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Voters, scientists say candidates should dig into environmental issues
Extreme weather events cost taxpayers and impact recreation and health, experts say.
Colorado’s first pup Gia — a 4-legged staple of Jared Polis’ term as governor
Gia, a rescue dog, attended bill signings and news conferences, meetings with big-name politicians and members of the governor’s cabinet
Apple Planning to Bring iPhone Duo Display Tech to Pro in 2029
Apple's 2029 "Pro" iPhones could adopt thinner and more power-efficient OLED screens, according to UBI Research. The technology, known as Color Filter on Encapsulation (CoE), removes the conventional polarizer from the OLED panel and places a color filter directly on top of its encapsulation layer. A polarizer helps suppress reflections from ambient light, but it also absorbs a significant portion of the light produced by the display.
Sen. Dylan Roberts named Upper Basin co-chair of Colorado River Forum
Colorado State Sen. Dylan Roberts was elected co-chair of the Colorado River Forum’s Upper Basin during last week’s meeting in San Diego, where lawmakers and water officials discussed the looming expiration of the Interim Operating Guidelines and the growing need for basin-wide collaboration on conservation, infrastructure and long-term planning.
6 Numbers That Reveal Your Financial Health
Why it’s crucial to know your monthly cash flow, credit score and other key figures
Everything You Know About Political Violence Is Probably Wrong
Public disagreement about whether political violence is rising and who is responsible for it stems not from ideology alone but from competing definitions about what should be counted.
Few trans students play school sports in Colorado. A 2026 ballot measure would ban them.
Proposition 134 on the Colorado ballot would prevent transgender children from participating in school sports.
Sunda Energy, Meridian Mining, Quantum Helium, Light Science Technologies, Foresight Solar, hVIVO
Sunda Energy PLC (AIM:SNDA, FRA:GHA0) has raised £5.25 million to fund completion of its New Zealand acquisition. It's also launching a retail offer for a further £525,000. Meridian Mining Plc (LSE:MNO, TSX:MNO, OTCQX:MRRDF) has delivered a net present value of $2.09 billion for its Cabaçal project in Brazil. The CEO says the economics could make it the next major near-term gold-copper mine. Quantum Helium Ltd (AIM:QHE) is targeting Q4 2026 for a larger fracture stimulation programme at Sagebrush-1 in Colorado. It's also taking a 9% stake in Herencia Resources. Light Science Technologies Holdings PLC (AIM:LST, FRA:9FD) has secured a repeat order from a healthcare devices customer, pushing that contract past £500,000. It's building out higher-margin work in defence and medical sectors. Foresight Solar Fund Ltd (LSE:FSFL, FRA:1F5) says it's considering all strategic options to lift a share price stuck below the value of its assets. The board says it needs to "act decisively" to close that gap. hVIVO PLC (AIM:HVO) has appointed Caroline Shaw as an independent non-executive director. She brings more than 30 years of senior healthcare leadership to the board. Follow us and subscribe on YouTube, our social channels, and on proactiveinvestors.co.uk.
EPIC Entertainment Group brings seasonal experiences to life
Halloween and Christmas events cap off the company's milestone year
Remind me again why we are voting on such things?
I should warn you, dear readers, that today’s column deals with two subjects that are often viewed as both boring and tedious: tax policy and voter initiatives. If you find such things interesting, please read on. If not, consider watching funny cat videos. Where was I? Oh, right … Anyone who has read my various […]
CSU experts say rising heat will negatively impact academics this fall
Fort Collins just logged its warmest summer on record. Nighttime lows aren’t dropping the way they used to. And through most of September, nearly every day has landed above the historical average for the month. For Colorado State University students, that’s more than a matter of sweating through class; researchers say it could be shaping...
How Avalanche’s Ilya Nabokov Has Looked Through Two Preseason Games
Ilya Nabokov’s performance on Monday wasn’t quite as strong as the one he had at Ball Arena the previous night. […]
A 14-year-old in a Colorado farm town built a robotic hand from LEGO bricks, fishing line and surgical tubing, then met a 7-year-old at a science fair wearing an $80,000 prosthetic arm she had already outgrown — his next version, 3D-printed, came in under $400, and NASA took him on as an intern at 17
When a teenager's LEGO creation outperformed a prosthetic costing two hundred times more, he realized the gap between innovation and access wasn't about engineering—it was about economics.
