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Truth and Politics in the Age of Post-Truth

Get E-International Relations delivered to your inbox, free of charge. As you sign up, consider becoming a paid subscriber, or make a donation, to support our work. Subscribe This is an excerpt from Global Politics in a Post-Truth Era. You can download the book free of charge from E-International Relations. The term post-truth is by now so ubiquitous in describing the state of politics in the Western world and even beyond that the most pressing issue of the day appears to be about making democracy work in the era of post-truth rather than questioning the normalisation of the term itself in the first place. The critical turning point appeared to have occurred in 2016 when the term was chosen by the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘The Word of the Year.’ On its website, the Dictionary notes the transformation of post-truth from ‘being a peripheral term to being a mainstay in political commentary and connects ‘the spike in frequency’ directly with the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald J. Trump in the United States – both occurring in 2016. Paired with the noun ‘politics,’ post-truth is defined as an adjective ‘relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.’ The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term to a 1992 essay in The Nation by the playwright Steve Tesich as he reflected on the 1980s Iran-Contra scandal and the 1990–91 Gulf War: We are rapidly becoming prototypes of a people that totalitarian monsters could only drool about in their dreams. All the dictators up to now have had to work hard at suppressing the truth. We, by our actions, are saying that this is no longer necessary, that we have acquired a spiritual mechanism that can denude truth of any significance. In a very fundamental way we, as a free people, have freely decided that we want to live in some post-truth world (Tesich 1992, 13; emphasis added). He then continued, The Gulf War is over but the war at home goes on. The gulf between rich and destitute widens – between those of us who live in a modern post-industrial nation and those of us who live in the Third World countries of our inner cities. The present administration’s response to this internal crisis has shifted from benign to malignant neglect. The current levels of misery and decomposition of our cities and the economic gulags of our ghettos are acceptable. Since there is only so much hope to go around, there is a freeze on hope. The have-nots have now been reclassified as never-will-haves (Tesich 1992, 13). In the context of Tesich’s essay, truth includes both facts, as in what happens, and ‘moral absolutes,’ as in the ‘self-evident truths mentioned in our Constitution’ (Tesich 1992, 14). Together, these two notions of truth entail the obligation to both act and react. The two passages cited above show that even in the early post-Cold War years, Tesich was already deeply concerned that the American people are neither prepared to act on truth nor react to truth that is disconcerting, or what he calls ‘bad news’ (Tesich 1992, 12). Accordingly, Tesich’s insight as captured by the term post-truth is not that truth is irrelevant to what we know, but rather it is irrelevant to how we act. In contrast, ‘post-truth politics,’ as defined by Oxford as a term that pitches ‘objective facts’ against ‘emotion and personal belief’ such that the latter appears to have overtaken the former in shaping ‘public opinion’ and thereby, democratic politics. When Tesich’s post-truth politics and its current usage are juxtaposed, the two are in fact not identical in terms of what truth is and how it relates to politics. Against such consideration, this chapter provides a critical survey of selected historical events and theoretical considerations for the purpose of gaining a more nuanced understanding of the relation between truth and politics. Truth and Language One notable impact of post-truth politics is that language is being overtly deployed as a political weapon not only by politicians and those in power, but among the general population. It seems that once facts are irrelevant to the validity of what is being said, language becomes the platform for an all-out political contest in which what is said is no more than an act of will expressed as an assertion of power and/or an exercise in defiance. As early as in the writings of Thucydides (460–400 BCE), the vulnerability of logos – which is the human capacity for rational discourse in tumultuous times – was already noted. Thucydides belonged to a school of Greek thought which maintained that language is conventional and that the association between name and things is a result of ‘human use and habit’ rather than ‘nature or divine dispensation’ (Connor 1984, 99). The conventional nature of language means that it is incapable of providing its users with any independent criteria for judgement. In Thucydides’ study of the Peloponnesian War (431–405 BCE), the subversion of logos as seen in the manipulation of language was introduced through his account of the civil war in Corcyra (Thucydides 1972, 236-245). The war first broke out in 427 BCE between the pro-Athenian democratic faction and the pro-Spartan oligarchic faction before it spread to the rest of the Greek world. There was a general breakdown of law and order, resulting in extreme violence and death. Language underwent changes that were reflective of the events of the time. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) translated Thucydides’ description of the situation as follows: The received value of names imposed for signification of things, was changed into arbitrary. For inconsiderate boldness, was counted true-hearted manliness: provident deliberation, a handsome fear: modesty, the cloak of cowardice: to be wise in everything, to be lazy in everything... he that had been so provident as not to need to do the one or the other, was said to be a dissolver of society, and one that stood in fear of his adversary. In brief, he that could outstrip another in the doing of an evil act, or that could persuade another thereto that never meant it, was commended (Hobbes 1839–1845, 8: 348; Thucydides 1972, 242-243). What concerned Thucydides most was that the meanings of words are no more than linguistic conventions that require logos to support them. The Corcyrean civil war was a reminder that such capacity cannot be assumed. This is why history understood as an authentic account of what happens matters. Guided by logos, the historian’s task is ‘the search after truth’, which is established through ‘the absence of the fabulous,’ including ‘the rejection of myth and unverifiable stories’ (de Jonge 2017, 2). Thus, history plays an important role in facilitating the stability of language – without which distinctions and judgements cannot be rendered communicable. Just like Thucydides, Hobbes was a nominalist who subscribed to the view that there is no inherent meaning to words. Hobbes’ state of nature, where there is no common authority, is precisely one in which distinctions cannot be made. As Hobbes put it, there is ‘no Mine and Thine distinct’ nor is there distinction between ‘the notions of Right and Wrong, Justice and Injustice’ (1968, 188; emphasis in original). This is clearly an unsustainable condition for everyone. Behind Hobbes’ famous words that life in the state of nature is ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’ is his uncompromising argument for the ‘Leviathan’, which is described by the late American political theorist, Sheldon Wolin (1922–2015), as the ‘sovereign definer’ (Hobbes 1968, 186; Wolin 2004, 238–243). Accordingly, the social contract is importantly a ‘linguistic contract’ that binds all parties to ‘general names agreed upon’ (Peters 1979, 125; Hobbes 1968, 111). Through Thucydides and Hobbes, we can identify a line of thinking that sees politics as a contestation over the use of language, which is based on shared conventions and norms. Thus understood, politics is not a collective quest for the true nature of our being or an epistemological exercise in pursuit of true knowledge. Rather, politics is about humans living with one another by finding a shared language to communicate with one another on matters that affect them all. Truth is in that sense contingent on what is being said as opposed to setting the standard for it. In other words, truth is the embodiment of shareability among us. While truth as such ensures the viability of a political entity, truth by no means represents a normative standard to adjudicate among contesting actors in what they say, let alone in what they do. During Thucydides’ times, ancient China was also experiencing a tumultuous time as the ruling Zhou dynasty deteriorated into the period of the Warring States (481–221 BCE). This was when the rulers of Zhou no longer presided over the territories brought under its control through conquest. Instead of professing allegiance to the Zhou royalty, the lords of these territories became kings themselves to rule over their own land. The period was one marked by endless military campaigns as each of the seven major states aimed to conquer the rest (Lewis 1999). Yet, the period was also known for its intellectual vibrancy as different thinkers challenged the restoring of order among these warring states – including offering ideas and advice to rulers on good governance. Among these thinkers was Confucius (551–479 BCE). His thought, which came to be known as Confucianism, went on to become the state ideology of China from the Han dynasty (206 BCE–222 CE) until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 when China became a republic. The founding text of Confucianism was the Analects, which is a collection of dialogues between Confucius and his students as recorded by them. One key concept Confucius advanced is the ‘rectification of names’. Though the term only appears in one exchange in the Analects, it is considered a major aspect of Confucius’ thought. Generations of Confucian scholars from past and present, including Western academics, have debated over its interpretation (Makeham 2003). The passage in question reads as follows: Zi Lu said: ‘The monarch of the state of Wei wants you to govern the country, what is the first thing you plan on doing?’ Confucius said: ‘First it is necessary to rectify the names.’Zi Lu said: ‘Is that really what has to be done? You are being too pedantic, aren’t you now? How will you rectify these names?’Confucius said: ‘Zhong You, you are too unrefined. A gentleman, faced with a matter that he does not understand, takes a skeptical attitude. If names are not correct, one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, and if one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, affairs cannot be managed successfully. If affairs cannot be managed successfully, rites and music will not be conducted. If rites and music are not conducted, punishments will not be suitable. And if punishments are not suitable, the common people will not know what to do. So, when the gentleman uses names, it is necessary to be able to speak so that people understand. If one can say it, one can definitely do it. A gentleman should not be careless with words’ (Analects 13:3 in Cao 2016, 148). This translation is offered by the contemporary philosopher Cao Feng. As Cao notes, the passage is what started the whole debate over ‘exactly what kind of names did Confucius... wish to rectify’ (Cao 2016, 148). Of the three major groups of interpretation examined by Cao, beginning with classical Confucian scholarship, one is arguably the most influential and certainly most pertinent to the issue of language and politics. This is the interpretation that was first associated with the Neo-Confucian master, Zhu Xi (1130–1200), who argued that the ‘rectification of names is simply the rectification of politics’ (Cao 2016, 149). Within this interpretive framework, rectification has the dual functions of correction and prescription by ensuring that predetermined hierarchical roles are strictly adhered to through following ‘the system of rites and propriety’ (Cao 2016, 151). In addition, the rectification of names entails ‘using names to rectify actuality’ (Cao 2016, 151). Yet Cao rejects this whole body of interpretive works by arguing that these were ideas developed later. Instead, Cao suggests the following: The original meaning of Confucius’ rectification of names may, then, be quite simple. Confucius did not mean to establish a concrete, normative system of “names”; rather, Confucius was simply the first person in history to realize or remark upon the importance of language in politics. As a politician, he noticed and foresaw the impact that the indeterminacy, ambiguity, and arbitrariness of names would have on politics. Confucius recognized the political consequences of language’s not accurately expressing meaning or not being accurately received by people. He realized the great role that names, as a means of distinguishing right and wrong and establishing norms, could play in society and politics (Cao 2016, 168). Scholarly debates aside, Cao’s view has the advantage of identifying an interpretation of this controversial exchange in the Analects that enables its readers to extrapolate from it the observation that the meaning of words depends as much on their users as on their interpreters; neither of which can be predetermined. Accordingly, a good ruler is someone who can speak without ambiguity to his subjects and make good his words through actions. Stated differently, Cao’s view on what concerned Confucius then, who was living through times of protracted political upheaval, is that language is an indispensable political tool for those in power and can be deployed by both good and bad rulers alike. To sum up, this historical survey shows that politics as a war of words is by no means a distinctive marker of contemporary politics nor the Western world. Be it ancient or current, east or west, language is subject to manipulation to serve political purposes and when there is an outright war of words that defies existing norms, it is indicative of a political situation in which people no longer share a language and truth becomes irrelevant. Accordingly, political order entails stability in language use. Truth and Politics As previously noted, current use of the term post-truth as an adjective to the term ‘politics’ suggests that once there was a time when politics aligned with truth. Indeed, if we start with Plato’s Republic as the key founding text of Western political thought, we see that the ideal polis (city-state of ancient Greece) is where truth and politics converge, and justice is achieved. Written around 380 BCE when Athens was still coping with its defeat by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War, the Republic is a defence of the rule of the ‘philosopher king’, defined as someone who is ‘guided by the truth’ and is ‘always and in every way’ in pursuit of the truth (Plato 1974, 490a). For Plato, truth converges with virtues and hence, letting the philosopher take charge of politics is to let the wisest and the most virtuous lead the less wise and the less virtuous even if it requires compulsion (Plato 1974, 499b). In Plato’s words, ‘…until the philosophers attain power in a city there will be no respite from evil for either city or citizens…’ (Plato 1974, 501e). The uncompromising rule of philosopher-kings is made palatable by the claim that we are all ‘earth- born brothers’ with random mixtures of gold, silver, bronze and iron, but only the gold can rule (Plato 1974, 414–415). Understandably, academic debates over the interpretation of Plato’s Republic revolve around the question of whether truth as attained in philosophy can be realised in politics as action and whether such a connection is even desirable. Without getting into the details of these scholarly exchanges, I suggest that they all share the concern that truth acquired through the rigorous process of philosophical reasoning is not without problem when applied to the real world of living humans. This is because not all humans are philosophers – and indeed, in Plato’s view, not everyone is capable of becoming a philosopher given the protracted and arduous training that one needs to endure to become one. Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), a highly influential political philosopher of the twentieth century, notes that ‘Plato was the first to introduce the division between those who know and do not act and those who act and do not know’ and that such a separation has remained ‘at the root of all theories of domination’ (Arendt 1958, 223, 225). What Arendt points out in this remark is not the gap between theory and practice, but rather that Plato provides the normative ground for those who know the truth to tell those who do not know what to do. Arendt herself took on the challenge of understanding the relationship between truth and politics through her analysis of Nazism and Stalinism. Arendt’s insight, which was controversial when The Origins of Totalitarianism was published in 1951, was to identify Nazism and Stalinism as representative of a new form of political rule – totalitarianism – making it distinct from ‘other forms of political oppression... such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship’ (Arendt 1973, 460). Arendt defines totalitarianism as a self- contained system of ideas driven by their ‘logic’ and marked by a mode of reasoning called ‘ideological thinking.’ Ideological thinking as such is a distinctive form of political reasoning defined by three characteristics. First, ideological thinking claims to provide a ‘total explanation’ of all historical happenings, encompassing the past, the present, and the future. Second, while ideological thinking is an attempt to account for ‘factual reality’ in its totality, this mode of thinking is paradoxically divorced from reality and experience. This is because experience, being rooted in specificity, is clearly limited in its claim to totality. It follows that as its third characteristic, ideological thinking aims to emancipate thought from the limitation imposed by experience through a ‘specific method of demonstration.’ The method involves arranging facts into an ‘absolutely logical procedure’ that starts from an ‘axiomatically accepted premise’. It is, in short, a ‘process of deduction from a premise’ – which is the only possible movement in the realm of logic that leads to one definitive conclusion. This is how the ‘logicality of ideological thinking’ provides the basis for total explanation and the ‘principle of action’ for totalitarian movement (Arendt 1973, 468–474). Stated differently, totalitarianism is a form of uncompromising idealism that exists in one’s head irrespective of shared reality as experienced. It is the perverse form of what Arendt later refers to as ‘rational truth’, which is the product of the ‘speculative mind’ that belongs to philosophy, mathematics and the sciences. The ‘speculative mind’ is the mind working on its way to generate axioms and theories by relying on the cognitive capacity of the human brain (Arendt 1977, 231). The presence of others has no bearing whatsoever on rational truth. In contrast, ‘factual truth’ is what happens when humans are ‘living and acting together’ (Arendt 1977, 231). Factual truth is therefore particular and temporal by definition. But more importantly, factual truth is ‘political by nature’ because it can only be validated in the context of the human community (Arendt 1977, 238). In other words, factual truth is about humans in their plurality rather than in their singularity. For factual truth to be sustainable, we need what Arendt calls ‘common sense’ – understood as ‘community sense’ (Arendt 1982, 72). There is also another distinction about truth that Arendt makes which is pertinent to understanding how totalitarianism works. The issue is whether the so-called totalitarian ideology is simply an unnecessarily cumbersome way of saying that it is an all-round and polished lie. Here, Arendt calls totalitarian ideology the ‘modern lie’ – in contrast to the ‘traditional lie’. The latter is restricted by two conditions: that it is a lie about the ‘particulars’ and that it deceives only the ‘enemy’ – which means that the liar is not engaged in self- deception. The modern lie, however, involves a ‘complete rearrangement of the whole factual texture’. It also intends to deceive everyone alike, to the extent that those who initiate the lie eventually ‘fall victims to their own falsehood’ (Arendt 1977, 249–254). This distinction between the traditional and modern lie is important. It indicates that not only is totalitarianism a lie, but the lie is in fact too big to fit into the standard meaning of the word. To tell a lie from truth, we need a common standard. In the case of a traditional lie, the common standard is precisely ‘the fabric of factuality’. As such, a lie always appears as a ‘tear’ to that fabric. Yet, modern lies require making a surrogate reality with a completely different context for facts to fit ‘without seam, crack, or fissure, exactly as the facts fitted into their original context’. Arendt notes that as long as those who concoct the surrogate reality are prepared to engage in self- deception to ‘create a semblance of truthfulness’, there is nothing to prevent ‘these new stories, images, and non-facts from becoming an adequate substitute for reality and factuality’ (Arendt 1977, 253–254). Totalitarianism therefore requires a person to stand outside of the system itself in order to make sense of it. Arendt points out that it is futile for us to argue with (for example) a Nazi or a Stalinist on race or class. To confront totalitarianism requires more than just a confrontation with specific facts. It is a more fundamental confrontation between reality as experienced and its total rejection. This means that Nazism and Stalinism are more than radical ways of conducting racial conflict or class struggle. Rather: Totalitarian politics – far from being simply antisemitic or racist or imperialist or communist – use and abuse their own ideological and political elements until the basis of factual reality, from which the ideologies originally derived their propaganda value– the value of struggle, for instance, or the interest conflicts between Jews and their neighbours – have all but disappeared (Arendt 1973, xv). Accordingly: