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Steelers Accused of Not Taking QB Situation Seriously
Despite Aaron Rodgers’ return, critics blast the Pittsburgh Steelers front office for failing to secure a high-upside future and settling for a veteran past his elite prime.
OHSU told 13-year-old’s parents she was dying before Seattle doctors discovered massive mistake, $17M suit sa
A new lawsuit claims that an OHSU surgeon installed a heart valve upside down, leaving the girl reliant on life support for 18 days.
How documenting everything changes your brain
Psychologists call it cognitive offloading, and it has upsides and downsides for your memory.
How The Mixed Analyst Calls Are Reframing The Cardinal Health (CAH) Investment Story
Cardinal Health is back in focus as fresh Street research reshapes the price target conversation, with several firms trimming their targets while one raises its view and another starts coverage on a bullish footing. Those mixed calls reflect a split between analysts who see room for upside if execution holds and others who are more cautious about how much to pay for the stock right now. As you read on, you will see how to track these shifting views and what they might mean for your own...
Fox Sports’ Stu Holden says Mexico, not U.S., is World Cup co-host with biggest upside
While Holden believes the USMNT is jelling at the right time, he is "more bullish" on Mexico in the 2026 World Cup.
Why Needham Still Sees Upside in Flutter Entertainment plc (FLUT)
Flutter Entertainment plc (NYSE:FLUT) is one of the best sin stocks to buy now. On May 7, Needham reiterated its Buy rating on Flutter Entertainment plc (NYSE:FLUT) but lowered its price target to $135 from $150. The research firm also lowered its adjusted EBITDA estimates of the company by 7%. The price target cut is […]
Elevance Health (ELV): One of the Best Undervalued Stocks to Buy According to the Financial Media
Elevance Health, Inc. (NYSE:ELV) is one of the Best Undervalued Stocks to Buy According to the Financial Media. On May 19, Evercore ISI added the company to its Tactical Outperform list for Q2, noting that Elevance Health, Inc. (NYSE:ELV) is expected to see strong upside in EPS this year, provided current trends hold or improve. […]
A private equity giant sees 'unlimited' upside in one booming sector
Carlyle Group CEO Harvey Schwartz says rising global tensions are reshaping where investors put their money.
31 hours with the spit-shined Mina the Hollower (and 34 with the four games that came before it)
To truly appreciate Mina The Hollower, an extraordinary new throwback of a game, I sent myself to Yacht Club University. That’s not a real institution of higher learning, but it’s the best way I can explain much of the past several weeks as I prepared to play Mina by playing the four biggest game previously made by studio Yacht Club Games. I had expected Mina the Hollower, in development for six years for PC and consoles, to potentially be something special. A demo I tried in March had felt great. Mina the Hollower had an old-school premise: a singular move for its hero that felt so good to control and so rich with possibilities that, in the hands of skilled designers, it could be riffed on in various ways for the length of a full game. Mina’s core maneuver, her hollowing, made her sort of an upside down Super Mario. Nintendo’s hero jumps through the air, discovering power-ups at the apex of his jump by bonking overhead blocks, then defeating enemies by landing on them. Mina essentially jumps into the ground, digging (“hollowing”) into the earth to fetch buried treasure, then burrows for a short distance to emerge on the other side of a wall that hides treasure or an enemy that needs some battering. I wanted to understand how good Yacht Club was at making games. I wanted to see how far they’d come. If Mina was terrific—as I predicted it might be—I wanted to feel how they got there, one button press at a time. On May 6, 21 days before the writing of this review, I checked with Yacht Club Games co-founder and programmer David D’Angelo, to ask which of the studio’s games I should play to truly appreciate the new one’s design. “Hmmm all of them?” he wrote back. “Starting with Shovel Knight definitely is helpful,” he continued, referring to Yacht Club’s first game. He gave me a link to a spreadsheet of over 400 cheat codes that could help me out, if I found the game too tough.1 “Most folks say Specter of Torment is the least difficult and quickest to finish in terms of playtime, and [it] refines much of Shovel Knight,” he told me. “King of Cards is a big celebration of everything we did in [the Shovel Knight compilation] Treasure Trove— might work for you better if you’re a fan of shorter, Mario-style courses. And it’s probably the closest to Mina in terms of polish.” So that was that. Four games, none of which were required. Mina is a whole new game in a whole new world, best I can tell. I’d barely played that first Shovel Knight before and never the other three. I just thought it’d help. It did. It turns out that playing a game studios major works before their latest is very illuminating.