New roadmap integrates arts into global health and wellbeing
Researchers have developed a roadmap for integrating the arts across health and wellbeing systems globally, from population health and prevention to community pathways and clinical care.
Rockies Notebook: Final Home Series Just Around the Corner
The Colorado Rockies are going to have a test in the Arizona Diamondbacks for their last home series in the 2026 MLB season.
As world leaders converge on U.S., Trump seeks to demonstrate control
The president's actions stand to color the backdrop of a week that will feature meetings with world leaders at the U.N. and a state visit by Chinese President Xi Jinping.
Line Combinations: Jets vs. Avalanche
The Winnipeg Jets are set to open their home exhibition schedule on Monday evening, as the Colorado Avalanche roll into town for the first pre-season game to be played at Canada Life Centre this fall.
Sen. Dylan Roberts named Upper Basin co-chair of Colorado River Forum
Colorado State Sen. Dylan Roberts was elected co-chair of the Colorado River Forum’s Upper Basin during last week’s meeting in San Diego, where lawmakers and water officials discussed the looming expiration of the Interim Operating Guidelines and the growing need for basin-wide collaboration on conservation, infrastructure and long-term planning.
Kickoff time, channel announced for Colorado vs. Texas Tech
The kickoff time for Colorado football's Week 5 matchup against a likely top 15 Texas Tech has been announced.
The colorectal cancer screening number health plans have never been scored on
Follow-up colonoscopy rates after a positive stool-based test range from 24-75%, according to NCQA. Same test, same result, very different odds that the
Amazon makes $20 million bet on the Colorado River
Amazon has launched what it calls one of the biggest corporate water conservation efforts for a single U.S. watershed with a pledge to invest $20 million into the Colorado River
Denver Museum of Nature & Science completes renovation of Sturm Family Wing
The Denver Museum of Nature & Science has reopened the renovated Sturm Family Wing featuring restored historic elements and modern enhancements.
Trump shattered Canada’s old US relationship. Carney is building a new one in Europe
TORONTO (AP) — For nearly four decades, Canada built its economy around closer integration with the United States. President Donald Trump has turned that dependence into leverage, imposing tariffs, threatening Canada’s sovereignty and openly seeking to pull Canadian industrial production south. Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney has moved on. Rather than return to trade talks […]
The Netherlands is bracing for potentially devastating US sanctions against the ICC
THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) — Dutch officials are preparing for the United States to impose a tough new round of sanctions on the International Criminal Court as it seeks to dismantle the global tribunal over what the Trump administration sees as overstepping its authority. Officials in the court’s host country, the Netherlands, have been notified […]
Kamala Harris launches into the 2026 midterms as her 2028 decision looms
As Kamala Harris mulls whether to run for president again, she’s throwing herself into the midterms by campaigning with fellow Democrats, starting with a Tuesday trip to Michigan on behalf of Senate nominee Abdul El-Sayed. It’s an especially notable destination for the former vice president. Michigan was one of seven battlegrounds she lost to Donald […]
Trump decries Democrats as ‘communists,’ even as he looks to impress China’s communist leader
WASHINGTON (AP) — Communism, President Donald Trump says, is the greatest threat the U.S. has ever faced. This summer, citing similarly grave concerns, he took the rare step of delivering a primetime address to the nation, accusing China of “sinister election meddling” in 2020 and reviving his yearslong push to dispute his loss in that […]
Rubio rings opening bell at New York Stock Exchange to begin UN General Assembly
Secretary of State Marco Rubio began the United Nations General Assembly, a major week in diplomacy, by ringing the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange on Monday. The ceremony serves as a time marker, signaling the start and closing of an official session. The bells were first used at the exchange in the […]
Zelensky said Trump agrees to speak in New York for diplomatic meeting
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky announced plans for a high-stakes meeting with President Donald Trump in New York. As the Ukraine-Russia war continues for more than four years, the U.S. has provided support valued at billions. Zelensky and Trump have had a strained relationship as the U.S. president balances relations with Ukraine and Russian leader Vladimir […]
How red went from the color of revolution to the color of Republicans in US politics
For American conservatives of the Cold War era, red was the color of communists and the mistrusted American left. Now, it’s the color of the GOP, while Democrats are blue.