The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (that is, the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (that is, the standards of thought) no longer exist (Arendt 1973, 474). Who then is the ‘ideal subject’ of totalitarianism? Although there is a revival of interest in Arendt’s observation on truth and politics since the onset of post- truth politics, not enough has been said about her reply to the question (Hyvönen 2018; Klinkler 2018; Lee 2019; Zerilli 2020). Yet if we take a look at Arendt’s portrait of this ideal subject, her view is even more pertinent to our current challenge. As a self-contained system of ideas that is detached from experience, totalitarian thinking offers consistency in ways that reality cannot. Arendt notes that this kind of consistency is especially appealing to those who have lost a sense of bearing in the world (Arendt 1973, 353). They constitute what she calls the ‘masses’. The ‘mass man’ is thus a highly isolated and atomised individual, who is ‘obsessed by a desire to escape from reality’ (Arendt 1973, 318, 352). In his ‘essential homelessness’ the mass man can ‘no longer bear its accidental, incomprehensible aspects’ (Arendt 1973, 352). This longing for escape from reality is a ‘verdict against the world’ in which one is ‘forced to live’ but ‘cannot exist’ (Arendt 1973, 352). Such a situation is ripe for the ‘revolt of the masses’ against ‘common sense,’ which is ‘the result of their atomisation, of their loss of social status’ and with it, the ‘whole sector of communal relationships in whose framework common sense makes sense’ (Arendt 1973, 352). In short, the masses are people who are considered to be ‘superfluous or can be spared … [who] cannot be integrated into any organisation based on common interest’ (Arendt 1973, 311). Whether one agrees with Arendt’s analysis of the social conditions in the interwar years that led to the formation of the ‘masses’, her portrait of the ‘mass man’ is a powerful account of what can happen to an individual who has become disposable to the society that they used to belong to. Hand in hand with this phenomenon is indeed the collapse of ‘common sense’ that leaves the dislodged individual scrambling for reconnection. By offering the masses a substitute reality validated by the ‘logic of an idea’ rather than by experience, totalitarianism makes it possible for them to live in a world where there is no condition of plurality. Between ‘facing the anarchic growth and total arbitrariness of decay’ and ‘bowing down before the most rigid, fantastically fictitious consistency of an ideology’, the masses will likely ‘choose the latter’ (Arendt 1973, 352). A world created by ideology, then, is more attractive to the masses not because ‘they are stupid and wicked, but because in the general disaster this escape grants them a minimum of self- respect’ by conjuring up ‘a lying world of consistency which is more adequate to the needs of the human mind than reality itself’ (Arendt 1973, 353). Moreover, it is precisely this ability to guarantee consistency that makes it possible for the leaders of totalitarian movements to demand ‘total, unrestricted, unconditional and unalterable loyalty of the individual member’ (Arendt 1973, 323). While this chapter is not a study of the social factors that led to specific contemporary developments such as the result of the Brexit referendum or the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Arendt’s ‘mass man’ seem to have found their counterparts among the supporters of Brexit and Trumpism. Studies of voters’ profiles in both events point to a disproportionate share of supporters from white male lower income backgrounds without university educations. These are individuals who have either already lost their jobs to globalisation or who are at high risk of losing their job with very little capacity to be retrained for the twenty-first century market economy of advanced industrialised states (BBC 2016; Pew Research Center 2018). In short, these displaced workers are part of the tapestry forming the modern equivalent of Arendt’s ‘mass man’ – ready to be the recruits of totalitarianism. Conclusion If we step back to take a more comprehensive approach to the relationship between truth and politics, both historically and theoretically, it is not so obvious that 2016 is a defining moment. From ancient China and ancient Greece to our so-called post-truth age, the indeterminacy of language appears to be a persistent political challenge. Language is always open to manipulation by its users to serve power. Nonetheless, the tendency these days is to single out the ubiquity of social media and the proliferation of Internet platforms as the incubator for the countless cyberwars of words that in turn fuel the real world of politics. In this context, language is no longer the conveyor of objective facts and accurate information, but rather the medium for expressing subjective opinions and feelings, as captured by the Oxford Dictionary’s definition of the term ‘post-truth politics’. In contrast, the historical approach used in this chapter shows that it is in fact too easy to point the figure at the Internet and digital communication for the political challenge that we face today. What is being suggested here is that with or without the Internet, language, be it used to convey facts or emotions, is simply a tool for communication that humans have invented. While language per se cannot adjudicate what is true or not true, what is right or wrong, it embodies such capacity when language is a shared norm. That shared norm cannot be sustained without some semblance of cohesion in any given community. Any war of words, irrespective of its platform, is indicative of the breakdown of such cohesiveness. Returning to the original context in which the term post-truth politics was first used by Steve Tesich helps to identify the important distinction between truth as the standard for knowledge and truth as the standard for action. The two do not necessarily coincide. Placed in the context of the history of political thought, this distinction is in fact at the heart of Plato’s Republic. Yet when the philosopher as the quintessential bearer of truth becomes king, the polis that he rules over is far from the ideal of a just state that it purports to be. Instead, it is one that is held together by lies and coercion. What Arendt reveals through her study of Nazism and Stalinism is that it is dangerous for the kind of truth that philosophy generates – ‘rational truth’ – to become the guide to politics. Politics guided by rational truth can only be uncompromising and follows a logic of its own that cannot afford the ambiguity and indeterminacy of reality as lived experiences of humans. A world of post-truth politics can be an opportunity for a new kind of politics if it is indeed about dismantling the idea that truth is the ideal that politics should strive for. But as it stands, the post-truth politics of today is more about invoking a past that never exists to judge the presence as a crisis in naming when the real crisis is about rebuilding a shared space that has room for all – be they of the left, right or centre; cosmopolitan or parochial; civic-minded or self-centred; liberal-minded or bigoted. Politics is and always will be about striving for that space, without which no human can thrive. References Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Arendt, Hannah. 1973. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Arendt, Hannah. 1977. “Truth and Politics.” In Between Past and Future, 227–264. New York: Penguin Books. Arendt, Hannah. 1982. Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, edited by Ronald Beiner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2016. “Brexit vote: The breakdown.” BBC News, December 7, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-38227674 Cao, Feng. 2016. “A New Examination of Confucius’ Rectification of Names.” Journal of Chinese Humanities 2: 147–171. https://doi-org.subzero.lib. uoguelph.ca/ doi/ 10.1163/23521341-12340032. Connor, W. Robert. 1984. Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press. de Jonge, Casper C. 2017. “Dionysius of Halicarnassus on Thucydides.” in The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides, edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.17 https://www-oxfordhandbooks-com.subzero. lib.uoguelph.ca/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199340385 Hyvönen, Ari-Elmeri. 2018. “Careless Speech: Conceptualizing Post-Truth Politics.” New Perspectives 26 (3): 31–55. https://www.proquest.com/ scholarly-journals/careless-speech-conceptualizing-post-truth/ docview/2204515132/se-2?accountid=11233. Hobbes, Thomas. 1839–1845. The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, edited by Sir William Molesworth. London: John Bohn. Vol. 8. Klinkner, Melanie. 2018. “Reasonable Truth.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 14 (3): 393–99. doi:10.1386/macp.14.3.393_7. Lee, Haiyan. 2019. “When Nothing Is True, Everything Is Possible: On Truth and Power by Way of Socialist Realism.” PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134 (5). Cambridge University Press: 1157–64. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.5.1157 Lewis, Mark E. 1999. “Warring States Political History.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, 587–650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Makeham, John. 2003. “Zheng ming (Rectification of names).” In RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, edited by Xinzhong Yao. Vol. 2: 813-814. New York: Routledge. Oxford Languages, n. d. “Word of the Year 2016.” Accessed 19 August 2017. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/ Peters, Richard. 1979. Hobbes. Westport: Greenwood Press. Pew Research Center. 2018. “An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters.” Report, August 9, 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/ politics/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on- validated-voters/ Plato. 1974. Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett. Tesich, Steve. 1992. “Watergate Syndrome: A Government of Lies.” The Nation: 12-14. January 6/13, 1992. Thucydides. 1972. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Rex Warner. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. Wolin, Sheldon. 2004. Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Westen Political Thought. Expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zerilli, Linda M. G. 2020. ‘Fact-Checking and Truth-Telling in an Age of Alternative Facts.’ Le foucaldien 6, no. 1: 2, 1–22. Theresa Man Ling Lee is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Guelph (Canada). Lee is a political theorist who specializes in contemporary political thought. Her research and teaching areas include continental philosophy, Marxism and critical theory, feminism, postmodernism, philosophy of social science, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, human rights, disability studies, modern Chinese political thought and comparative political theory. Lee has published on a wide range of subjects in these areas, including intercultural pedagogy and the challenges of teaching as a person with multiple minority designations in a Canadian university classroom.

