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Aaron Sorkin says ‘money does not motivate’ Jesse Eisenberg: ‘It’s infuriating’
Aaron Sorkin says he spent three days trying to convince Jesse Eisenberg to return as Mark Zuckerberg for ‘The Social Reckoning,’ but none of his arguments, including a substantial salary, made an impact on the star.
Trinity Health Ann Arbor paves the way with new aortic valve procedure
Cardiac surgeons at Trinity Health Hospital in Ann Arbor are using robotic assistance to pave the way for a new aortic valve surgery procedure. WEMU’s Ana Longoria has the details.
NVIDIA Raises Shield TV Pro Price to $299, Discontinues Standard Shield TV
NVIDIA has raised the price of the Shield TV Pro from $199.99 to $299.99, effective October 2. The streaming box launched in October 2019 at $199.99 and held that price for almost seven years. Earlier this year, NVIDIA promised to keep updating the Shield TV, with hardware engineering SVP Andrew...
Dodgers Could Use Four Different Closers This Postseason
Dave Roberts plans to lean on situational flexibility, leveraging a deep Los Angeles Dodgers bullpen headlined by Tanner Scott.
Ocean chemistry on ancient Earth could help scientists search for life on alien worlds
"Earth's history shows that oxygen, nutrients, and life evolved together. Understanding those connections gives us a more nuanced perspective on our own planet's future and what we might look for on other planets."
Three Last-Minute Florida vs. Missouri Predictions
Fresh off a dominant upset, the Florida Gators' high-octane offense prepares to dismantle a depleted Missouri defense.
Columbine Brutal Reminder on Epidemic of School Violence
Colorado Politics looks back at Ken Salazar’s reflections on the Columbine shooting and a landmark court ruling that reshaped election security standards for Colorado voting machines.
NLDS is not David vs. Goliath: Shohei Ohtani injuries among Dodgers' problems
The health of Shohei Ohtani is just one of the issues facing the Dodgers as they begin their quest for a third consecutive World Series championship.
Both parties must reject the politics of resentment (Editorial)
America does not need more political entertainers, like Hasan Piker, who profit from anger. It needs leaders willing to disappoint their own side when principle demands it. The soul of both parties is at stake. More importantly, so is the…
Islanders Gameday News: New lines, new arena experiences
The New York Islanders have their 54th home opener tonight, and some of you remember all 54 which means some of you (g’morning, Rick!) are really freaking old. (I myself am a spring chicken, so I categorically deny pining for the days when there were rectangular goal creases and no ads on the boards, much […]
Penn State's top players in brutal loss to Northwestern
Penn State players Chase Sowell and Kooper Ebel stood out during a disappointing 34-13 loss to the Wildcats.
Brazil is regulating AI use in elections. Here’s why it’s been a challenge.
Brazil’s polarized political landscape is rife with disinformation – a challenge that can be turbocharged by artificial intelligence.
Nate Bargatze and 4 CEOs gave me the same career advice
At the Ford Accelerate conference, CEOs and one famous comedian spoke about how they built their high-octane careers.
Swiss scientist soils underpants, wins silly science prize
Franz Bender convinced a thousand people to soil their underwear. The Swiss soil ecologist and his team recruited 1,000 citizen scientists to bury and dig up underwear around Switzerland in an effort to better understand soil and soil health.
Newcastle Have A Generational Talent In Sean Steur
The Dutch prodigy combines Ajax-bred technicality with remarkable poise, offering Matthias Jaissle a press-resistant engine capable of anchoring the Magpies’ ambitious new era for years to come.
Rajasthan Royals star creates history, surpasses Chris Gayle for highest T20 score
Lhuan-dre Pretorius has made T20 cricket history with his phenomenal score of 188 runs off 79 balls while playing for the Titans against the Knights. This feat breaks Chris Gayle's former record of 175 runs, showcasing Pretorius's exceptional talent as he maintained a striking rate of 237.97. His recent century for South Africa further underscores his remarkable consistency and prowess on the field.
Boylan upends Auburn for its first win of the season
The Boylan Titans earned their first win of the season and their first win under new head coach Joel Beard Friday night by defeating Auburn 27-6.