How red went from the color of revolution to the color of Republicans in US politics
For American conservatives of the Cold War era, red was the color of communists and the mistrusted American left. Now, it’s the color of the GOP, while Democrats are blue. How did this happen?
CMU Political Science Students Meet Global Leaders at Conference on World Affairs
Five Colorado Mesa University political science students headed to Boulder in April after being selected from more than 35 applicants to attend the 2026 Conference on World Affairs. Students Kayla Bauer, Jordan Jenning, Jachin Glassman, Alexis ...
CMU Political Science Students Meet Global Leaders at Conference on World Affairs
Five Colorado Mesa University political science students headed to Boulder in April after being selected from more than 35 applicants to attend the 2026 Conference on World Affairs. Students Kayla Bauer, Jordan Jenning, Jachin Glassman, Alexis ...
Is DSAer Gonzalez any better than corrupt Griswold?
The good news is the interminable eight years of corruption and incompetence of Jena Griswold as secretary of state will end in January 2027. The bad news is Griswold might be elected to destroy the office of attorney general unless voters elect the far superior El Paso County District Attorney Michael Allen, who is actually […]
Accelerating AI creates need to nurture a constituency for ‘anticipatory democracy’
Recent appeals from a half-dozen chief executives in our artificial intelligence (AI) community asking the federal government to jump in and slow them down should alarm us all. Their warnings imply a fear their rapid progress in achieving “super intelligence” just may get us all killed. Now that Congress is considering mandatory “kill switches” installed […]
High diesel prices pressure Colorado agriculture
Silage harvest has begun in earnest in Colorado, and the choppers and trucks and pack tractors are all rolling and making east-slope mountains of cow chow. The silage will be used as part of cattle rations at dairies, ranches and feedyards across the area and the availability and growing conditions for silage and the state’s […]
CSU’s biochemistry and molecular biology department hosts annual kickoff
On Monday, Sept. 14, the Colorado State University department of biochemistry and molecular biology hosted its Academic Year Kickoff. The hourlong presentation mainly comprised information about the budgetary system CSU will adopt next fiscal year and the future of the department in response to the change. The event was hosted by department chair Laurie Stargell....
OnePlus 16 officially revealed with up to 1TB storage and three colorways
The OnePlus 16 is set to launch in China, succeeding last year's OnePlus 15. The company has now revealed the phone’s design, color options, and memory configurations.
Rockies Know That 100 Losses Are Probably Happening
Sunday's one-run loss to the Seattle Mariners only pushed the Colorado Rockies further down the road to that century defeat level.
Rockies Close in on 100 Losses After Falling to Mariners
The Colorado Rockies lost their 99th game of the season by falling to the Seattle Mariners on Sunday.
Broncos success brings business boost to Colorado Springs sports card shops
The Denver Broncos’ success is creating a ripple effect beyond the football field. In Colorado Springs, local sports card and collectibles shops are seeing increased interest in Broncos memorabilia, with Nation of Cards reporting higher demand and rising card values as fans and collectors look to own a piece of the team’s success.
CHOMEX Expands Commercial Focus as Demand Grows for Portable Office Buildings and Mobile Workspaces
United States, September 20, 2026 -- Commercial deployments across Arizona, Texas, Colorado, Nevada and California drive increased focus on por...
Kade Anderson strong in Mariners 2-1 win in Colorado
Dominic Canzone picks up two key hits as Mariners extend season
Fluminense hand Corinthians sixth straight Brasileirão defeat
Fluminense deepened Corinthians’ crisis this Sunday (20).Thanks to two goals from Hulk and one from Serna, the Tricolor won 3-1 right at Neo Química Arena.It was the sixth STRAIGHT defeat for Ferna...
US Forest Service closing 23 research facilities as part of overhaul under Trump
MONTANA Forest Service closing stations BILLINGS — The U.S. Forest Service is closing 23 research and development stations in more than a dozen states as part of an organizational overhaul under President Donald Trump that is intended to trim costs and concentrate the agency’s resources in Western states, officials said Sept. 3. The work being […]
BYU Moves into AP Top 10 After Colorado State Win
After a 41-23 road win over Colorado State, BYU moved up 2 spost to 9 in the latest AP Poll released Sunday. This is the first time BYU has been ranked in the top 10 of the AP Poll in September since 2009. It’s also the third straight season BYU has been ranked in the […]
This Colorado Oktoberfest is one of the best in the U.S.