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Scientists from Trinity College Dublin have developed a powerful way to unravel the changing weather patterns on distant worlds. Using this approach, they discovered that the weather on a well-studied brown dwarf, “SIMP 0136”, previously linked with Northern Lights-like phenomena, is largely shaped by just two dominant processes: changes in temperature and the vertical structure of its clouds.

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Sep 15 • 8:00 PM EDT • Science • eurekalert.org
Agarwal stars with 177 as Durham dominate Worcs

Mayank Agarwal hits 177 as Division Two champions Durham pile up 437-7 on day one against Worcestershire at the Riverside.

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Sep 15 • 1:31 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Florida's Jadan Baugh Receives High Praise From Auburn's DC

DJ Durkin brands the explosive playmaker a nightmare to tackle as the undefeated Gators head to Auburn, seeking their most dominant start to a season since 2019.

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Sep 15 • 11:22 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Yankees Extend Dominant All-Time MLB Record

The New York Yankees have some marks as part of their franchise history that are just so overwhelmingly dominant relative to the rest of MLB that they can be hard to believe. They extended one of those records on Monday night. The feat needed for the Yankees was to clinch a spot in the postseason. […] The post Yankees Extend Dominant All-Time MLB Record appeared first on HEAVY.

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Sep 15 • 9:47 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
A Pod of Their Own: Prestamistas

This week, we chat a little Mets (dingers!) and a lot about Propublica’s reporting on handshake deals in the Dominican.

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Sep 15 • 9:30 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Rivals dominate OneFootball's BR26 round 27 XI, watch 📹

With another Brasileirão round wrapped up, it’s now time for the OneFootball Team of the Week!League leaders Flamengo are included, but it wasn’t the Rubro-Negro who dominated our selection, whic...

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Sep 15 • 8:48 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Premier League Team of the Week: Our Best XI

Our Premier League Team of the Week returns after another weekend of drama, standout performances and decisive moments across the division.FromDavid Raya’s crucial penalty save for Arsenal to Domini...

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Sep 15 • 4:30 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Vikes Views: Nincompoop of the Week

The taste of victory is sweet, especially against the Packers. The Minnesota Vikings dominated the 2nd half after a questionable decision to pull points off the board by Matt LeFleur. The Packers continued their choking ways from last season and the Vikings cruised to victory. Matt LaFleur Why is LaFleur a Nincompoop? Going for it […]

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Sep 15 • 3:19 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
☹️ Negative (-20%)
'Sometimes a move rejuvenates a player'

Dominic Calvert-Lewin has been in England head coach Thomas Tuchel's thoughts in recent months. The striker was previously called up by his country back in March after catching the eye in his debut season at Leeds United. Ivan Toney and Ollie Watkins instead travelled as captain Harry Kane's deputies.

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Sep 15 • 3:16 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Chastening night for Newcastle

No side will relish coming up against Dominic Calvert-Lewin and this aggressive Leeds outfit at Elland Road this season. In fact, only Arsenal (52), Manchester City (50), Manchester United (45) and Bournemouth (37) have won more Premier League points in 2026 than Leeds United (35), with the Whites suffering just a single defeat across their past 13 league matches. Newcastle had previously made a good start under head coach Matthias Jaissle, following so much change in the summer, and were unbeaten in their opening five games in all competitions before this reality check.

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Sep 15 • 3:16 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Emmy winners 2026: ‘Widow’s Bay’ and ‘The Pitt’ dominate

Jean Smart earns fifth Emmy for 'Hacks', becoming the first to win lead comedy actress for every season of the show.

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Sep 15 • 12:49 AM EDT • Entertainment • aljazeera.com
2026 Emmy Awards: The complete list of winners and nominees

LOS ANGELES — The 2026 Primetime Emmy Awards culminated with Apple TV+'s freshman horror hybrid "Widow's Bay" capping off its dominant night by winning for comedy series. The show also

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Sep 14 • 11:15 PM EDT • Entertainment • recorderonline.com
How Roger Goodell and the NFL Are Dominating the Sports Landscape

FOS Tonight host Matt Iseman joins Baker Machado to talk NFL.

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Sep 14 • 9:37 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Skubal's Dominant Outing Over Reds Secures Playoff Spot for Dodgers

The Los Angeles Dodgers are heading back to the playoffs following a series-opening win against the Cincinnati Reds.

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Sep 14 • 9:05 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Celebs Who Didn't Wear a Boring Black Suit to 2026 Emmys

These stars stepped up the game and wore something unique on the red carpet.

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Sep 14 • 9:00 PM EDT • Entertainment • them.us
Indiana Preparing To Wrap Non-Conference Play With Western Kentucky

Indiana has been dominant in its first two games at home and more of that is expected this weekend as the Hoosiers host Western Kentucky.

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Sep 14 • 7:33 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Jayden Bogle: It's a massive result for us

Jayden Bogle found the back of the net in a thrilling first half from Leeds United against Newcastle United, as he helped divert Dominic Calvert-Lewin's initial header into the back of the net.After a...

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Sep 14 • 5:38 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
A Gold Medal and a Breakthrough for Leipzig’s Young Stars

Elite prospects Mirja Kropp and Marie Kleemann secure landmark Fritz Walter Medals, cementing their status as the future of German football following a dominant U17 European Championship triumph.

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Sep 14 • 4:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Travis County set to decide if Central Health can raise taxes to support mental health initiatives

County commissioners must give their stamp of approval to a $1 billion budget for the local public hospital district before it can take effect.

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Sep 14 • 3:33 PM EDT • Health • kut.org
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Michigan State Defensive and Special Teams Grades: Week Two

Eli Coenen’s pass-rush dominance and a revitalized secondary fueled a second-half shutout, proving the Spartans corrected their Week One flaws to stifle the Eagles’ struggling offense.

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Sep 14 • 12:42 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Florida HC Jon Sumrall Has Several Worries Before Auburn Game

Despite a dominant 2-0 start, Coach Sumrall warns of a potential SEC embarrassment as undisciplined penalties and inconsistent execution threaten to derail the Gators' looming clash at Auburn.

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Sep 14 • 12:36 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Kyle Whittingham Speaks on The Power of Doing More

Driven by player initiative and a relentless new mantra, the Wolverines dominated the trenches to secure a 2-0 start through physical intensity and heightened preparation standards.