Clemson president among those asking for adjustments to Protect College Sports Act
SPARTANBURG, SC(WSPA)–Clemson president Ben Ayers was among four ACC presidents to sign a letter addressed to U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson asking for adjustments to the Protect College Sports Act now before his body, the website Tomahawk Nation reported Friday night. The letter advocates changing expansion language in the PCSA bill that passed the senate […]
Stanford's Caroline Birkel Hasn't Allowed a Goal This Season
With Birkel back in net, the Cardinal have looked more like themselves
FNF Week 5: Kennedy edges Salmen, 42-40
The Kennedy Cougars hosted the Salmen Spartans on Thursday night at Pan American Stadium.
HIGHLIGHTS: Wall vs. Midland Christian
MIDLAND, Texas (KMID/KPEJ) – Midland Christian hosted Wall and the Mustangs handed the Hawks their first loss since December 2024. With the win, Midland Christian wrapped up non-district play with a 3-3 record, and next week they begin district play on the road against Fort Worth Christian. Watch the video above for the highlights.
More younger women are being diagnosed with breast cancer
Learn about the importance of early detection and risk assessment in breast cancer, as shared by Missy Bohan, director of the CAMC Breast Center. Find out why starting mammograms at age 40 is crucial and how the center provides support throughout the process.
Science Hill shuts down East
By Eric Woods Tribune Sports Editor Science Hill raced past Morristown East without much resistance from the ‘Canes, shutting East out 58-0. It was the… Login to continue reading Login Sign up for complimentary access Sign Up Now Close
Friday Scoreboard
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) – Here are scores from around the area: College Volleyball:Sioux Falls 3, UMary 0Jamestown 3, Augustana 2 High School Football:#2 Brandon Valley, 38, #3 Harrisburg 12Roosevelt 40, Rapid City Central 0#4 O’Gorman 35, Washington 13#1 Jefferson 62, Omaha Westview (NE) 25#5 Lincoln 55, Rapid City Stevens 0#2 Tea Area 42, Brookings […]
Missoula Public Health offers free mammograms Oct. 14
Women in Missoula have an opportunity to get a free mammogram this month, regardless of whether they have health insurance.Missoula Public Health says women age
Livingston residents, local business voice concerns about film production disruptions
Livingston residents and local businesses are voicing concerns after a film production crew recently took over downtown.While the movie is bringing revenue to t
Tarik Skubal named Game 1 starter as Shohei Ohtani provides health update
LOS ANGELES — With less than 24 hours before the first pitch of Game 1 of the NLDS, Dodgers manager Dave Roberts made his decision: Tarik Skubal will take the ball Saturday afternoon against the
‘I didn’t realize he was this soft’: Dave Portnoy blames Ryan Day’s ‘temper tantrums’ for being removed from ‘Big Noon Kickoff’
Dave Portnoy and other top personalities at Barstool Sports have been a part of Fox’s Big Noon Kickoff college football pregame show for a little over a year. That is now over, with The Athletic reporting on Friday evening that Barstool Sports would no longer feature on the program. Sources told The Athletic that “there…
Grizzlies Face Roster Crunch With Three Cuts Needed Before Season
The Memphis Grizzlies have 18 players on standard contracts and need to trade or waive three before the regular season begins.
Your AI Agents Can Write Code. Can They Understand Your Business?
AI agents need to understand how businesses work. Graphify’s rise shows why ontologies and knowledge graphs matter for the agentic enterprise and economy.
No. 3 Spartans Dominate Exhibition: The Eric Nilson Show
Eric Nilson’s four-point explosion and Joshua Ravensbergen’s poised debut fueled a surgical offensive display as the Spartans dismantled Boston College to signal their pursuit of another title.
Jaguar Health Announces a Special Stock Dividend
Dividend intended to provide dilution protection to Jaguar shareholders as company continues evaluation of strategic alternativesSAN FRANCISCO, CA / ACCESS Newswire / October 2, 2026 / (NASDAQ:JAGX) ("Jaguar" or "the Company") today announced that its Board of Directors has declared a special stock dividend (the "Special Stock Dividend") to holders of Jaguar Common Stock and certain outstanding warrants as of record on October 13, 2026. The Special Stock Dividend will consist of the Company's Se
Will Brazil Betting Ban Change Flutter Entertainment's (FLUT) Narrative
Flutter Entertainment reported that Don Liu resigned as Chief Legal Officer effective September 30, 2026, with Group Company Secretary Edward Traynor stepping in as interim Chief Legal Officer from October 1, 2026. Brazil's recent ban on online betting removes a previously important market opportunity for Flutter Entertainment, placing greater emphasis on execution in existing regulated regions and any remaining expansion plans. We will now look at how Flutter Entertainment's investment...
