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Scientists map faces to find key to beautiful smile
Findings may lead to better aesthetic treatments for South East Asians
Scientists map faces to unravel secrets behind a beautiful smile
Findings may lead to better aesthetic treatments for South East Asians
$5M donation bolsters push to open new Upstate behavioral health facility
Prisma Health’s Behavioral Health Hospital will open early 2027. Across the state, healthcare systems have moved to increase access to behavioral and mental health treatment.
Fall allergies or a viral illness? Know the key symptoms
As fall allergy season overlaps with cold, flu and other respiratory viruses, learn how to tell the difference between allergies and illness, when to seek treatment and how to stay healthy.
Characterizing the patient experience: The role of patient‑reported outcomes
Biological endpoints are essential, but on their own, they cannot tell the full story. To truly understand the value of a treatment and care surrounding it, we must also seek to understand how patients and carers experience it. This is where patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and observer‑reported outcomes (reflecting the perspectives of non-clinical caregivers) are becoming more prominent in clinical research.
Kelly Clarkson said she received 'Pretty Woman' treatment at NYC shop
Kelly Clarkson said she was treated like Julia Roberts' character in the '90s rom-com "Pretty Woman" when she visited a Brooklyn toy shop.
Kelly Clarkson fires back at store owner over 'rude' treatment
A spokesperson for the Art of Play shop in Brooklyn has reached out to Kelly Clarkson to "try and clear the air".
Think Global Health | Ukraine keeps HIV response steady under fire
War has strained Ukraine's HIV programs, but capacity built years earlier has kept most prevention and treatment in place.
Scientists discover vanilla’s hidden healing potential
Scientists have discovered that vanillin, the compound that gives vanilla its distinctive flavor, has powerful properties that could help fight infections, reduce inflammation, and promote wound healing. The inexpensive, widely available ingredient could one day become an important component of advanced wound treatments and regenerative medicine.
Hormone Therapy Fears
Hormone therapy remains a safe and effective treatment for many menopausal women when used appropriately, experts say.
Two NC adults die after contracting West Nile virus, state health department says
There are currently no human vaccines or specific treatments available for West Nile virus and preventative measures are most effective.
How Egyptian femtech is tackling taboos around women's health
Cultural taboos and a lack of understanding can be a barrier for women to access healthcare in Egypt, alongside the cost of treatment. But the country's budding femtech sector is creating new pathways…
PLANNING AHEAD: What ‘It’s Possible’ means for health care
When it comes to health care, it can be difficult to determine whether “it’s possible” that some condition, treatment, medication, hospitalization or rehab is covered, for how much, or not.
Kelly Clarkson slams Brooklyn store over ‘Pretty Woman’ treatment
Kelly Clarkson claims a Brooklyn store employee treated her like she couldn't afford the merchandise, comparing the experience to "Pretty Woman."
Kelly Clarkson slams Brooklyn store over ‘Pretty Woman’ treatment
Kelly Clarkson claims a Brooklyn store employee treated her like she couldn't afford the merchandise, comparing the experience to "Pretty Woman."
The hidden math of Alzheimer's could point to new treatments
Mathematics may hold unexpected clues to understanding Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists have developed a model showing how common metals like copper and zinc may influence the buildup of proteins associated with the disease, while also exploring possible ways to stop the process. The findings could help researchers identify promising strategies for preventing harmful plaque formation.
Scientists discover why a 100-year-old mushroom disease won't go away
Scientists have uncovered a surprising secret behind a mushroom disease that has frustrated growers for more than a century: It involves more than 17 species of harmful bacteria, not just one. The discovery could explain why treatments have struggled to stop the disease and open the door to more effective, eco-friendly solutions.
Ebola spreads in eastern DRC as Kenya confirms imported case
New cases in eastern DRC and a fatal imported infection in Kenya highlight the challenges of containing Ebola.