One Small Season 2 Change Will Completely Change Marathon
Season 2 is turning the whole game upside down with one simple change
What grade did CBS Sports give the Vikings offseason?
CBS Sports gave Minnesota a modest offseason grade as Kyler Murray's arrival and major defensive departures create both upside and uncertainty entering 2026.
Report: iOS 27 to revamp the AirPods settings UI
While a dedicated ‘AirPods’ app does not seem to be on the cards, Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman reports that Apple is...
Verra Mobility Is Still A Quality Business Despite The Selloff
Verra Mobility rated a buy after 40% YTD drop: DCF implies 22% upside to $16.48, with MOSAIC margin gains ahead.
Starz Entertainment: Even After The Sharp Rally, Upside Remains
Starz Entertainment remains a compelling Buy with strong tailwinds and an attractive valuation despite doubling YTD. Read more on STRZ stock here.
Who Is Saikat Chakrabarti? The Tech Millionaire Who Wants to Turn the Democratic Party Upside Down
Chakrabarti is running on an insurgent message to fill Nancy Pelosi’s House seat in San Francisco.
Today’s Papers – More Malen, less Milan and Spalletti’s demands
La Gazzetta dello SportHistoric Como: they are already in EuropeCrazy RomaSuper Malen: They are fourthParma turned upside down with the Dutchman at minute 101. Dybala’s farewell: ‘I’ll wave good...
Whole Hog Politics: Gerrymandering’s upside-upside down Congress
[Watch Whole Hog Politics live: Join us today at 9 am ET at TheHill.com as Chris Stirewalt and host Bill Sammon break down this week’s political news and answer questions from a live online audienc…
CFOs are worried about geopolitics and inflation. But they’re still chasing growth
Finance chiefs say they're bracing for volatility but still hunting for upside.
3 execs explain the upside and downside of managing tiny teams
Three founders of lean AI startups shared with Business Insider their takeaways from managing tiny AI-driven teams.
Research commissioner pitches EU to US scientists and investors
Research Commissioner Ekaterina Zaharieva is just back from a two-day trip to San Francisco, where she pitched the EU as the place to be for US researchers looking to move and US venture capitalists looking to invest. A Commission spokesperson told Science|Business that Zaharieva used the trip to “promote Europe as a stable, rule-based and vibrant innovation destination.” She emphasised Europe’s excellent infrastructure and predictable funding, particularly through the European Research Council (ERC) and Europe Innovation Council.These are already proving tempting, with applications from US-based researchers to ERC and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) calls increasing substantially over the past few years. According to the Commission, the number of US-based applicants for the annual ERC Consolidator Grant call rose from 19 in 2025 to 64 in 2026, while US bids to the ERC Advanced Grant call rose from 23 in 2024 to 114 in 2025. Meanwhile, US applications to the MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowships scheme rose from 352 in 2024 to 998 in 2025.Pressure on US scientists to seek alternative employment has increased since Donald Trump’s return to the White House. Jobs at federal science agencies have been slashed, funding cut in some research areas and international scientific partnerships turned upside down. He has also made unprecedented attempts to control university affairs.During her trip, Zaharieva made a point of highlighting the protection of academic freedom in Europe, “especially in areas like climate change, renewable energy, and health, where US funding has faced cuts,” the spokesperson said.She also underlined the EU’s “attractive long-term career opportunities and relocation support for top researchers from anywhere in the world,” especially through its new Choose Europe for Science initiative.“Transatlantic cooperation remains essential to tackle global challenges while safeguarding shared values such as academic freedom and openness,” Zaharieva wrote on social media ahead of her visit.Related articlesERC walks back stricter resubmission rules for 2027Don’t feel guilty about poaching scientists fleeing Trump, US science body tells EuropeHer itinerary took in Stanford University’s business school and school of medicine, where topics for discussion included entrepreneurship and interdisciplinary collaboration. She also met with venture capital firms, including Playground Global, Forgepoint Capital and Akkadian Venture Capital, as well as the California Public Employees’ Retirement System, the largest public pension fund in the US.Other meetings included Jensen Huang, the chief executive of AI chip manufacturer Nvidia, and local business associations such as the Bay Area Council and EuroCham. European delegations in the area also received visits, including Advantage Austria and France’s La French Tech, and the Consulate General of Ukraine in San Francisco.
