for weekend plans? Book fair, Open Streets: West Walnut offer entertainment for all

There are two fun events happening this weekend that we want to tell you about! First, Books and Brews Philly and South Philly bookstore A Novel idea are teaming up for a “Grown-Up Book Fair and Swap” on Sunday afternoon. Then, also on Sunday, we have “Open Streets: West Walnut” which just opened for the spring season. NBC10’s Sheila Watko tells us more about the upcoming events!

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Apr 10 • 1:27 PM EDT • Entertainment • nbcphiladelphia.com
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Peru's Dysfunctional Politics Are an Economic Time Bomb

Peru has gone through three presidents since October, yet markets have largely yawned: Country risk has edged up only marginally, credit default swaps remain well below their five-year average and the currency has even gained against the dollar.

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Apr 10 • 6:30 AM EDT • Politics • bloomberg.com
Why Fenerbahce turned to Europe’s youngest sporting director to break their title drought

Devin Ozek is only 30 but, having played his part in Bayer Leverkusen's rise, swapped Germany for the pressure-cooker of Istanbul football

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Apr 5 • 12:09 AM EDT • Sports • nytimes.com
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Companies are replacing workers instead of hiring more

Recruiters say companies are swapping out employees for more skilled or lower-cost talent as hiring slows and budgets tighten.

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Apr 4 • 6:45 AM EDT • Business • businessinsider.com
Discussing the Future of Shopping at the Vogue Business x Swap Shoptalk Dinner

On Wednesday, March 25, Vogue Business joined commerce platform Swap to bring fashion and beauty brand executives together during the conference.

vogue.com logo
Apr 2 • 1:17 PM EDT • Business • vogue.com
6 Ways to Build a Healthier Easter Basket

Build a healthier Easter basket with simple swaps and fun additions. A dietitian shares easy ways to balance treats with better nutrition.

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Mar 29 • 7:36 AM EDT • Health • healthnewshub.org
A nutrition scientist shared 3 food swaps for heart-healthy meals

Professor Sarah Berry, a nutrition scientist who specializes in cardiovascular disease, said getting the basics right can go a long way toward supporting our heart health.

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Mar 28 • 6:29 AM EDT • Health • businessinsider.com
5 events in Lancaster County this weekend, from \'Heated Rivalry\' dance party to magic swap meet

Before you make your weekend plans, make sure these events are on your radar.

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Mar 25 • 5:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • lancasteronline.com
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan

Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.

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Mar 22 • 2:18 PM EDT • Health • erictopol.substack.com
New restaurants, parks and a swap meet: What’s happening in southern Utah this month

Southern Utah is growing fast. Find out where to eat, exercise and shop at new places opening or under construction in March.

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Mar 14 • 8:00 AM EDT • Business • sltrib.com
Big 12 to swap LED glass court for hardwood floor for rest of basketball tournament after players complain

Commissioner Brett Yormark told CBS Sports he made the decision for the change after consulting with coaches

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Mar 13 • 12:21 AM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
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Keyboard Much Easier to Replace on MacBook Neo Than Apple's Other Laptops

You no longer have to swap out the entire top half of the laptop's case just to fix the keys.

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Mar 12 • 12:52 PM EDT • Technology • pcmag.com
Google Photos adding toggle to quickly swap between Ask Photos and classic search

Google Photos is once again tweaking its search experience, with a new quick toggle rolling out that allows users to...

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Mar 10 • 7:30 AM EDT • Technology • 9to5google.com
Jean-Michel Aulas ruffles feathers in Lyon after swapping football for politics

Club’s former owner leads the polls in spiky mayoral race but is accused of putting forward ‘nothing of substance’

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Mar 10 • 4:00 AM EDT • Politics • theguardian.com
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4 Gadgets That Can Upgrade Your Old Stereo System

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Mar 8 • 2:17 PM EDT • Technology • bgr.com
The Science of Spa

A look at what happens in our bodies and minds when we swap jeans and sneakers for robes and slippers.

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Mar 1 • 2:08 AM EST • Science • phoenixmag.com
Celebrate Pokémon’s 30th anniversary with this Game Boy-shaped music player

45 individual song cartridges can be swapped in and out of the miniature jukebox.

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Feb 27 • 10:46 AM EST • Technology • engadget.com
6 Easy, Heart-Healthy Swaps for Dessert, Snacks and More

These simple swaps can go a long way in supporting your heart health.