Mansfield Laurel Health Center plans Women’s Health Day
Mansfield’s Laurel Health Center will host a Women’s Health Day that includes screenings, education, routine care, and treatments for health issues that women may experience. Appointments are recommended but not required.
Breast cancer disparities can delay diagnosis and worsen outcomes, experts say
During Breast Cancer Awareness Month, experts are highlighting how cancer health disparities can affect identification, treatment and survival outcomes.
R&S Holdings Acquires Residential Addiction Treatment Operator Innovo Detox
R&S Holdings, a behavioral health organization that offers addiction treatment and behavioral health services through its subsidiaries, has added a
R&S Holdings Acquires Residential Addiction Treatment Operator Innovo Detox
R&S Holdings, a behavioral health organization that offers addiction treatment and behavioral health services through its subsidiaries, has added a
Sutter Health care model safely expands local Alzheimer's treatment
A multidisciplinary care model developed across Sutter Health helped general neurologists address a practical challenge facing health systems nationwide: how to safely offer newer Alzheimer's disease treatments in community settings to more patients.
Proponents Press For Mental Health Parity
At Friday presser criticizing the Trump administration for letting insurance companies not adequately cover mental health and addiction treatment.
Project ECHO helps primary care providers tackle treatment-resistant depression
Project ECHO at Penn State College of Medicine and the National Network of Depression Centers are launching a no-cost, virtual MBC training series to address treatment-resistant depression.
NIH Awards Boston University Clinical And Translational Science Institute $41 Million
The National Institutes of Health awarded $41 million to the Boston University Clinical & Translational Science Institute to support its work translating scientific research into new treatments and healthcare technologies.
Health Rounds: Blindness treatment based on Nobel-winning research shows promise
(This is an excerpt of the Health Rounds newsletter, where we present latest medical studies on Tuesdays and Thursdays.)
Blindness treatment based on Nobel-winning research shows promise
Oct 9 (Reuters) - It's Nobel Prize season and today we feature promising early results of a novel technique for treating blindness that made Nobel laureates of three scientists this week. We also repo...
City launches mental health directory to connect residents with treatment
The tool, Mental Health Connect, aims to connect individuals with services offered by 600 providers citywide.
We’re Investigating Prior Authorization. Help ProPublica Understand Your Health Insurance Denial.
ProPublica is looking into the ways health insurers’ use of prior authorization impacts patients. We need your help to figure out if the process is still leading to delayed or missed treatments, tests, medical equipment or medication.
Pearland mayor rejects NAACP boycott as political expert says he's handling council tensions smartly
Mayor Wiltz did not support a call for a boycott over his treatment but said questions need to be answered about what he says are restrictions on his authority.
Treatment for mental health illness combined with addiction
Treatment is more effective addressing the two issues together, rather than separately.
Panel debates effects increased fentanyl penalties will have on state
A University of Denver panel examined Proposition 132, the November ballot measure that would increase criminal penalties for fentanyl possession and distribution while sparking debate over treatment, prison costs and overdose prevention.
BROWARD HEALTH MEDICAL CENTER CANCER PATIENTS RECEIVE TOTES FOR HOPE FROM AUTONATION - Florida Hospital News and Healthcare Report
AutoNation Associates joined members of the Broward Health Medical Center team to deliver Totes for Hope care bags for cancer patients undergoing treatment at the hospital. October 8, 2026 – […]
Michael Lemma: The Science Behind Fenbendazole and Ivermectin Cancer Claims
Michael Lemma: The Science Behind Fenbendazole and Ivermectin Cancer Claims / cancer, cancer treatment, Celebrity Testimonials, clinical evidence, Drug
Solera Health Launches Cancer Care Network to Connect Members to Digital Cancer Screening, Supportive Care and Treatment Navigation
Network pairs Iris by OncoHealth® and Fuze Health to support members across their journey, from early detection through care navigationPHOENIX, Oct. 08, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Solera Health, the premier digital health delivery company creating flexible solutions to seamlessly connect people to on-benefit care via health plans and employers, today announced the launch of its Cancer Care Network, which connects health plan members and employees to Iris by OncoHealth for supportive care and treat
How our reporting team exposed an often deadly toll from a mental health crisis in SC jails
Five-part investigative report exposes a growing mental health crisis in South Carolina’s jails, including more than 100 deaths, with with inmates cycling in and out of custody without getting adequate treatment.