There Is Optimism Around Micron Technology’s HBM Business, Here Is What You Should Know?
Micron Technology, Inc. (NASDAQ:MU) has a five year forward EPS growth rate of approximately 130%, making it one of the best long-term tech stocks to buy according to hedge fund. Wall Street sees an upside of almost 10% as of April 27, with the stock soaring over 540% in one year. The highest analyst price […]
Is Caesars Entertainment (CZR) Offering A Chance After Mixed Long Term Returns?
If you are wondering whether Caesars Entertainment at around US$27.38 is a bargain or a value trap, the starting point is understanding what the current price actually reflects. The stock has returned 7.4% over the past month and 16.2% year to date, although the 1 year return is 1.2% and the 3 and 5 year returns are negative at 37.8% and 73.4% respectively, which can change how investors think about both upside potential and risk. Recent headlines have focused on Caesars Entertainment's...
Amazon rallies after highlighting massive upside for the Trainium chips business
Amazon stock pops after earnings: AWS up 28%, AI capex hits cash flow, Q2 guidance tops views.
I let my tween watch shows intended for more mature viewers
There's a huge to upside to letting my tween watch my favorite not-for-kids shows like "Good Omens," "Lost," and even clips from "Heated Rivalry."
Is Tencent Music Entertainment Group (NYSE:TME) Pricing Reflect Recent Slide And DCF Upside Potential
If you are wondering whether Tencent Music Entertainment Group's current share price reflects its underlying value, or if the market is mispricing it, this breakdown will help you frame that question with numbers rather than guesswork. The stock last closed at US$9.25, with returns of an 8.9% decline over 7 days, a 6.2% decline over 30 days, a 48.2% decline year to date, a 28.6% decline over 1 year, a 32.8% gain over 3 years, and a 45.6% decline over 5 years, which gives you a wide range of...
Caesars Entertainment Seems Headed Toward A Deal
Caesars Entertainment, Inc. buyout talks: markets imply 87% deal odds near $32, ~10% upside vs downside risk. Click for this CZR stock update.
Why The Tencent Music Entertainment Group (TME) Story Is Shifting As Valuation And Views Reset
Tencent Music Entertainment Group has seen its fair value estimate reset from about US$26.92 to about US$17.98, a sizable shift that points to a more restrained view of potential upside at current levels. This change lines up with mixed analyst commentary, where a cluster of downgrades focused on competition and earnings visibility sits alongside at least one upgrade highlighting possible upside if current headwinds ease. Read on to see what is driving this evolving narrative and how you can...
Today on OTM: The American League is upside down
Play the lottery tonight if you had the Rays, Twins, and Athletics as your division winners.
Fantasy Baseball: Mick Abel provides 'plausible upside' as a waiver-wire add after 10-strikeout outing
How The Narrative Is Shifting For Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) After Guidance Reset And Target Cuts
Flutter Entertainment’s fair value estimate has been reduced from US$207.44 to US$197.35, lowering the modeled upside by about 4.9%. That change aligns with more cautious research following weaker Q4 results and lower 2026 guidance. At the same time, analysts continue to discuss long term execution and valuation questions from both bullish and bearish perspectives. Read on to see how these revised targets fit into the evolving story and what to watch as new data emerges. Stay updated as the...
‘Showing the upside to Down syndrome’: Columbia woman’s business giving back and inspiring others
Jewelry can hold meaning far beyond what meets the eye. For Columbia creator Lucy Graham, each bracelet and necklace is made with a purpose: showing “the upside to Down Syndrome.”
Surprising study shows Alzheimer's may start in the body instead of the brain, a discovery that turns medical science upside down
Alzheimer’s disease may begin outside the brain, with inflammation in organs like the skin, lungs, and gut decades before symptoms appear.
2026 NFL three-round mock draft: Steelers target high-upside WR, then trade back into Round 1 for QB
Team needs have become much clearer after pro days.
Inspired Entertainment: Free Optionality In Strata
Inspired Entertainment's digital iGaming drives margin growth, leverage falls, and STRATA adds upside. Find out why INSE stock is a strong buy.
