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Heisman Watch: Alabama's Keelon Russell could continue his climb with a big win over Georgia
Why Jon Favreau ‘said yes’ to directing ‘Young Sheldon’ pilot (exclusive)
‘Iron Man’ director Jon Favreau explains in Entertainment Weekly’s exclusive ‘Young Sheldon’ excerpt why he ‘said yes’ to directing the show’s 2017 pilot episode.
Can a robot become a real companion? Science is testing the limits
A robot does not need to feel emotions for a person to become emotionally attached to it. That is one of the clearest lessons emerging from research on social robots. People can name them, talk to the...
Travis Kelce tickled over Taylor Swift hay decorations: 'Why'd they make my wife cross-eyed?'
The calendar has turned to October, and in a lot of places across the United States, the weather is starting to feel a little more crisp and a little more fall. The autumnal decorations have begun, ranging from pumpkins on porches to apple cider candles.
Boulder County Business Hall of Fame inducts Niwot's Denis Nock
Stars were out for the 2026 Boulder County Business Hall of Fame's induction ceremony at the Boulder Jewish Community Center on Sept. 30, which has often honored Niwot-area residents. Among last year's honorees were Art and Debbi Stapp of Stapp Interstate Toyota, Kena and Mark Guttridge of Ollin Farms, and Bert Steele of Niwot Market. Among those h...
Gen Z women want politicians who can make the ‘American dream’ feel attainable
This story is part of Gen Z at the Ballot Box, a collaboration between States Newsroom and The 19th. Strike up a conversation with a Gen Z woman about politics, and affordability will likely come up within the first 30 seconds. The cost of doing anything, whether it’s renting a home, staying in college or getting […]
Pittsburgh Opens as Only Four-Point Favorites vs. UNC
Oddsmakers predict a narrow clash as the undefeated Pittsburgh Panthers host a struggling North Carolina Tar Heels squad.
Steel mill politics will be about predictions, not reality
Two views about Iowa's steel mill plans are emerging, but assessing who's right will take longer than the current campaign, writes Steffen Schmidt.
Lewis Hall Helps England To A Third Consecutive Clean Sheet
The Newcastle youngster solidified his international standing with a disciplined display, providing technical flair and defensive steel to help Thomas Tuchel’s side maintain their formidable defensive momentum.
Cowboys’ Joey Porter Jr. news considered ‘good’ after Steelers trade
What's new on Porter?
Steelers poach former Bears CB from Commanders
The Pittsburgh Steelers continue to address their secondary woes, poaching a former Chicago Bears cornerback from the Washington Commanders.
Celtics’ Jayson Tatum Makes Feelings on Mitchell Robinson Clear
Mitchell Robinson has been getting to know his new Boston Celtics teammates over the past few weeks.The veteran big man joined the Celtics earlier this summer, signing a three-year, $47.3 million deal. Robinson is well known for being a big personality, and it would appear that he’s already endearing himself to the rest of the […] The post Celtics’ Jayson Tatum Makes Feelings on Mitchell Robinson Clear appeared first on HEAVY.
Why being scared can be fun, according to science
Why do people enjoy being scared? Psychiatry expert Dr. Arash Javanbakht says fear and excitement activate overlapping brain circuits, creating feelings of focus and energy. Horror movies and haunted houses
Steelers sign another cornerback
The Steelers are thin at cornerback right now with the Joey Porter Jr. trade and Jamel Dean dealing with an ankle injury.
Week 5 fantasy defense rankings: Top D/ST streamers, starts
Led by star LB T.J. Watt, the Pittsburgh Steelers are one of the NFL's best at forcing turnovers. That bodes well for them in Week 5 vs. the Colts.
North Carolina Forecast to Struggle Against Pittsburgh This Week
The North Carolina Tar Heels are being given a low chance to take down Pittsburgh this week.
Jazz Chisholm Jr. Has Surprising Response After Costly Yankees Error
The New York Yankees are staring at another postseason deficit, and the way they got there feels painfully familiar. New York committed three errors against the first four batters in the bottom of the first inning Monday night in Game 2 of the American League Division Series, immediately putting itself in trouble. And one of…
Tickets available Holiday Home Tour
Support senior nutrition in Yolo County beginning by buying tickets to Friends of Meals on Wheels' 24th annual Dickens in the Valley Holiday Home Tour, taking place Saturday, Dec. 5,
Is the Steelers’ Business Model Broken?