The Math Singularity Is Here, and Science May Be Next
OpenAI has released an extraordinary body of mathematical work produced by an unreleased frontier model: 722 manuscripts spanning 372 research families across fields including number theory, complexity theory, and mathematical physics. Each result required, on average, the equivalent of roughly three hours of ChatGPT Pro reasoning. A New Era of Discovery We may be witnessing the beginnings of a “math singularity”: a point at which machine-generated discovery accelerates beyond humanity’s ability to independently reproduce, verify, or fully absorb it. If frontier models can generate hundreds of meaningful results in the time it takes a human researcher to investigate one, the constraint will no longer be producing new mathematics. It will be our capacity to validate, interpret, and integrate it. This does not make mathematicians obsolete. It changes their role. They may increasingly serve as guides, critics, and meaning-makers. Increasingly, they will decide which questions matter, determining which results can be trusted, and explaining why they are important. Mathematical insight may become abundant, while human judgment becomes more valuable than ever. Mathematics May Be Only the Beginning Every scientific discipline could eventually experience a similar acceleration. AI systems could generate and test hypotheses, connect findings across specialized fields, and explore possibilities at a scale no human research community could match. In medicine, imagine models identifying overlooked disease mechanisms, designing drugs and clinical trials, personalizing treatments, or discovering cures in months rather than decades. In materials science, AI could help create better batteries and cleaner industrial processes. In climate science, it could accelerate advances in energy, forecasting, and carbon removal. In biology, it could uncover relationships hidden across enormous genomic and molecular datasets. The result would not simply be faster research. It could expand the frontier of what is scientifically possible. The New Bottleneck Scientific discovery, however, is not the same as scientific progress. A medical breakthrough must still survive laboratory testing, clinical trials, regulatory scrutiny, manufacturing constraints, and real-world deployment. As machine-generated ideas multiply, the bottleneck may shift from producing breakthroughs to validating them safely and translating them into practice. We may soon have more hypotheses than laboratories can test, more drugs than clinical trials can evaluate, and more mathematical results than experts can review. That imbalance will require better systems for automated verification, reproducible research, prioritization, peer review, and collaboration between AI and domain experts. The importance of OpenAI’s work is not merely the number of manuscripts produced. It offers a glimpse of a world in which intelligence can explore thousands of intellectual paths in parallel. If ideas cease to be scarce, humanity’s defining challenge will be deciding which are true, which matter, and how to turn them into progress. The math singularity is not the end of human inquiry. It is the beginning of a new kind—one in which machines expand the frontier of knowledge and humans decide where it should lead. Subscribe Share Leave a comment
Kelly’s Breast Cancer Story
Her breast cancer diagnosis came without symptoms after a routine mammogram. But throughout treatment, Kelly Titus remained strong for her family, refusing to let cancer call the shots.
GLP-1s: the science behind today’s weight-loss drugs
The medicines reshaping obesity treatment grew out of research into how the body handles a meal. Long before weekly weight-loss injections became familiar, scientists were studying signals that travel from the intestine to the pancreas, helping it release insulin when nutrients arrive.
Push to increase access in N.Y. to mental health treatments
The announcement is in the wake of President Donald Trump’s April 2026 executive order accelerating medical treatments for serious mental illness.
Community Clinic awarded $3 million federal grant
Springdale-based healthcare provider Community Clinic will receive $3 million from the Health Resources and Services Administration to expand rural substance use disorder prevention, treatment and recovery services in rural areas...