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Sep 14 • 11:49 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Ohio State Pulled Off an All-Time Choke Job

I still can’t believe Ohio State lost this game . The No. 1 team in the country walked into Austin, dominated Texas for three quarters and entered the fourth with a 23-3 lead . Twenty points. One quarter to play. Game over, right? Apparently not. Ohio State proceeded to completely collapse, allowing 21 unanswered points…

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Sep 14 • 10:52 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Old Dominion University Selected for Two Federal Genesis Mission Awards Advancing Artificial Intelligence for Scientific Discovery

The next generation of scientific discovery will not come from artificial intelligence (AI) replacing scientists. It will come from AI helping them ask better questions, solve more complex problems and reach reliable answers faster.

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Sep 14 • 10:36 AM EDT • Science • odu.edu
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Most Canadian Small Businesses Haven’t Felt AI’s Impact, Survey Shows

Second-wave findings from Zensurance’s 2026 survey show three-in-five small business owners remain outside the AI conversationTORONTO, Sept. 14, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- While artificial intelligence dominates the headlines and boardroom discussions, most Canadian small business owners say it has not meaningfully changed the way they operate. New findings from the 2026 Zensurance Small Business Confidence Index show that the frontier technology remains largely in the background for the majority

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Sep 14 • 9:37 AM EDT • Business • finance.yahoo.com
2026 NL Central Power Rankings: Week 25

Brewers dominate NL Central opponents to clinch playoff spot, close in on divisional clinch

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Sep 14 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Leverkusen Dominate Germany’s Latest Youth Talent Awards

Kennet Eichhorn and Francis Onyeka secure gold medals, cementing the club’s status as a powerhouse for scouting and refining the next generation of German football superstars.

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Sep 14 • 6:47 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Crystal Palace 2-3 Ipswich

Followed by poor defending, leaving players unmarked in the box, it was too easy for Ipswich to score. However, we made it hard for ourselves by not wrapping up the game with the five or six chances we had early in the second half when we continued to dominate.

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Sep 14 • 6:01 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Top 10 best-performing economies in PISA 2025 science

The latest PISA 2025 science results show dominant East Asian performance. B-S-J-Z (China) claims the No.1 spot, followed by Singapore, Japan and Estonia. The US, with 502 points, failed to make the top 10.

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Sep 14 • 5:58 AM EDT • Science • globaltimes.cn
One year later, students split on how Charlie Kirk’s assassination impacted campus political discourse

Student are mixed on how conservative activist Charlie Kirk's death impacted political discourse at GW, with some saying it fostered more balanced discussions at a predominantly liberal university and others saying it boosted partisan divides.

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Sep 14 • 2:37 AM EDT • Politics • gwhatchet.com
3 Alabama Defensive Stats That Should Worry Florida State

Coming off a bye week, coach Mike Norvell is putting his team through its paces as they prepare for what could be the most talented and dominating defense they will face all season.

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Sep 14 • 2:29 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
🗞️ Barça full house, Mestalla heats up... Monday's front pages

The sports front pages this Monday, September 14 are dominated by FC Barcelona’s unstoppable run at the top of LaLiga, Atlético de Madrid’s emphatic thrashing to keep pace, and the institutional ...

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Sep 14 • 2:22 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Bears news: D'Andre Swift's take on 59-point explosion should strike fear for opponents

D’Andre Swift and the Chicago Bears made incredible history after beating down the Carolina Panthers in a 59-37 win on Sunday afternoon. Swift has been playing in the NFL since 2020, starting his third year with the Bears. He shines as their leading rusher, having found comfort there with his production as a versatile running back. Swift dominated […] The post Bears news: D'Andre Swift's take on 59-point explosion should strike fear for opponents appeared first on ClutchPoints.

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Sep 14 • 12:43 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Chivas Thrash Pumas and Take the AP26 Lead!

What Guadalajara did tonight belongs in soccer academies. With a dominant performance from start to finish, quick and fluid ball movement, an efficiency few teams can match, and a Nación Rojiblanca t...

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Sep 13 • 11:27 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Takeaways from Memphis’ 18-point loss to Boise State

Memphis lost for the first time in the Charles Huff era Saturday night against Boise State. The Tigers led by 14 points in the first half, but the Broncos dominated the second half to record an 18-point victory.

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Sep 13 • 11:18 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Eagles cornerback Riq Woolen dominates coverage in Week 1 victory

Riq Woolen saw four targets but allowed no catches or yards over 37 coverage snaps in his first start for the Philadelphia Eagles

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Sep 13 • 8:04 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Tigers Homegrown Talent Looks Insane

Detroit has flipped the script on its veteran-heavy past, fielding a lineup packed with developed draft picks to signal a new era of sustainable, homegrown dominance.

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Sep 13 • 7:49 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Detroit Tigers Long for Someone Like Todd Jones Again

As Detroit’s bullpen struggles to close the door in 2026, we revisit the dominant, mustachioed reign of franchise saves leader Todd Jones and his unmatched ninth-inning reliability.

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Sep 13 • 7:23 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Inside Bears' locker room after dominant shootout win vs. Panthers

Take a look inside an electric Bears locker room following their historic win over the Panthers in Week 1, which included more "Good, Better, Best."

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Sep 13 • 6:49 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Brewers Dominance Makes Them World Series Favorites

After officially clinching a playoff berth, is it time to call the Milwaukee Brewers favorites to win it all?

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Sep 13 • 5:23 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Jaguars Dominate Browns in 34-10 Season-Opening Win

The Jacksonville Jaguars opened the 2026 season in impressive fashion, dominating the Cleveland Browns 34-10 at EverBank Stadium. Jacksonville controlled the game from the opening quarter, building a huge lead before Cleveland finally found the end zone late. Trevor Lawrence Puts On A Show Trevor Lawrence was the star of the afternoon. The Jaguars quarterback…

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Sep 13 • 5:03 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Ravens Dominate Colts in Statement 41-23 Season-Opening Win

The Baltimore Ravens couldn’t have asked for a better start to the 2026 season. Baltimore traveled to Indianapolis and dominated the Colts 41-23 , giving new head coach Jesse Minter a statement victory in his first regular-season game. The Ravens overwhelmed Indianapolis on both sides of the ball, piling up 506 total yards while controlling…

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Sep 13 • 4:59 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
T.J. Watt made NFL history with dominant performance vs. Falcons

T.J. Watt had an incredible game in the Pittsburgh Steelers’ Week 1 win over the Atlanta Falcons and he also made some history in the process. Watt stuffed the box score with four tackles, two sacks and an interception. The…

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Sep 13 • 4:47 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Bills cracked Texans' dominant defense. Takeaways from wild AFC tilt
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Sep 13 • 4:41 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Yamal 9.5, Raphinha 8.5 | Levante 2-4 Barcelona: Player Ratings

Barcelona faced a gruelling game against Levante last night in a fixture that has regularly challenged them in recent years.The Catalans opened the game with their signature possession dominance and c...

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Sep 13 • 12:20 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Former NBA Champion Discredits New Miami Heat's Giannis Antetokounmpo Skills

Channing Frye sparks debate by labeling the multi-time MVP a physical "running back" lacking technical finesse, reigniting the rivalry between pure athleticism and versatile shot-making dominance.

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Sep 13 • 12:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
2026 Mountain West Football Week 2 Recap

CFP dreams fading, a dominant debut W and an inexplicable coaching decision highlighted the MW slate of games in Week 2.

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Sep 13 • 12:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Arsenal held by newly-promoted Palace

Arsenal dropped two surprise points at home to newly-promoted Crystal Palace despite a dominant display.Manager Renée Slegers will be mystified as to why her team didn't manage to convert at least on...

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Sep 13 • 11:55 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Penn State Battles Past Temple: Post-Game Link Dump

Penn State had to deal with adversity after several missed opportunities lead to a slow start. The Nittany Lions defense continues to dominate with another tenacious performance. Matt Campbell discussed the time management situation at the end of the first half. The are concerns about Penn State’s rushing attack after the run game failed again […]

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Sep 13 • 11:05 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Fans raise a ruckus over the paywalling of World of Warcraft Forever’s Skyborne ‘cash elves’

As World of Warcraft Forever continues to dominate the conversation among fans after its BlizzCon reveal, another round of chatter is quickly gaining momentum: the matter of the Skyborne race, or as one fan put called them the "cash elves," which is locked behind a paywall and not included with the upcoming variant or game subscription. [...]