Nonprofit launches crisis line for those struggling with mental health, substance abuse
Doctors, insurers sue Newsom over health insurance premium increases
Doctors and health insurers filed a lawsuit Friday alleging Gov. Gavin Newsom and the Legislature violated the law when they approved a healthcare tax that could substantially increase insurance premiums for Californians.
Shohei Ohtani provides health update: ‘My swing is in a better place’
The Dodgers do not need Ohtani to pitch, but they do need him to be a presence in the lineup.
Crude oil tanker struck by unknown projectile off Oman, UKMTO says
The master of a crude oil tanker has reported being struck by an unknown projectile 4 nautical miles east of Oman, the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) said early on Saturday.
Ohtani Cleared Physically for Dodgers Postseason Opener
Despite late-season injury scares, Shohei Ohtani returns to the lineup fully healthy, providing a massive offensive boost as the Los Angeles Dodgers begin the postseason.
Eagles Rule Out DeVonta Smith, Zack Baun for Game vs. Rams
Philadelphia will be down a couple of key contributors for an important game.
Small Business Administration Update on New Rules for Small Business Size Standards - Law Offices of Snell & Wilmer
By Brett W. Johnson, Carrie Schaffer, and Hannah Wolf1 Recently, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) provided notice of a proposed rule, Small Business Size Standards, that would fundamentally restructure how the federal government defines a “small business.” The rule proposes new size standards for 338 industry groups and industries.2 On that same day, the […]
Group Health Cooperative opens Pathways to Recovery program
The new program aims to expand substance use treatment to reach more people in need.
Results are in for LIA’s Entertainment & Content and Cultural Catalyst: TBWA\HAKUHODO wins Gold
The Entertainment & Content and Cultural Catalyst results are in, led by TBWA\HAKUHODO Inc., Tokyo winning a Gold and Bronze for Tokyo Metropolitan Government's 'Cheer Signs'.
David Ellison's Skydance is a pretty name. What it stands for isn't
By naming the product of two mergers Skydance, David Ellison relegates two of Hollywood's founding studios to a sub-brand stew and attempts to erase a bunch of controversial hires.
Register to Vote by October 5 #AACTNow
Your vote is your choice. Make sure registration is on your calendar. October 5, 2026 is the Texas voter-registration deadline for the November 3 general election. AACT Now is sharing voter information and important election dates to help people prepare. Visit aactnow.org for resources. Presented by Texas Border Business and MeGustaTV.
Pharr Police Earns State Accreditation
A department-wide achievement for Pharr Police. The Pharr Police Department has earned state accreditation, recognizing rigorous standards in professionalism, accountability, training and leadership. Chief Juan Gonzalez credits the dedication and professionalism of the entire department.
Wayne State names UM official as first dean of new health college
Lisa Prosser is expected to fully stand up the new Wayne State University School of Public Health by the completion of her initial two-year term.
Citywide Mental Health Emergency Service Continues Expansion With Longer Hours
The city's Crisis Assistance Response and Engagement program (CARE) is moving its previous 10 a.m.-4:30 p.m. hours to a new 8 a.m.-10 p.m. weekday schedule.
Troy council passes law setting standards for use of Flock cameras
One provision requires the city to delete all data from the license plate reader (LPR) technology within 72 hours.
Scientists discover first type I superconductor that breaks time-reversal symmetry
Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with no resistance and expel magnetic fields when cooled to ultralow temperatures. And depending on their quantum structure, they can also showcase ...
S&P 500 Posts Slight Weekly Drop as Health Care, Financials Weigh
The Standard & Poor's 500 index slipped 0.3% this week amid a broad decline led by the health care a
Tony Pollard off the injury report
Tony Pollard will be suiting up for the Titans in Week 4.