Focus: Priced low, growing fast: women's sports draw smart money
Wealthy investors are increasingly turning to women's sports as a rare opportunity to tap into a fast-growing market at lower valuations, favoring strong returns over the high entry costs and limited upside of marquee men's franchises in the NFL or the UK's Premier League.
From luxury travel to credit building, Bankrate's top 4 high-limit cards stand out
With limits reaching $50,000, Bankrate's top high-limit credit card picks offer borrowers serious upside.
AI compressed billions of years of evolution into seconds to create 'Lego-like robots' that can recover even when they lose limbs
Modular robots are easily expandable, know when they're upside down or stuck, and can march forward across all kinds of terrain.
CEO transition puts pharma business in the driver’s seat at Aptar
The company that turned the condiment world upside-down is now turning drug delivery on its nose at the same time it elevates its pharmaceutical leader to CEO.
Markiplier to Microdramas: The Ankler x NAB Show’s Future of Entertainment
Share Subscribe Vegas, baby! The Ankler is heading back to NAB Show for a second year in a row — and doubling down on conversations with the smartest people in the industry. From April 18–22, we’re partnering again with the industry’s biggest media and tech gathering to break down the Business of Media and Entertainment as it’s actually evolving: faster, riskier and increasingly driven by new formats, new audiences and new power players. This curated series will bring together top creators, executives and innovators to tackle the forces reshaping the industry — from the AI disruption of Hollywood’s creative ecosystem to the rise of the creator economy, shifting audience behavior and the changing economics of production. We’ll be rolling out more programming in the coming weeks — including top speakers from leading AI studios, prediction markets and beyond — so keep an eye on the Business of Media and Entertainment hub. But first up, we’re announcing two panels about what’s actually working in Hollywood: The Scary-Smart Business of Horror A good scare has become one of the entertainment economy’s most reliable engines. With disciplined budgets, built-in fandoms and global box office upside, horror consistently outperforms. From theatrical releases to streaming-first originals and creator-driven IP, the genre is artistically flexible and financially durable — and one of the last truly communal experiences for Gen Z and Gen Alpha audiences. Join YouTube creator Mark Fischbach, aka Markiplier, whose independent feature Iron Lung earned more than $50 million at the global box office, Atomic Monster president Michael Clear and screenwriter Akela Cooper (M3GAN, Malignant) for a conversation moderated by Like & Subscribe’s Natalie Jarvey about why horror travels so effectively across platforms and borders, how studios and independents are building sustainable genre pipelines and why the next wave of breakout franchises may emerge from unexpected sources. Inside the Microdrama Boom Short-form serialized storytelling is having a major moment. Microdramas, social-native series and creator-led narratives are capturing massive audiences with low-cost, rapid production cycles and direct-to-fan distribution. What was once dismissed as niche or experimental is now attracting major platform investment. Moderated by Jarvey, this panel of microdrama creators and executives — including one of the format’s top stars and producers, Kasey Esser, and Dhar Mann Studios’ head of vertical content, Erin McFarlane — examines how format innovation, fandom dynamics and algorithmic discovery are reshaping the economics of scripted storytelling and what traditional studios can learn from these agile models. For sponsorship opportunities, contact Lynne@theankler.com Share
What Damone Clark brings to the Detroit Lions roster
The Detroit Lions have signed Damone Clark, and upside linebacker with ties to Kelvin Sheppard.
Browns FA: Grading the signing of Quincy Williams
Veteran linebacker brings some baggage, but his upside makes the move a potentially positive one.
How Golden Entertainment (GDEN) Narrative Is Shifting As Analysts Reassess Risk And Reward
Golden Entertainment’s latest analyst update keeps the fair value target steady at $30.50, even as assumptions behind that figure shift. Bullish and bearish voices are now reading the same unchanged headline number in very different ways, with some seeing headroom for upside and others treating it as a signal that the risk or reward balance has cooled. As you read on, you will see how these views are forming and how you can track the story as it continues to evolve. Analyst Price Targets...
Eagles adding veteran edge rusher with upside in free agency
The Eagles are signing veteran edge rusher Arnold Ebiketie to a one-year deal worth up to $7.3 million.