USA Today 10Best recently published its list of the 10 best Oktoberfest celebrations in the U.S., and one Colorado event was included.
Former Intermountain Health employee sentenced after stealing prescriptions from Colorado patients
A former employee of Intermountain Health in Colorado has been sentenced after she stole more than 100 prescriptions from patients experiencing significant pain.
Colorado football report card after blowout loss to Northwestern
Colorado committed four turnovers and struggled defensively in a 41-7 loss to Northwestern. Here are the Buffaloes' Week 3 grades by position.
Deion Sanders wasn't happy that some players were laughing after blowout loss
Saturday night's blowout loss to Northwestern had some Colorado players not behaving like they were in a "fucking library."
Hundreds line up for free caffeinated drinks at 7 Brew stand in South Charleston
A crew of about 30 gave away free sweet, colorful caffeinated iced drinks on Sunday, Sept. 20, 2026, at the not-yet-opened 7 Brew location in the Park Place retail center in South Charleston, West Virginia. The Arkansas-based chain expects to open at 5:30 a.m. on Oct. 5, 2026.
This Week in Purple: Here for the fall
Colorado Rockies news and links for Sunday, September 20th, 2026
Deion Sanders unhappy with Colorado players laughing after Northwestern loss
Deion Sanders confronts Colorado Buffaloes players.
A kid’s right to bodily integrity at heart of why I’m voting for Prop. 135
Proposition 135 on this fall’s ballot would prohibit sex-change surgery on minors. Call it “gender-affirming surgery” if that makes the amputation sound more compassionate. I’ll admit, I struggled with how to vote. Not because I think children should undergo these surgeries, but because I’m suspicious whenever government barges into a family’s decisions. The question is […]
Ovarian cancer interrupted her travels, but it got family members to test for the BRCA1 gene
Dawn Riviere traveled the country for years with her husband Charles in their RV — from Colorado to Missouri. They always tried to come back south in the winter and
Colorado’s population corridor should have corridor-style passenger trains
Here are some points about the upcoming vote to provide funds for the CoCo (Colorado Connector) passenger trains that will run from Fort Collins through Denver and Colorado Springs to Pueblo. Only those voters who live inside the boundaries of the Front Range Passenger Rail District will get to vote on financing the passenger trains. […]
State settles infant formula contamination lawsuit, more Health Headlines
Colorado is set to receive nearly $2 million from Abbott Laboratories after settling nationwide allegations that the company misrepresented the safety of powdered infant formula purchased with state and federal
Diamondbacks 5, New York 3: That Was Just Silly!
Ginger was the color of the day, apparently!
BYU Starts Strong, Gets Road Win at Colorado State
LJ Martin and Legend Glasker showed their star power and BYU jumped out to a 38-7 lead before fluttering late in a 41-23 win at Colorado State Saturday night in Fort Collins. BYU led 31-7 at halftime, and scored a touchdown on their first drive of the second half to go up 38-7 before pulling […]
Two BYU football starters ruled out against Colorado State
Injuries to key offensive playmakers force the Cougars to test their depth in Fort Collins as the Rams aim to snap a decades-long losing streak against ranked opponents.
One arrested after attempted burglary at Colorado Springs business, according to police
One person was arrested after an attempted burglary, according to Colorado Springs police.
BYU football vs Colorado State in a pregame weather delay
BYU and Colorado State football game has entered a weather delay pregame ahead of the Sept. 19 game, which will be broadcast on CBS.
Northwestern vs. Colorado: How to Watch, Odds and Injury Report
Here's everything you need to know before the Northwestern Wildcats take on the Colorado Buffaloes in their final game at Northwestern Medicine Field at Martin Stadium
Rockies Show Incremental Improvement but Work Remains
The Colorado Rockies are nearing 100 losses this season and things still need fixing, yet there are signs of growth.
Amazon cuts Apple Watch Series 12, Ultra 4 prices upon release
Apple Watch Series 12 and Apple Watch Ultra 4 models are on sale this weekend, with Amazon rotating discounts across case options and band colors.
Week 3 Game Predictions: Northwestern Wildcats vs. Colorado Buffaloes
The predictions are in for Northwestern vs. Colorado as the Wildcats return from their bye week for a highly anticipated Week 3 matchup.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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