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Sep 13 • 11:00 AM EDT • Technology • massivelyop.com
Initial Impressions from the Kentucky game

Alabama overcame a rough start to dominate on the road.

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Sep 13 • 9:29 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Takeaways from Colorado football's dominant win over Weber State

Colorado took down Weber State with an explosive passing attack paired with a 100-yard rusher. Here are five takeaways from the Buffaloes' Week 2 win.

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Sep 13 • 8:03 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Key Takeaways From Notre Dame's Offense Against The Rice Owls

CJ Carr’s aerial clinic sparked a dominant shutout victory, showcasing elite receiver depth while exposing unexpected rushing struggles that Marcus Freeman must address before tougher matchups.

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Sep 13 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Key Takeaways From The Notre Dame Defense vs The Rice Owls

Chris Ash’s unit silenced the Owls with a historic shutout, fueled by Bryce Young’s breakout dominance and a relentless, deep rotation that forced four critical turnovers.

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Sep 13 • 5:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
This Is Why Ohio State Should’ve Let Texas Score

The Ohio State Buckeyes had no business losing to the Texas Longhorns on Saturday night, not after the way OSU had dominated much of the game. But down the stretch, Arch Manning and the Longhorns started scoring, and the Texas defense began getting stops. All of a sudden, Texas was on the doorstep with less […] The post This Is Why Ohio State Should’ve Let Texas Score appeared first on HEAVY.

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Sep 13 • 2:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Jefferson, Roosevelt 2026 Presidents Bowl winners

SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — The 34th Presidents Bowl took place at Howard Wood Field on Saturday afternoon featuring all four Sioux Falls public high schools, in the main events of the day Roosevelt edged Washington 27-7 while #2 Jefferson dominated #4 Lincoln 42-14. #2 Jefferson 42, #4 Lincoln 14 In the second and final […]

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Sep 13 • 12:22 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
RODRIGUEZ: Nebraska football dominates Bowling Green, but wants more

Nebraska football (2-0) defeated Bowling Green (0-2), 56-7, in front of 86,193 fans, on Saturday, Sept. 12, at Memorial Stadium.

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Sep 12 • 11:42 PM EDT • Sports • dailynebraskan.com
Five key takeaways from Florida's dominating win over Campbell

Florida football defeats the Campbell Camels in Week 2 of the college football season, 52-3. Here are five key takeaways.

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Sep 12 • 10:03 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
🙂 Positive (40%)
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50%
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Buccaneers OC Robinson Excited About Having Healthy Offensive Line

Tampa's dominant offensive line is back at full strength, and new offensive coordinator Zac Robinson is excited to see the starters back together in game action.

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Sep 12 • 8:51 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Buccaneers OC Robinson Excited About Having Healthy Offensive Line

Tampa's dominant offensive line is back at full strength, and new offensive coordinator Zac Robinson is excited to see the starters back together in game action.

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Sep 12 • 8:51 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Mississippi State Dominates Minnesota in Statement Win

Mississippi State delivered one of its biggest wins of the young 2026 season Saturday, traveling to Minneapolis and taking down Minnesota 38-13 . The Bulldogs came out firing and never allowed the Golden Gophers to establish control. Mississippi State scored 14 points in each of the first two quarters, taking a commanding 28-6 lead into…

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Sep 12 • 8:45 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Big Second Half Propels BYU in Win Over Arizona

BYU went into half down 17-14, but shut out the Wildcats in the second half in a 28-17 win over Arizona Saturday afternoon in Provo. After allowing 240 yards to Arizona in the second half, BYU’s defense dominated in the second . Arizona in the second half mustered only 87 total yards, including -2 rushing […]

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Sep 12 • 7:15 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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UAlbany football rebounds strongly in dominant win over Long Island

Colon threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to sophomore wide receiver BJ Norman on a well-timed screen and then connected with junior wide receiver Jordan Rae on a 33-yard scoring pass.

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Sep 12 • 7:14 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Maresca hints at change of role for Man City star

Enzo Maresca says he currently sees Rayan Ait-Nouri as more of a winger than a full-back at Manchester City.Ait-Nouri was predominantly used as a wing-back during his time at Wolves and has largely pl...

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Sep 12 • 5:30 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
😐 Neutral (0%)
Bournemouth 2-2 Brentford: What Rose said

Bournemouth became the first team to have led in each of their first four games of a Premier League season and fail to win any of them (D3 L1). Marcus Tavernier scored his 21st goal in the Premier League for Bournemouth, making him just the sixth player to score more than 20 in the competition for the Cherries, after Joshua King, Callum Wilson, Antoine Semenyo, Dominic Solanke, and Justin Kluivert.

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Sep 12 • 12:35 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
🙂 Positive (60%)
Keys For Texas Tech's Defense At Oregon State

Texas Tech’s defense gets its first road challenge at Oregon State, where pressure on Braden Atkinson and another dominant night up front could decide the game.

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Sep 12 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Germany’s Political Tailspin: Your Weekly SPIEGEL Recap