Science Hill Independent Superintendent Matt Cook building more professional learning communities in the district
Science Hill Independent Superintendent Matt Cook stands with Science Hill students at the district’s annual Constitution Day Parade in September. Photo courtesy Matt Cook. The new superintendent of Science Hill Independent, Matt Cook, is focusing on building more
Center for Healing the Hurt hosting Women's Mental Health Day
Taking care of your mental health is just as important as taking care of your physical health, but for many women, their own well-being can end up at the bottom of the list.
Do Animals Understand Us? Here’s What Science Says
Your pet may not be able to speak, but that doesn’t mean you two can’t find ways to communicate. Here’s how to talk and listen to the beloved animals in your life, according to experts.
Apple will limit Mac disk access as AI agents ‘substantially’ increase risk
Apple isn’t taking AI security risks lightly.
Modern Science: An Ohio University professor studies the mechanisms behind bats using echolocation
ATHENS, Ohio (WOUB) —There's a lot we know about how animals navigate their world, but there's even more we don't. This included how bats use echolocation until recently.Peishu Li is an assistan
At $1.30 a share, Fin Posillipo buys depositary shares in Genenta Science (Nasdaq: GNTA).
Reporting persons may be deemed to own about 11.5% of shares and 18.94% of voting power. Fin Posillipo bought 110,000 ADSs August 7–19, 2026.
Tonight’s ‘Dateline’ episode involves former Kansas doctor sentenced in 1989 rape
A case with ties to Kansas will be under the “Dateline” spotlight in Friday night’s episode on KSN.
iOS 27’s Siri gets one thing very right that other AI assistants get wrong
Siri AI is now available in iOS 27 as a major upgrade to Apple’s assistant, and it differs greatly from other AI assistants in one key area.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden stops paying health benefits for employees on strike
The Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden has stopped paying health benefits for all employees who went on strike over what they say are unfair labor practices.
Chicago expanding program meant to help those experiencing mental health crises
Chicago is expanding the Crisis Assistance Response and Engagement program, which helps people experiencing mental health crises.
Photos | Redwood Coast Music Festival fills Eureka with listening entertainment through weekend
Venues include the Sequoia Conference Center, Veterans Memorial Building, Adorni Center, Eagle House, Red Lion Hotel, Eureka Theater and the Morris Graves Museum.
Mental health response teams now have night time hours, city officials say
Starting Monday, the Crisis Assistance Response and Engagement (CARE) program will extend its hours of operation to 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Friday and add a second shift of evening staff.
Weiser joins lawsuit challenging new fuel economy standards
“The federal government’s backsliding on standards for the next five years requires less fuel economy than what the U.S. fleet of new cars and trucks achieved in 2021. Rolling back fuel efficiency standards will cost Coloradans even more at the gas pump, harm public health, and undermine our nation’s position in the EV market. These clean car rules are part of our clean energy future and that’s why we are challenging this illegal action,” said Attorney General Weiser.
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe
Scientists seek new ways to protect Sierra Nevada meadows
Sierra Nevada meadows may cover a relatively small portion of the landscape, but scientists say they play an important role in supporting wildlife, storing water and maintaining biodiversity.
Global life expectancy bounces back to near pre-pandemic levels, WHO says
People around the world are living longer again, with global life expectancy almost fully recovered from the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) said on Friday.
October 1 ushered in a new era in U.S. foreign aid. What's the plan? Will it work?
The America First strategy asks for a Memorandum of Understanding as a condition for healthcare and development aid. It's been praised for promoting self-reliance but criticized for its conditions.
Thunder Must Replace Pressure, Not Just Production
Oklahoma City’s new-look depth must replicate the internal accountability that fueled last season’s success, ensuring competition—not just talent—drives the roster toward a championship standard.
American Conference Front Runners Make Stand on Tulane Bye Week
The Tulane Green Wave are on their bye week ahead of conference play, which also means that the American Conference teams who headed straight into that slate are already making a splash in those standings.
Two Carolina Panthers the Detroit Lions Must Watch Out For
A dominant interior force and a towering vertical threat stand between Detroit and a crucial road win as the Lions prepare for a physical Sunday night showdown.
Defense Contracts Roundup: Intuitive Research Nets $58M Army Contract
Intuitive Research and Technology was awarded a $58,742,720 modification for systems engineering and technical assistance support for the Short and
Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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