For decades, the Pittsburgh Steelers were considered to be the gold standard of the National Football League, both on the […]
Is Mike McCarthy's snap-count analytics benching Steelers playmakers?
Former Pittsburgh Steelers players critique head coach Mike McCarthy for using strict snap-count analytics to bench top playmakers.
Steelers Reunite With Super Bowl Champion as Injuries Test Depth
Reeling from a crushing divisional loss and a depleted secondary, Pittsburgh fortifies its front seven by reuniting with veteran edge rusher KJ Henry to stabilize a thinning roster.
Scientist who hunts mysterious ghost particles in the Antarctic ice wins Nobel Prize for physics
Francis Halzen said it was predicted that he would win the prize, but the announcement still made him feel “strange.” The 82-year-old scientist is affiliated with the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the U.S.
Rangers Daily: Tolvanen’s ‘hockey IQ;’ Ovechkin retiring; Celebrini injury
Considered a good late-summer addition at the time, signing Eeli Tolvanen is shaping up to be a steal in the […]
Daily Thread: 06 October 2026
The Daily Merengue is a place where you can feel free to d all things football. Do not be alarmed by the overt RMCF bias. It’s in the name! Shoutout to the mods who do a fantastic job, Ezek, Valyrian Steel, Kung_Fu_Zizou, Juninho, NeRObutBlanco and yours truly, Felipejack. The end of the break Today, are the last games of the current […]
Sun Life research reveals the ripple effect behind small business success
As Canada's small businesses navigate a rapidly changing business environment, new research from Sun Life shows that success is about more than growing revenue. It's about building resilience. When owners feel confident in their ability to weather challenges and plan for the future, they're more likely to invest in their employees, strengthen their businesses and create lasting impact for the people who depend on them. The findings align closely with how Sun Life supports small business owners,
On the barricades with wheelie bins and shopping trolleys: Paris students rage at politicians and police
Unprecedented protests that began in low-income banlieue are turning ugly, with investigations under way into police brutality
How do Rockford-area businesses feel about the economy? Here’s what surveys say
By Kevin Haas Rock River Current Get our free e-newsletter ROCKFORD — Businesses in the greater Rockford region say their companies are in good health, despite waning confidence in the local economy. That's according to the latest results of the Greater Rockford Chamber of Commerce's quarterly business sentiment survey, which drew responses from 125 companies
‘Feeling Is Part of Memory’: In Conversation With Nobel Laureate Karl Deisseroth
The newly named Nobel laureate reflects on using light to probe the brain, the relationship between science and art, and the deep questions that have guided his work.
Patient Dies By Suicide After 'Insurance Issue' Delayed Medicine For Lung Disease Flare-Ups
By Lauren Sausser and KFF Health News HealthDay ReportersTUESDAY, Oct. 6, 2026 (HealthDay News) — Kenney Blewett was diagnosed with lung disease more than a decade ago but started experiencing flare-ups this year that made him feel like he couldn’t breathe. Blewett, of Kyle, Texas, described those ...
Gears of War: E-Day Is Nostalgic With Rich Visuals
In Gears of War: E-Day, it’s fun to see the origins of beloved characters in grand scale, even if its play feels conservative.
From ‘feel-good’ to urgent: NC lawmakers move to act on gas taxes
If the legislature suspends the state gas tax, it would save North Carolinians 41 cents per gallon.
My kingdom for a heel
Ben Whittaker isn’t winning hearts and minds. Perhaps a different approach is in order.
Two Overlooked Stars Keeping Packers Alive
The 2026 Green Bay Packers look and feel like a bad team that has miraculously beaten even worse teams. The coaching and scheme have not consistently aligned with the players’ abilities to execute, while gut-wrenching injuries have left Green Bay relying on backups across multiple position groups. And it is only Week 5. For a …
Three Things UNC Fans Must Know About Pittsburgh
Facing a ranked opponent, the North Carolina Tar Heels must neutralize a high-scoring sophomore quarterback and survive a battle-tested defense.
BTSC Monday Night Football thread: Falcons at Saints
Enjoy the last game of the NFL’s Week 4 here at Behind the Steel Curtain.
Keldon Johnson Makes Ruling on Spurs' Starting Lineup Situation
The San Antonio Spurs have more than enough options for the starting lineup, which means some players will feel snubbed. Keldon Johnson explained why he doesn't care what his teammates think.
Pittsburgh Oktoberfest returns with food, music and Ferris wheel
Pittsburgh's annual Oktoberfest celebration has officially kicked off with German-inspired food, drinks and entertainment in the heart of downtown Pittsburgh through Oct. 11.