It might be tempting to dismiss the results of last Sunday’s state election in Saxony-Anhalt, in which the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party raked in 43.8 percent of the vote, as a rather unimportant extremist blip in a state that hardly anyone can find on the map. And you wouldn’t necessarily be wrong to do so. The state’s population – around 2.1 million – is a mere 2.5 percent of the German total. And while the state capital of Magdeburg was once the political heart of the Holy Roman Empire back when Otto the Great used to hang out there (more than a millenium … no … milennium … nope … millennium ago), it is today something of a backwater, albeit one with a ginormous cathedral in its center. We wanted to briefly interrupt this week’s newsletter to extend a heartfelt thank you to all of our subscribers, both new and old. And to remind you all that a free subscription gets you access to this newsletter every Saturday. A paid subscription, by contrast, gets you one DER SPIEGEL article every weekday, delivered to your inbox. We strive to select pieces that both demonstrate what Europe’s leading newsmagazine has to offer and provide an international audience – namely, you – with an insight into how Germany and Europe view the world. If you haven’t already signed up for a paid subscription, please consider doing so if you can. Our Substack channel relies entirely on reader support and we are excited to continue offering you the best of DER SPIEGEL. Subscribe But even beyond the fact that a huge percentage of the voters in the state decided to place an X next to a party with an ideological lineage that runs rather directly back to the right-wing extremist soup out of which the Nazi Party was born, the results are a perfect example of a phenomenon that has been plaguing German elections in recent years: the lack of an obvious path to a majority. Call it the Balkanization of German politics. There are a number of developments driving the phenomenon, but for the purposes of this newsletter, here are two of the most salient: Persistent voter frustration with the country’s two (former) big-tent parties – the Christian Democrats (CDU) on the center-right (17.2 percent in Saxony-Anhalt last Sunday) and the Social Democrats (SPD) on the center-left (9.3 percent). The presence of parties on the far left (Left Party), the populist left (the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – BSW) and the far right (AfD) with which mainstream parties are reluctant to form coalitions. So what happens now? Stories of the Week A Lack of Leadership The answer for many people in the country, and particularly within the CDU, is clear: pin (some of) the blame on Chancellor Friedrich Merz. According to a survey taken directly after the election in Saxony-Anhalt, 88 percent of respondents agreed with the statement that if the federal government in Berlin were doing a better job, the AfD wouldn’t be as strong. And it is true that the predominant impression of the federal government ever since Merz was sworn in on May 6, 2025, is one of ineffectiveness and bickering. His rather unique combination of bumbling-plus-bravado has also not exactly endeared him to the German public. Indeed, his standing in the country is so shaky that his popularity – according to recent polls – has now dropped even below the historic lows associated with his predecessor Olaf Scholz. The situation is such that the CDU even opted to keep him largely out of the campaign ahead of the Saxony-Anhalt vote. And since then, dissatisfied rumblings within the CDU have grown louder. DER SPIEGEL’s Swantje Karich notes that the problems with the CDU go much deeper than Merz. “The center-right has a trust problem. At a press appearance following the devastating election result in Saxony-Anhalt, Friedrich Merz said that the party wanted to ‘reach people more effectively’ through ‘emotional engagement.’ It sounded as though he were announcing a political program. On the basis of that statement, it is difficult to take his empathy seriously.” “The Chancellor’s chastened appearance did, at least, reveal where he stands: with his back to the wall. Elections will be held in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania next week, and the CDU could fare even worse there. The party is polling at between 8 and 10 percent in the state.” “What is at stake is the political tradition that has lent stability to the Federal Republic since 1945: a democratic conservatism that understands what must be preserved, but also how to embrace progress and openness to the world. If the Union continues along its current path, it risks becoming politically irrelevant after the 2029 federal election – and Germany could soon find itself with a government of the far right.” The Trumpification of Political Debate? It is often said in Germany that to understand the political and social trends that will soon be dominant in Europe, one need only look across the Atlantic to the United States. When it comes to political debate, that has certainly proven true. Donald Trump understood early on that triggering mouth-foaming outrage among Democrats is an ideal way to both generate headlines and to secure loyalty among supporters. And he realized that far more quickly than the left side of the political spectrum understood that simply ignoring the old man might be the best recipe. To be sure, there have been signs recently that the US president may be over-relying on the strategy. Earlier this week, in an apparent grandpa-discovers-AI moment, Trump sent out 60 posts in the space of 10 hours, many of them AI-assisted images portraying him as a hero – or showing Iceland as part of the US (outrageous!!!). It was also during that slew of schlock that he explicitly backed the AfD with an “MGGA” post. In Germany, though, the outrage cycle remains in full swing, with much of the focus on those who would dare to vote for the AfD. They are alternately portrayed as being dim-witted, ungrateful, backward, racist or all of the above. That, argues DER SPIEGEL columnist Sabine Rennefanz, is not particularly helpful. “Everywhere on election night, people spoke of a watershed moment, a rupture, a turning point. But what is that supposed to mean in concrete terms? A watershed would imply an interruption, a moment of pause – perhaps even a willingness to rethink and learn. At first, there was little sign of that in the main television panels. Instead, the familiar rituals that had already shaped the election campaign continued: outrage, lecturing and abuse.” “That’s just the tone, one might object. They’re only talk shows. Given that the party’s state branch has been classified by domestic intelligence officials as confirmed right-wing extremist, there are more important problems than hurt feelings on television. Yet although the condescending tone is not the cause of the AfD’s success, it is an expression of the broader mood within the so-called political center – a kind of institutional blindness that too often treats material concerns as a communications problem.” “People have a pretty good sense of whether you like them – whether you approach them with curiosity or merely study, lecture and manage them as a problem group. They notice whether you genuinely want to understand their fears and pain, or whether you are simply waiting for the chance to correct them. They can also tell whether someone still has the energy to change things, or whether they have barricaded themselves behind platitudes and empty phrases.” “Anyone who wants an egalitarian democratic society cannot promise equality only to those whose language, tastes and moral convictions they share. They must also acknowledge the wounds, resentments and fears of those whose political conclusions they consider wrong. Acknowledging them does not mean agreeing with them. But a democracy that communicates with almost half its citizens only through warnings and labels gives up on political debate before it has even begun. An atmosphere must be created in which people can express their opinions without fearing that they will be canceled. We are currently a long way from that.” East-West? One of the clear undercurrents in the election last Sunday was, of course, Germany’s ongoing east-west divide, particularly as it pertains to the success of the AfD. Historically, the party has been far stronger in the former East German states than in former West German states. The fact that this generalization no longer reliably holds is certainly one of the primary concerns that many have about the party’s growth. And yet, there is still a distinct flavor of “stupid easterners, they don’t understand democracy” to the coverage. In the weeks before the vote, there was even a rather interesting back-and-forth in Germany’s culture pages about how ungrateful eastern Germans allegedly are for being pulled out of their pre-reunification backwardness and into the light of the West. DER SPIEGEL’s Jochen-Martin Gutsch has had enough. “Ten years ago, in 2016, elections were also held in Saxony-Anhalt. The AfD won more than 20 percent, which at the time rightly provoked outrage and incomprehension in western Germany. Today, in 2026, the AfD is also polling at around 20 percent in western German states, but this no longer provokes outrage and incomprehension. Instead, it is now regarded as proof of democratic conviction and civilizational resistance. After all, in the east, it’s 40 percent!” “This allows people to continue feeling morally superior to the East, but the wiser course would be to admit: if something doesn’t happen soon, the West will turn AfD-blue too. Or bluish.” “But will anything happen? The truly depressing thing about election night was not so much the AfD leaders intoxicated by their own success. It was the representatives of the other parties, who once again said that they were utterly shocked, needed some time to digest the result and would, of course, not simply return to business as usual. The SPD, a former big-tent party, celebrated its ‘stable’ result of 9.3 percent. Congratulations!” “For 10 years, the AfD has gone from one electoral success to the next. And still, the established parties remain ‘shocked’ and scratch their heads in astonishment. How long can they keep being shocked? Friedrich Merz says he may need to communicate his reform ideas in a more ‘emotional’ way. So the CDU’s political professionals sit down together after the election, mull over a strategy, and in the end come up with this: Fritz, try to be a little more relaxed, charismatic and emotional – or something. Beyond that: no political plan, no defiance, no promise of a future. That is frightening.” What was good, what was bad for democracy? Good: Voter turnout in Saxony-Anhalt was 77.8 percent, the highest ever recorded in the state. Whatever one thinks of the result, that figure is encouraging. Democracy needs citizens to take an interest. Bad: Although a strong AfD result had been expected in Saxony-Anhalt, many politicians from the mainstream parties – including in Berlin – appeared confused, helpless and overwhelmed in their initial reactions. That is not how they will win back voters’ trust. Last Week’s Highlights: 🗳️ Meet the Germans Who Voted for the AfD: Why would voters in a country like Germany, with its Nazi past, vote for a right-wing party? It’s a question only an editor in Berlin could come up with. On the ground, the view is different. 🟦 How the AfD Wants to Expand Its Power Across Germany: The far-right AfD is planning to decimate public broadcasting in Saxony-Anhalt, revamp education and install extremists in positions of power. And it is eyeing victory on the national stage as well. 🕯️ The Continuing Reverberations of September 11: It was a generational shock, and the consequences can still be felt today - from massive surveillance and significant increases in presidential power to violent excesses at ICE. 🤝 “For Europe, Canada Is the Preferred Partner in Trans-Atlantic Relations”: In an interview with DER SPIEGEL, Canadian Finance Minister François-Philippe Champagne discusses his country’s failed trade deal with the US and why Canada is looking to Europe. 🏛️ The True Historical Roots of the AfD: During the Weimar Republic in the 1920s, there were numerous parties on the extreme right espousing “Germany first” nationalism. The Nazis may not be the best comparison for today’s AfD. 🌊 AfD in a Landslide: Merz Is the Wrong Leader for Germany: The right-wing Alternative for Germany won in a landslide in Saxony-Anhalt state elections on Sunday. What does that mean for the country at large? Thank you for your continued support and have a wonderful week! Subscribe Share Leave a comment Your SPIEGEL Substack Team Compiled and edited by Charles Hawley

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Sep 12 • 7:49 AM EDT • Politics • derspiegel.substack.com
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The Prescription for Better Health Insurance? Competition.

Anticompetitive behavior, such as consolidation, in the health-insurance industry has allowed a small group of insurers to dominate the market. One of the main drivers of this behavior is “adverse selection,” where individuals know more about how sick they are than insurance companies do. To mitigate the risk of paying out more claims than they can cover, insurers often raise their premiums. Kellogg’s Amanda Starc and her colleague argue that, to create a truly healthy health-insurance marketplace, regulators and policymakers need a framework for rethinking the complex interactions between adverse selection and regulatory guardrails.

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Sep 12 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • promarket.org
Liverpool take first step towards deal for new Ryan Gravenberch

Liverpool have their eyes on a new Ryan Gravenberch. They've registered their interest - and things could move quickly from here.2027 will largely be dominated by Liverpool trying to find a new midfie...

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Sep 12 • 5:40 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
‘Student Sidelines’- Buchanan senior recaps Bears win at Liberty

(KSEE/KGPE) – In this week’s ‘Student Sidelines’ report on CBS47 Sidelines, Buchanan senior Brody Elrod takes us through some of the highlights of his school’s dominant football win Thursday night at Liberty High School in Bakersfield.