In Good Health: The Evolution Of Prostate Cancer Treatment
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men — and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. One in eight men will be diagnosed in their lifetime. And Black men are more than twice as likely to die from it.Between the social stigma and misconceptions about diagnostic methods, it’s not something many men want to talk about. Some 99 percent of people diagnosed early with prostate cancer live at least 5 more years. And treatment options and guidelines are evolving rapidly.Our “In Good Health” series continues. We gather a group of doctors from three of the disciplines involved in the treatment of prostate cancer.Find more of our programs online. Listen to 1A sponsor-free by signing up for 1A+ at plus.npr.org/the1a.
People on weight-loss drugs report fingernails falling off as researchers uncover surprising link
Nail discoloration was reported by 46% of GLP-1 users versus 17% of non-users, while scalp inflammation accompanied hair loss in most medication users studied.
Nicolás Maduro's wife wants out of jail to address heart condition
Ousted Venezuelan first lady Cilia Flores wants to move from jail to house arrest for medical care. Prosecutors say she wants special treatment.
GOP gubernatorial candidate pitches plan to lower property taxes
Charles, an attorney and former federal official, said he will also work with the federal government to increase funding for things like substance use disorder treatment.
Alpharus Health Expands Access to Mental Health Services Across Illinois
Chicago, IL, Oct. 07, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Alpharus Health is expanding access to mental health care across Illinois by bringing comprehensive behavioral health services to 11 of its 13 community outpatient clinics. Alpharus Health now offers outpatient mental health treatment services in Aurora, Bloomington, Carbondale, Chicago, Downers Grove, Gurnee, Jacksonville, Joliet, Peoria, Springfield, and Swansea. Alpharus Health also offers virtual mental health treatment for all Illinois resident
The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology Went to a Technique That Lets Scientists Control the Brain With Light
Neuroscientific advances follow a pattern of visualizing the brain, measuring its function and then controlling it. Optogenetics may lead to a new era of medical treatment.
AMO Pharma in Collaboration with Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) and Venca Research Inc. Announces FDA Advice on Potential Phase 3 Development Path for AMO-02 in Treatment of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM)
/PRNewswire/ -- AMO Pharma Limited ("AMO Pharma"), a privately held clinical-stage specialty biopharmaceutical company focusing on rare genetic disorders with...
Bone and Joint Health Awareness
Protecting Your Bones and Joints for the Long Run Bone and Joint Health National Action Week, observed the third week in October, raises awareness about the prevention, management and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions. Betty Vale, a family and orthopedic nurse practitioner at UT Health East Texas Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Institute, shares simple steps people…
Pilot Project Aids Cancer Survivors in Achieving Healthy Weight and Reducing Recurrent Risk
New program will help patients improve fitness and manage weight after cancer treatment
UC College of Nursing Women's Health Nurse Practitioner program strengthens congenital syphilis education
University of Cincinnati Women's Health Nurse Practitioner students are gaining evidence-based education on screening, diagnosis and treatment of syphilis during pregnancy through a national multisite initiative.
Med Center Health first in region to offer new prostate cancer treatment
Med Center Health is the first hospital in the region, and the seventh in the state, to offer a new treatment for patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Exclusive: Bradford Health Services Taps First-Ever President
Alabama-based addiction treatment provider Bradford Health Services named Jason Langley as its inaugural president in a newly created role. Langley
Exclusive: Bradford Health Services Taps First-Ever President
Alabama-based addiction treatment provider Bradford Health Services named Jason Langley as its inaugural president in a newly created role. Langley
Coordinated care supports mother through cancer and pregnancy
When pregnancy complicated Deziree Ibarra’s treatment for stage 4 lung cancer, specialists across UT Health San Antonio worked together to balance cancer treatment with the safe development and delivery of her baby.