Pittsburgh Oktoberfest returns with food, music and Ferris wheel
Pittsburgh's annual Oktoberfest celebration has officially kicked off with German-inspired food, drinks and entertainment in the heart of downtown Pittsburgh through Oct. 11.
Derrick Harmon placed on Injured Reserve
Steelers DT Derrick Harmon placed on IR after Week 4 injury
GTA 6 devs tried "not to jump on the bandwagon" of passing trends and instead created their "own slanted, overblown versions"
Grand Theft Auto 6 developers knew development would take "years and years," so avoiding trends was important in making the game "feel vital" come launch.
Why I Don’t Think Ride Or Die Should Have Been Cancelled (And What Company Should Save It...)
(Welcome to my weekly streaming ratings report, the single best guide to what’s popular in streaming TV and what isn’t. I’m the Entertainment Strategy Guy, a former streaming executive who now analyzes business strategy in the entertainment industry. If you were forwarded this email, please subscribe to get these insights each week.) So…I recently came across a Reddit thread, talking about films on streaming, wondering why there are no reliable sources out there for streaming ratings data. Sigh. Honestly, as annoyed as I am that so many still don’t realize that we have streaming ratings, I somewhat get it. Until now, there was such a long delay between when a show or film came to streaming and when we got its viewership data; I understand why people were confused. (But, as you know, this just changed.) Also, even back in the day, how many people knew how well films did on television? Luckily, as a reader, you’re in the know. Okay, on to this week’s issue. I want to take a look at Prime Video cancelling Ride or Die and whether I agree with that decision. Overall, we didn’t have any breakout hits (no TV shows landed over 20 million hours according to Nielsen) but we have a lot of steady performers on the streaming charts. Plus, we’ll look at where $50 million in missing box office dollars went. (Spoiler: straight-to-streaming.) All that, plus new episodes of The Secret Lives of Mormon Wives, Supergirl heads to streaming, a new YA show does well on Netflix, the viewership for the Daily Wire’s $50 million fantasy show, what TV show hit-maker can’t make streaming hits, CD sales, all the flops, bombs and misses, and a whole lot more. Let’s dive right in! (Reminder: The streaming ratings report focuses on the U.S. market and compiles data from Nielsen’s weekly top ten viewership ranks, Luminate’s Top Ten Data, JustWatch and Reelgood interest data, Samba TV household viewership, company datecdotes, Netflix hours viewed data, Google Trends, and IMDb to determine the most popular content. While most data points are current, Nielsen’s data covers the weeks of September 7th to September 13th, 2026. You can find a link to my terminology here.) Subscribe Television - Ride or Die Is a Hit…But It Got Cancelled? What The Data “Says” I hate the phrase “here’s what the data says”, even though sometimes I find myself using it. If data just told us everything, we data folks would be out of a job! Data is often messy, complicated and nuanced. When it comes to strategy, many of the best decisions can’t actually use “data”, since it’s vastly too complicated to model. Anyways, I’ve been singing the praises of Prime Video’s Ride Or Die this summer, a show that did very well for them. And yet…it got cancelled. Now, usually when a show gets cancelled, a bunch of websites say “a hit show got cancelled”... Here’s the thing, though: in this case, they’re right! The data “says” that this show was a hit. Specifically, out of 522 first seasons to make a week on the Nielsen charts since 2020, it’s the 75th biggest. On Amazon, Ride or Die is eighth out of 41 first seasons: That’s top 15th percentile all time, almost exactly, which is my definition of a “hit”! I mean, outside of Reacher, Amazon needed a hit this summer! (Admittedly, Off Campus did well for Amazon in the spring, but Ride or Die performed even better.) So what happened? Why did Amazon cancel one of their rare 2026 bright spots? Well, Deadline reported a reason—which I’ll get to—but I’d break it down into three relevant questions: What is a given streamer’s reasoning? Is that reasoning sound? Could the stated reason not be the real reason? According to Deadline, Amazon felt the show “over-indexed” in middle-aged women. (This was based on leaks from within Amazon.) The logic is this: Amazon already reaches this demographic because of unlimited two-day shipping bundled with Prime, so they don’t really need more shows like this. Now, it’s my job to ask if that’s a good reason, and I’ll be honest, in this case, I don’t think it is. Sure, this show