How RFK Jr. is dismantling America’s health policies
On this week’s “More To The Story,” anti-vaxxers, an upside-down food pyramid, and the many ways MAHA is transforming public health in the US.
Dolphins betting on QB upside with key free agency signing
This could work or it could go down in flames.
NextDecade Corporation (NEXT) Provides Fiscal Q4 2025 Business Update
NextDecade Corporation (NASDAQ:NEXT) is one of the best oil stocks with highest upside potential. NextDecade Corporation (NASDAQ:NEXT) provided an update on the developmental and strategic activities for fiscal Q4 2025 and early fiscal Q1 2025 on March 2. The company reported that it commercialized and attained positive final investment decisions (FIDs) on Trains 4 and […]
Canaccord Maintains Buy Rating on Flutter Entertainment (FLUT)
Flutter Entertainment plc (NYSE:FLUT) is one of the 12 best buy-the-dip stocks to buy according to Wall Street analysts. On March 2, Canaccord Genuity analyst Jason Tilchen decreased the firm’s price target on Flutter Entertainment plc (NYSE:FLUT) to $220 from $270. The analyst maintained his Buy rating on the stock, with a revised upside potential […]
How Trump turmoil is driving more people to the therapist’s office: ‘This is all upside down’
As ‘political depression’ enters public discourse, therapists are encouraging people to engage with their communities
How Trump turmoil is driving more people to the therapist’s office: ‘This is all upside down’
As ‘political depression’ enters public discourse, therapists are encouraging people to engage with their communities
How The Caesars Entertainment (CZR) Narrative Is Shifting On Cash Flow And Las Vegas Risks
The latest update trims Caesars Entertainment’s model fair value from $32.11 to $31.28, a modest adjustment that tightens the implied upside from current estimates. This shift lines up with Street research that clusters around a lower but still generally supportive valuation range, with targets running from the mid 20s to the mid 40s and ratings mostly in the Equal Weight to Overweight or Buy camp. As you read on, you will see how these price target moves fit into the broader bullish and...
Is CVS Health (CVS) Still Attractive After A 27% One Year Share Price Gain
Some investors may be asking whether CVS Health offers good value at around its recent price, or whether much of the potential upside in the stock has already been realized. Over the past year, CVS Health has recorded a 26.8% return, with shorter term moves of 5.7% over 7 days and 6.8% over 30 days. These changes may have influenced how investors view its risk and reward profile. Recent coverage around CVS Health has focused on the company as a large, integrated healthcare player, with...
US manufacturing grows steadily in February, input prices surge
U.S. manufacturing activity expanded steadily in February, but a measure of prices paid by factories for inputs rose to the highest level in nearly 3-1/2 years, highlighting upside risks to inflation amid import tariffs even before a U.S.-led attack on Iran sent oil prices higher.
How the ICE Raids Turned Minnesota Politics Upside Down
Several top state and federal offices are up for grabs amid a period of crisis with few if any precedents in the state’s history.
Mountain Studies Institute’s new executive director bridges science and policy
There’s no better way to learn about a river than being upside down inside it, says Molly McKeon, a Durango resident and the new executive director of the Mountain Studies Institute. At a time Southwe...
Is It Time To Reassess Sabra Health Care REIT (SBRA) After Its Strong 1 Year Rally?
If you are wondering whether Sabra Health Care REIT is fairly priced or has room on the upside, starting with a clear look at value can help you frame that decision. With the share price at US$20.17 and returns of 5.7% over 7 days, 4.8% over 30 days, 5.3% year to date, 30.2% over 1 year, 95.5% over 3 years and 63.4% over 5 years, many investors may be reassessing the balance between potential reward and risk. Recent news around Sabra has focused on its position as a health care focused REIT,...
Is Sphere Entertainment (SPHR) Pricing Reflect Lofty Expectations After Las Vegas Sphere Buzz?
If you are wondering whether Sphere Entertainment's share price matches its underlying worth, you are not alone. This article is designed to help you frame that question clearly. The stock last closed at US$115.70, with returns of 24.1% over 7 days, 17.8% over 30 days, 22.7% year to date and 140.0% over 1 year. These figures naturally raise questions about how much future upside or downside is already reflected in the price. Recent coverage has focused on Sphere Entertainment's high profile...