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Sep 12 • 2:56 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Liverpool eye move for their next South American sensation

At the moment, Alexis Mac Allister's future is completely up in the air. The Argentinian hasn't been offered a new deal by Liverpool despite both Ryan Gravenberch and Dominik Szoboszlai both being han...

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Sep 12 • 2:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Colorado football returns home for favorable matchup against Weber State

Julian Lewis and the Buffaloes brings a revitalized ground game and dominant defense into Boulder for a historic first meeting against the Wildcats.

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Sep 12 • 1:09 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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FNF Week 2: Riverside Academy dominates Covenant Christian 55-20

Riverside Academy and Covenant Christian Academy faced off against each other on Friday Night.

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Sep 12 • 12:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Highlights: Louisville 59, Villanova 13

Dominated like they were supposed to. Got starters some rest. Got the young guys some action. Didn’t suffer any major injuries (as long as KeyJuan is ok). Pretty much all the major boxes checked in this one. Massive, massive opportunity for this team in eight days. Think the fans will recognize the gravity of the […]

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Sep 12 • 12:19 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Fort Scott football dominates Parsons on the road

The Tigers clawed their way to victory over the Vikings at Marvel Park Stadium. HIGHLIGHTS:

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Sep 11 • 11:51 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Union Hill dominates Jonesboro, 3rd blowout of the season

UNION HILL, Texas (KETK) — The Union Hill Bulldogs dominated the Jonesboro Eagles on Friday night to go 3-0 on the season. FINAL: Union Hill 70 – Jonesboro 14 Union Hill will play the East Texas Homeschool Sports Chargers next Friday in Longview. Jonesboro will face Calvert on the road next Friday. You can now […]

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Sep 11 • 11:50 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Science Hill dominates Bearden to move to 4-0

After some fits and starts in the first three games, Science Hill's football team put it all together against Bearden on Friday night inside Kermit Tipton Stadium.

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Sep 11 • 11:35 PM EDT • Science • johnsoncitypress.com
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Science Hill dominates Bearden to move to 4-0

After some fits and starts in the first three games, Science Hill's football team put it all together against Bearden on Friday night inside Kermit Tipton Stadium.

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Sep 11 • 11:33 PM EDT • Science • timesnews.net
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Politics Unplugged Podcast: Marcus Dell’Artino on the November election

Republican strategist Marcus Dell’Artino returns to talk about polling for the election races and whether Democrats may gain control of the Legislature. Dell’Artino says affordability—covering inflation, housing and gas prices—continues to dominate voter concerns. They also examine whether low Republican energy, Democratic turnout efforts and negative campaigning could reshape the governor’s race. Water security and Colorado River cuts are rising on voters’ priority lists as Arizona’s growth continues. The discussion also looks at whether Trump fatigue and a possible Democratic wave could affect control of the Legislature.

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Sep 11 • 11:20 PM EDT • Politics • wfsb.com
Politics Unplugged Podcast: Marcus Dell’Artino on the November election

Republican strategist Marcus Dell’Artino returns to talk about polling for the election races and whether Democrats may gain control of the Legislature. Dell’Artino says affordability—covering inflation, housing and gas prices—continues to dominate voter concerns. They also examine whether low Republican energy, Democratic turnout efforts and negative campaigning could reshape the governor’s race. Water security and Colorado River cuts are rising on voters’ priority lists as Arizona’s growth continues. The discussion also looks at whether Trump fatigue and a possible Democratic wave could affect control of the Legislature.

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Sep 11 • 11:20 PM EDT • Politics • cleveland19.com
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Politics Unplugged Podcast: Marcus Dell’Artino on the November election

Republican strategist Marcus Dell’Artino returns to talk about polling for the election races and whether Democrats may gain control of the Legislature. Dell’Artino says affordability—covering inflation, housing and gas prices—continues to dominate voter concerns. They also examine whether low Republican energy, Democratic turnout efforts and negative campaigning could reshape the governor’s race. Water security and Colorado River cuts are rising on voters’ priority lists as Arizona’s growth continues. The discussion also looks at whether Trump fatigue and a possible Democratic wave could affect control of the Legislature.

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Sep 11 • 11:20 PM EDT • Politics • kptv.com
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Diamondbacks' Dominican prospect is a scam victim, per detailed report

A ProPublica article exposed a baseball scammer who preys on poor families in the Dominican Republic, including one in the Diamondbacks organization.

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Sep 11 • 8:15 PM EDT • Business • azcentral.com
Notre Dame vs Rice Game Predictions

The Fighting Irish eye a statement home opener as Marcus Freeman’s squad brings a dominant defense to face a dual-threat Rice attack in this historic mismatch.

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Sep 11 • 5:34 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Republicans push healthy eating as junk food dominates convention

Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. used his Thursday evening speech to urge Americans to rethink their relationship with food and chronic diseases.

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Sep 11 • 5:10 PM EDT • Health • dallasnews.com
Massive Bold Prediction For Orlando Magic Season

Health remains the ultimate gamble as Orlando’s core aims for statistical dominance. With a new head coach and battle-tested stars, the Magic must prove their elite potential.

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Sep 11 • 1:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Yankees’ Roster Move Unlikely to Actually Mean Giancarlo Stanton

When the New York Yankees sent down Jasson Dominguez on Thursday night, there were fans on social media who began to hope for Giancarlo Stanton.After all, sending down one outfielder-type who can also DH could clear the runway for a veteran who fits that description, right?While not impossible, it seems highly unlikely that that’s the […] The post Yankees’ Roster Move Unlikely to Actually Mean Giancarlo Stanton appeared first on HEAVY.

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Sep 11 • 10:23 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Hampshire need miracle to avoid relegation

Hampshire cricket head coach Russell Domingo believes his side need "a bit of a miracle" if they are to remain a Division One side in the County Championship.

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Sep 11 • 10:11 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Elon threatens to sue over new 'Musk' doc. But festival crowd loves it

Elon Musk and Elizabeth Holmes are unwitting film fest stars as documentaries about problematic tech titans have dominated news coming out of prestigious film festivals.

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Sep 11 • 9:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • latimes.com
Iowa football enters top 25 in USA TODAY Sports 1-138 Re-Rank

After a dominant Week 1 victory, the Hawkeyes are back in the top 25 of USA TODAY Sports' 1-138 Re-Rank.

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Sep 11 • 7:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Empty seats, socialism and Trump dominate the Republican midterm convention

The two day Republican convention in Dallas showcased the party's biggest asset in trying to win competitive midterm races and its greatest obstacle: President Trump.

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Sep 11 • 5:00 AM EDT • Politics • npr.org
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Empty seats, socialism and Trump dominate the Republican midterm convention

The two day Republican convention in Dallas showcased the party's biggest asset in trying to win competitive midterm races and its greatest obstacle: President Trump.

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Sep 11 • 5:00 AM EDT • Politics • kosu.org
As Trump dominates convention, some Republicans quietly ask who comes next

The convention offered a stark reminder that the Trump era is heading toward its final chapter, the BBC's Washington correspondent Daniel Bush writes.

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Sep 11 • 2:10 AM EDT • Politics • bbc.com
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Georgia Looks to Continue Dominant Start Against Western Kentucky

The Georgia Bulldogs made a statement in their season opener, and now they will look to keep that momentum going. No. 3 Georgia opened the 2026 season with a dominant 63-3 victory over Tennessee State, controlling the game from the opening minutes. The Bulldogs finished with 660 total yards while holding Tennessee State to just…

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Sep 10 • 3:38 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
James Franklin Looks to Continue Virginia Tech’s Strong Start

Virginia Tech is back at Lane Stadium this weekend, and the Hokies will be looking to build on one of the most dominant performances of the opening week. The Hokies will host Old Dominion on Saturday at noon ET in a matchup that carries plenty of intrigue. Virginia Tech opened the 2026 season with a…

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Sep 10 • 3:33 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Michigan State Defensive and Special Teams Report Card: Week One

Dominant line play and linebacker heroics propelled the Spartans against Toledo, but glaring lapses in the secondary nearly derailed a physical, high-energy defensive debut in East Lansing.

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Sep 10 • 2:10 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com