may “over-index” in middle-aged women—I’ll just assume that’s the case here—but I think folks often oversell how important over-indexing actually is. When a show is a “hit”, it isn’t a bit bigger than its rivals; it’s usually multiples bigger. For example, Elle only made the charts for two weeks at 8.3 million hours each. So Ride or Die was 80% bigger in its first two weeks, and likely had a much stronger hold, with its terrific 13 million hours in week three. Ride or Die was nearly three times bigger than Sterling Point through three weeks too. And that means that _Elle, Sterling Point a_nd other Amazon YA shows need to not just over-index a little with younger women (assuming that’s who Amazon prefers over middle-aged women), but massively over-index. Otherwise, more people in that demo (and a bunch more besides) likely watched Ride or Die. (I’ll try to explore this concept more in a future article.) And don’t get me started on how Ride or Die did compared to a certain (very, very popular, possibly the world’s most popular) YouTuber’s reality show…which didn’t make the charts after its first week and likely cost much, much more than Ride or Die. All to say, Amazon-MGM Studios/Prime Video can tell reporters that this show didn’t reach the right audience, but that excuse feels weak to me. So this leads to the third question: could other reasons have come into play? Yes! Renewal or cancellation decisions rarely (I’m tempted to say “never”) boil down to one variable. At its simplest, it’s two things: budget versus viewership. But often factors like critical acclaim, ownership and, yes, personal opinion come into play. In this case, Amazon has a new executive running things, and this show isn’t owned by Amazon-MGM Studios (unlike Elle). And yes, it may not have indexed with the right target viewers, too. Likely all of those factors came into play.1 My guess is ownership ended up mattering most. Amazon doesn’t own Ride or Die. It’s actually produced by another major studio. Fortunately/allegedly, this show is being shopped around. I can think of one brand new CEO who should consider it for one of his two major streamers…especially if he wants to rebuild goodwill in Hollywood. His name is on this list of exec producers of Ride or Die… If David Ellison needs some goodwill—and he does—rescue this female-led show tomorrow and grab some good headlines for a day. The data justifies it. Quick Notes on TV We’re just getting started with this issue, but the rest is for paid subscribers of the Entertainment Strategy Guy, so if you’d like to find out… How The Secret Lives of Mormon Wives latest season did on Hulu, post-controversy... Whether Supergirl soared on HBO Max... Why the box office is losing money due to the streamers... The viewership for the Daily Wire’s $50 million fantasy show... Updates on The Gentlemen, Lanterns, Outer Banks, King of the Hill and more... What former hit-maker has three streaming flops in a row... Whether The Mandalorian and Grogu popped in week two... All the flops, bombs and misses... And a whole lot more... ...please subscribe! We can only keep doing this great work with your support. If you want an idea of just how much content you’d get in a full issue, check out this older issue. Coming Soon! Oh man, we’re almost caught up! We just have two more issues, then the streaming Ratings Report will be coming out just two weeks after a TV show premieres! Next issue, I’ll be looking at the first two weeks of the NFL Thursday night games on streaming, a huge new spinoff, Reacher’s Neagly on Prime Video, and the latest edition of Monster: The Lizzie Borden Story on Netflix, the return of Slow Horses on Apple and MobLand (quietly one of their biggest shows) on Paramount+, and Dancing with the Stars on both ABC and Disney+. Plus I’ll take a look at animation for adults in 2026. The week after, a ton of movies are coming to streaming: Toy Story 5 on Disney+, Backrooms on HBO Max, Jackass: Best and Last on Paramount+ and The Breadwinner on Netflix, plus a Unabomber film on Netflix and a romcom on Prime Video. Woody Harrelson and Matthew McConaughey have a show on Apple, along with a game show inspired by Willy Wonka that everyone seems to hate. Long term, some crazy (but hopefully crazy like a fox) IP news. FX ordered a new Sons of Anarchy show from Charlie Hunnam, but it’s not about the biker gang. No, it features the show’s cast playing themselves in a new “meta-thriller”. Huh. And a lot of the cast is coming back. Next, Ryan Gosling is producing a Flintstones movie about a “grown-up Bamm-Bamm Rubble”. Also, huh. This one is in “early development” so we’ll see what happens. Both projects are based on IP, but also seem to have crazy takes on the IP, which I like.