Cherokee Nation Among Eight Communities to Receive Millions to Expand Mental Health, Substance Use Treatment Services, Housing Support
The Cherokee Nation is among eight sites in the country to receive the federal STREETS grant through the new Safety Through Recovery, Engagement, and Evidence-based Treatment and Support (STREETS) program from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Administered by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), STREETS will provide $96 million […]
Benson HS teen faces new hearing after release to mental health treatment
A 15-year-old accused of bringing dangerous chemicals to Benson High School is expected to be back in court Tuesday, where prosecutors could ask a judge to send
Court initiative helps families seek mental health treatment for loved ones
NEW MEXICO (KRQE) – A new court initiative in New Mexico will help families who are seeking mental health help for their loved ones. Through the initiative, family members can obtain no-cost assis…
Sanford welcomes internal medicine physician to Dickinson
Oct. 6, 2026 Contact: Chelsey Kralicek Sanford Health Media Relations 701-516-4903 / Chelsey.Kralicek@SanfordHealth.org BISMARCK, N.D. —Adokole Otanwa, M.D., an internal medicine physician, specializing in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting adults, has joined Sanford Dickinson. Dr. Otanwa received his medical degree at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine in Iowa City, […]
Elon Musk, Sam Altman and the 'deeply frightening' film 'Artificial'
NEW YORK ‒ Elon Musk is getting the Hollywood treatment.
McClean hits out at 'incomprehensible' Derry treatment
Derry City player James McClean hits out at his treatment by Derry City amid an ongoing contract dispute with the club.
Goodbye joint replacements? Stanford scientists found a way to regrow cartilage and stop arthritis
Scientists have found a surprising way to regrow damaged knee cartilage by blocking a protein that becomes more abundant with age. In old mice, the treatment restored naturally lost cartilage and also helped prevent osteoarthritis after ACL-like knee injuries, while human cartilage taken from knee replacement patients began producing new, functional joint cartilage after exposure to the same inhibitor.
Nebraska kids sent out of state when they need serious mental health care
Last year, children received care in such states as Massachusetts, Alabama and Virginia that local facilities either can't or won't provide. For kids, these separations can be jarring, complicating treatment and their return home, experts say.
Mental health stigma may deter treatment seeking in Japan
A UC Riverside-led study of mental health stigma in Japan has found a striking gap between the need for treatment and people's willingness to seek it, with high levels of social distancing toward people with mental illness serving as a potential barrier.
UW Health offers tips to ease symptoms after breast cancer treatment
UW Health offers tips to ease symptoms after breast cancer treatment
Marfan Foundation Convenes Global Scientists in Barcelona to Advance Research on Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, VEDS and Related Conditions
The Marfan Foundation brings scientists from 23 countries to Barcelona to share research that may lead to new treatments and better quality of life for people with Marfan, Loeys-Dietz and VEDS.
Patient's cancer diagnosis reinforces value of expert care and personal connection at ECU Health
A breast cancer diagnosis reinforced the value of expert care and personal connection throughout Dr. Lorrie Basnight’s treatment at ECU Health.
Mental health stigma in Japan may deter care
A UC Riverside–led study of mental health stigma in Japan has found a striking gap between the need for treatment and people's willingness to seek it, with high levels of social distancing toward people ...
The upcoming D&D interpretation of World of Warcraft sounds great, but don't expect it to work like the MMO does
World of Warcraft is being given the Dungeons & Dragons treatment in a massive new book. But D&D: WoW works quite differently to the MMO.
More than a prescription: Removing barriers so patients can get back to living
See how integrated specialty pharmacy support helped one patient overcome treatment barriers and get back to the moments that matter most.
Involuntary treatment remains sticking point in new mental health legislation
Signing of SB 989 makes it easier for first responders to initiate CARE Court petitions.
Scientists reveal what seven days of fasting does to the human body
Scientists found that prolonged fasting triggers major changes throughout the body, but many of the most interesting effects only appeared after about three days without food. The results suggest fasting may influence health in ways that go beyond weight loss and could eventually inspire treatments that mimic its effects.
Fact check: Did Newsom’s mental health court hit his goal for helping Californians?
Gov. Gavin Newsom claimed a major victory for CARE Court, his mental health treatment program. Did it really help 10,000 people?”
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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