The Real Truth About The Upsides And Downsides Of Generative AI As A Mental Health Advisor
Most discussions about AI that's used for mental health is tilted to one side or the other, either its good or its bad. The full story is a tradeoff. An AI Insider scoop.
College football teams with best QB depth situations for 2026
Depth at quarterback can make or break a season, and these programs have built security and upside at the position
Photos: 2026 Cubs Convention
Photos from the Cubs Convention on Jan. 16-18, 2026, at the Sheraton Grand Chicago. Column: Something old, something new and a whole lot of blue at the Cubs Convention Edward Cabrera brings high upside to Cubs — with some risk: ‘He’s going to help us win ballgames’ Cubs to induct Jon Lester, Jody Davis and Vince Lloyd into Hall of Fame: ‘It really hasn’t sunk in yet’ How star third baseman ...
Baby chimpanzees like to free fall through trees
Chimp infants are three times more likely to take risks than adults.
Experts reveal greatest concerns with RFK Jr.’s new dietary guidelines
(NEXSTAR) – After Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. “turned the food pyramid upside down,” health experts are weighing in on what they see as the most worrying – and positive – asp…
Step Into the Upside Down: Samsung and Netflix Offer Exclusive ‘Stranger Things’ Theme for Galaxy
As the door closes on “Stranger Things,” Samsung Electronics and Netflix are giving fans a chance to celebrate the final season of the iconic show that has shaped pop culture for nearly a decade. Starting Jan. 12, Samsung Galaxy users in 186 countries can download an exclusive “Stranger Things” theme and wallpapers via Galaxy Store1
Ranking NFL head coaching vacancies: Which open job is most desirable?
A look at the six NFL head coaching openings, ranked by roster strength, cap outlook and long-term upside
How the ‘Stranger Things’ series finale turned the Upside Down ‘Rightside Up’
With a giant evil spider monster, mysterious briefcase and a whole lot of teary characters bidding adieu, “Stranger Things” has now become a thing of the past.
Apple’s ‘Invisible AI’ Strategy Is Why 5-Star Analyst Dan Ives Sees Upside Into 2026
Apple Inc. ($AAPL) is best known for iPhones, services, and steady cash returns, not flashy AI launches. Yet that is precisely why top Wedbush analyst Dan Ives sees...
Seahawks slay the ‘Upside Down’ Panthers, destiny awaits vs. 49ers
The Seahawks have one more hurdle to clear to have home-field advantage on the road to Super Bowl 60.
What is the Upside Down? 'Stranger Things 5' finally answers series-long mystery
What is the Upside Down? 'Stranger Things 5' gives us an answer, and series creators Matt and Ross Duffer are here to unpack it all.
The Year in Entertainment 2025: The TV that was top
The small screen took us everywhere from the shores of Cousins Beach to the emergency room at the Pittsburgh Trauma Medical Center this year. Here's a look at the shows and limited series that defined 2025:It was the medical procedural drama The Pitt that scored the top prize at the Emmys this year. Led by Noah Wyle, who won the best actor in a drama Emmy for his portrayal of Dr. Robby in the new series, The Pitt's first season followed the challenges faced by health care workers on the front lines over the course of a single, 15-hour shift at the hospital. Other big winners at the ceremony included Seth Rogen's new comedy series The Studio, as well as the Netflix limited series Adolescence.Many prestige shows captured the cultural zeitgeist in 2025. Fans traveled to Thailand to check in for season 3 of The White Lotus, while the mystery at Lumon Industries continued to unfold as Severance season 2 rolled out. The Last of Us viewers mourned a fan-favorite character during its sophomore season, while Star Wars fans returned to a galaxy far, far away to bid farewell to Andor as it debuted its second and final season.Nobody could stop talking about The Summer I Turned Pretty. Whether you were team Conrad or team Jeremiah, fans couldn't keep their eyes off the dramatic third season of the teen romance series, which spanned from the U.S.'s East Coast all the way to Paris. While the series ended with Belly finally picking which brother she wanted to be with, the story isn't quite over. A feature film that will end the romantic saga has been greenlit by Prime Video.Finally, the year ended with the release of the fifth and final season of Stranger Things. It turned Netflix's streaming records upside down, accumulating 59.6 million views in its first five days and becoming the best-ever premiere week viewing numbers for an English-language series on the streaming platform.Copyright © 2025, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.
The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
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