The UNC Sports Week Ahead: October 5th-11th
It’s a quiet week for UNC sports… Until it isn’t. Following a busy weekend, most of the UNC sports in action take a break until the weekend. Then during the weekend, you’ll have a lot of options for watching the Tar Heels play. This also includes a pretty big debut. UNC Basketball Yes, the regular […]
Downtown Boston business owners seek more police presence after survey finds people feel unsafe
The survey by the Downtown Boston Neighborhood Alliance finds that 56% of locals feel less safe in downtown than they did at the start of the year, marking a considerable increase from last year.
Iowa Legislature expands MEGA program, creating path for steel plant incentive
During a special session on Friday, the Iowa Legislature expanded the Major Economic Growth Attraction (MEGA) program, paving the way for a tax incentive for Mesabi Metallics to construct a steel plant in Lee County. Gov. Kim Reynolds signed the bill into law on Friday. The MEGA program, administered through the Iowa Economic Development Authority,…
Ted Cruz Says JD Vance Is ‘Feeling Insecure’ amid ‘Political Bomb-Throwing’ Ahead of 2028 GOP Primary
“In my experience, people engage in political bomb-throwing when they’re feeling insecure,” the Texas Republican said of the vice president over the weekend
Report: KAT Feeling Disrespected by Knicks
Karl-Anthony Towns says Knicks extension talks are going poorly after New York won a title with the former Timberwolves star.
Steelers Sign Super Bowl Champion Cornerback
The Pittsburgh Steelers are signing veteran cornerback Sean Murphy-Bunting off the Tampa Bay Buccaneers’ practice squad, according to NFL insider […]
God Packs are Officially Coming to Magic: The Gathering
Magic: The Gathering booster packs have gone through a lot of changes in the last decade, some of which have been awful. But Wizards of the Coast are introducing 'God Packs' to MTG, which could feel like winning the lottery.
Gen Z women want politicians who can make the ‘American dream’ feel attainable
Affordability is the top issue for Gen Z women. But few candidates are appealing to them with a message strong enough to cut through the noise.
Gen Z women want politicians who can make the 'American dream' feel attainable
Affordability is the top issue for Gen Z women. But few candidates are appealing to them with a message strong enough to cut through the noise.
Steelers Sign Super Bowl Linebacker
The Pittsburgh Steelers signed linebacker Marte Mapu to their practice squad on Monday after hosting him for a visit on […]
Whole Hog Politics: Audience capture and the GOP’s #content trap
You did not, I hope, have to take any notice of an empty online furor over Arkansas’s Republican Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders’s campaign ad that cast a young, white male as a welfare freeloader redeemed from sloth by...
Offensive Line Looks Offensive: Spartans Rank Last in Sacks Allowed
From personnel shifts to coaching failures, a crumbling front wall has left the Spartans reeling as record-breaking sack numbers threaten to derail the Pat Fitzgerald era.
Windows 11 26H2 brings a hidden performance boost — and may slash RAM usage
Windows 11 26H2 quietly brings several performance improvements, including a Low Latency Profile that makes common tasks feel faster. Some users are also reporting lower RAM usage after the update, although Microsoft has not confirmed that 26H2 itself is responsible.
Is a front office-coaching divide hurting the Steelers?
Is a strategic divide between Omar Khan's front office and Mike McCarthy's coaching staff creating an identity crisis for the Steelers?
Syracuse Football: How Do Oddsmakers Feel About Matchup with Virginia?
The Orange are back in action this weekend against the Cavaliers following a 42-41 win over UConn.
Seattle-area businesses feel sting of ‘obscene diesel prices’
In Washington, the average cost for a gallon of diesel was around $7.37 Friday, according to the American Automobile Association, almost $2.50 more than a year ago.
Are the Brewers becoming more clutch in the Postseason?
Milwaukee’s ability in game one and two to comeback and win, makes this team feel that much more special
'There's not a better time to turn pro'
Commonwealth Games silver medallist Connor Williams feels there is no better time to fulfil his lifelong ambition to be a professional boxer.
Move over kimchi, natto is appearing in health food shops everywhere
Japan’s smelly, slimy beans are highly nutritious but you’ll need ‘nerves of steel’ to eat them
The 2026 Lookout List: Health and Wellness
Are you feeling centered? This is a place where we value having aligned chakras, purposeful movement, a good gym to frequent and a good dispensary to drop into (for those that partake). For our Health and Wellness category of the Lookout List, we asked you for the best spots to drop into for yoga, mindful moments, health food and more.
After success in Ascension with steel plant, Iberville Parish proposes its own industrial zone
Proposed industrial area would abut the RiverPlex MegaPark in Ascension, which has drawn billions in investment and pollution concerns
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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