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Feb 27 • 8:30 AM EST • Health • today.com
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Gossip: Reds consider Szoboszlai-Rodrygo swap deal

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Feb 24 • 2:24 AM EST • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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How Jesse Jackson Enhanced Black Political Power in New York

The Rev. Jesse Jackson, who died this week, ran for president twice, leading more Black voters to register. The year after his second run, a Black mayor, David Dinkins, won in New York.

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Feb 19 • 5:04 AM EST • Politics • nytimes.com
The Google Photos redesign we’ve been waiting for is finally here

Google Photos swaps its bottom bar for a floating toolbar, giving you more screen space for your actual photos.

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Feb 13 • 5:37 AM EST • Technology • androidauthority.com
Trump drops key US climate rule, swaps health for cheap cars

The US has revoked what's known as the endangerment finding, a scientific finding central to US climate actions, to boost cheaper, gas-powered cars. Experts say the shift comes at a fragile point for the warming planet.

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Feb 12 • 1:51 PM EST • Health • dw.com
One simple daily change that could slash depression risk

Swapping just an hour of TV a day for something more active could significantly lower the risk of developing major depression—especially in middle age. A large Dutch study tracking more than 65,000 adults over four years found that replacing 60 minutes of TV with other activities cut depression risk by 11% overall, and by nearly 19% in middle-aged adults. The more time people reallocated—up to two hours—the greater the benefit, with risk dropping as much as 43% in midlife.

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Feb 12 • 1:11 AM EST • Science • sciencedaily.com
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Is Therian Enamorus Worth Raiding in Pokémon GO? Full Meta Breakdown

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Feb 11 • 3:43 PM EST • Technology • pokemongohub.net
House takes up state bird swap as poll shows Florida leans flamingo

New poll finds voters ready to ditch mockingbird for flamingo

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Feb 11 • 11:16 AM EST • Politics • floridapolitics.com
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Yankees Birthday of the Day: Fritz Peterson

The sharp-witted lefty became famous for swapping wives with a teammate during a forgotten era of Yankees baseball.

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V12-Swapped Datsun Gets the F1 Exhaust Treatment and It Is Glorious

Equal length headers should be mandatory on every Mercedes M120 engine.

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Feb 7 • 3:00 PM EST • Technology • thedrive.com
Angry girlfriend smashed RTX 3080 Ti, but a repair shop managed to save the GPU

Smashed graphics card gets a second chance Colorful RTX 3080 Ti repair video shows GPU swap test after cracked PCB and burned VRAM power part A Chinese

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6 easy grocery-store swaps doctors recommend to improve your heart...
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Feb 2 • 4:33 PM EST • Health • foxnews.com
Red Sox trade Jordan Hicks, David Sandlin to White Sox

ESPN’s Jeff Passan reported on Sunday that the pair of righties will be swapping the color of their Sox.

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Feb 1 • 2:54 PM EST • Sports • overthemonster.com
Men swap plastic underwear for natural materials as concerns raised...
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Jan 25 • 2:25 PM EST • Health • nypost.com
Not All Sitting Is Equal. One Type Was Just Linked to Better Brain Health.

A small swap for a big payoff.

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Jan 22 • 6:00 AM EST • Health • sciencealert.com
Naya Connect is a modular mechanical keyboard system for the indecisive

Naya Connect is a modular mechanical keyboard ecosystem with a swappable numpad, trackball, a 6DoF spatial mouse, and more.

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Jan 14 • 4:38 PM EST • Technology • theverge.com
Bipartisan health package still in play despite Obamacare rancor

Leadership and health committees in both parties have quietly swapped offers on a package over the past week.

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Jan 14 • 5:30 AM EST • Health • axios.com
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Mike Suarez leads the cash battle as Dems seek to reclaim HD 64 after Susan Valdés party swap

Valdés is not seeking re-election due to term limits.

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Jan 13 • 12:05 PM EST • Politics • floridapolitics.com
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3 heart-healthy food swaps: dietitian who studies preventing disease

Matthew Landry, a nutrition researcher and dietitian, studies how what we eat can prevent heart attacks later in life.

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Jan 13 • 5:02 AM EST • Business • businessinsider.com
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CES 2026: Hyperkin and Gamesir made a modular game controller for your smartphone, tablet and even your Switch

The X5 Alteron may be the world's first fully modular mobile games controller, with swap-out button arrays and sticks.

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Jan 6 • 5:18 PM EST • Technology • engadget.com