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Apple Expects 'Significantly Higher Memory Costs' in June Quarter and Beyond
Apple had higher memory costs during the March quarter, and the impact is expected to get worse as the year goes on. Apple CEO Tim Cook said that Apple is expecting "significantly higher memory costs" in the June quarter, and beyond June, memory costs will "drive an increasing impact" on Apple's business. Cook said the higher memory costs have been partially offset because the company is selling existing inventory that it has stockpiled.
This AI knew the answers but didn’t understand the questions
For decades, psychologists have debated whether the human mind can be explained by one unified theory or must be broken into separate parts like memory and attention. A recent AI model called Centaur seemed to offer a breakthrough, claiming it could mimic human thinking across 160 different cognitive tasks. But new research is challenging that bold claim, suggesting the model isn’t truly “thinking” at all—it’s just memorizing patterns.
Scientists restore memory by blocking a single Alzheimer’s protein
Researchers have identified a new potential weapon against Alzheimer’s: blocking a protein called PTP1B. In mice, this approach boosted memory and helped brain immune cells clear harmful plaque buildup. Since PTP1B is also linked to diabetes and obesity—both risk factors for Alzheimer’s—it could offer a broader treatment strategy.
Microsoft’s Windows secrete K2 plan aims to cut Windows 11 bloat and improve gaming performance
Windows 11 may get lower memory use and fewer update restarts under K2 Microsoft is reportedly working on a Windows 11 quality push known internally as
Report: iPhone Memory Costs Set to Quadruple by 2027
Memory could account for as much as 45 percent of an iPhone's component costs by 2027, up from around 10 percent today, according to a JPMorgan analysis cited by the Financial Times ($). Apple buys memory for roughly 250 million iPhones a year and has historically been one of the largest customers in the category. But Apple has reportedly now gone from a position where it could set terms to one where it now has to compete with rivals for supply.
Xbox boss Asha Sharma hints memory costs "will impact" pricing and availability of next-gen Project Helix console
Xbox boss Asha Sharma is carefully examining the memory crisis situation as the brand makes plans for Project Helix's launch in the future.
NVIDIA Bumps RTX 5070 Laptop GPU To 12GB Using New 3GB GDDR7 Memory, Offers 50% Boost While Tackling Supply Constraints
NVIDIA is launching a new configuration of its highly popular GeForce RTX 5070 Laptop GPU, which features 12 GB of memory.
Xbox boss warns "memory costs will impact pricing, will impact availability" when it comes to Project Helix
Xbox boss Asha Sharma has admitted that the ongoing memory shortage crisis will likely impact the price point of its ne…
Valve Steam Machine release date and price announcement reportedly coming soon
An insider believes that Valve will soon make a final decision on the Steam Machine price. That could mean an abrupt end to the release date uncertainty caused by the memory shortage. The Steam Controller MSRP also leaked, indicating that news on the other new hardware is near.
iPhone 18 Could Come With 12GB of RAM
Apple's standard iPhone 18 could feature 12GB of memory for the first time, according to analyst Dan Nystedt. In a new post on X, Nystedt said that the standard iPhone 18 will match the 12GB of RAM Apple gave the iPhone 17 Pro and iPhone 17 Pro Max last September. It would mark the first time the entry-level iPhone model has shipped with that much memory. This rumor making the rounds again, add 12GB of RAM.
Samsung may be bracing for first-ever annual loss in smartphone business
The AI-driven memory shortage is hitting Samsung's bottom line.
Samsung may be bracing for first-ever annual loss in smartphone business
The AI-driven memory shortage is hitting Samsung's bottom line.
Portland looks to charge residents, businesses a monthly street fee
Portland city councilors are taking a drive down transportation funding memory lane with plans to advance a new fee to pay for street maintenance and safety projects.
‘We had a lot of fun' — Flyers make a playoff memory in ‘tight' penalty box
Five Flyers players ended up celebrating in a jam-packed penalty box Wednesday night during the team’s Game 3 win over the Penguins.
Framework announces Laptop 13 Pro, ‘the MacBook Pro for Linux users’
Battery, rigidity, CAMM memory, and so much more.
Memory and nostalgia: ‘The science and poetry of who you are’
Memory and nostalgia: ‘The science and poetry of who you are’
Report Says Memory Shortage Could Delay Release of New Macs
A touchscreen MacBook Pro or top-of-the-line Mac Studio may not be coming your way soon.
MacBook Pro With Touch Screen and New Mac Studio Likely 'Postponed'
The global memory chip shortage may result in the next MacBook Pro and Mac Studio models launching later than expected, according to the latest rumor. Bloomberg's Mark Gurman has repeatedly stated that 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pro models with a touch screen are slated to launch in late 2026 to early 2027. In his Power On newsletter today, though, he said to be prepared for the laptops to potentially arrive towards the end of that timeframe due to the chip shortage.
Dana White discusses matchmaking philosophy for Gable Steveson’s UFC debut
Gable Steveson’s first UFC appearance is shaping up to be one of the most highly anticipated debuts in recent memory.
Loneliness may contribute to memory issues, but not dementia — they are 'not the same thing'
A researcher explains what we know — and what we don't — about the link between loneliness and memory problems.
Apple’s Revamped Siri Interface in iOS 27 Is Hidden in WWDC Teaser
Also: Memory shortages could push back new Macs.
Loneliness may be silently eroding your memory, new research reveals
New research suggests loneliness affects older adults' baseline memory performance but may not directly accelerate cognitive decline over time.
Charlize Theron is 'not haunted' anymore by her mother fatally shooting her father: 'He was going to kill us'
Charlize Theron is 'not haunted' anymore by the memory of her mother fatally shooting her father when she was 15: 'He was going to kill us.'
Nvidia's once-tight bond with gamers is cracking over AI, 'and that breaks my heart'
Gamers once helped save Nvidia from bankruptcy. Now they feel left behind as the memory crunch drives focus to AI chips and DLSS 5 disrupts game design.
Samsung Leaves Customers High And Dry By Halting LPDDR4 Production, As Memory Crisis Forces A Shift Towards The Profitable LPDDR5 RAM
The ongoing memory crisis has forced Samsung to put the brakes on LPDDR4 production, leaving customers with no option but to opt for LPDDR5
Super-agers have healthy cognitive function
I just read about people who are called super-agers and how they don't have the memory problems that happen when you get older. Supposedly they have more brain cells. Do you know if that's true? The idea of super-agers is really interesting, and I want to know more.
Rewriting political memory in Chile
Chile has elected extreme-right candidate José Antonio Kast as its new president. His victory, argues Anitta Kynsilehto, may reflect a broader process of rewriting political memory in the post-dictatorship era, suggesting that Chileans' memories of 'never again' moments are beginning to fade
Meta Is Increasing The Price Of Quest 3 & Quest 3S
Meta is increasing the price of Quest 3 to $600 and Quest 3S to $350, citing the global memory chip crisis that has seen other tech prices rise.
Memory Wars: Facts, Disinformation, and the Politics of Remembrance
The 14th European Remembrance Symposium in Bratislava, Slovakia, on 27–29 May 2026, will explore how collective memory is shaped and weaponized in today’s geopolitical climate. Bringing together an illustrious line-up of experts, the event examines disinformation, identity, and the role of historical narratives in modern political conflict.
Every Gift Counts: UT Health Sciences Giving Day Returns April 21
“Travis was bigger than life but loved by all.” For Jeff Adams, MD, that memory of his late classmate Travis Brannon, MD, still captures what made the College of Medicine’s Class of 1986 so close.
5 Everyday Breakfast Foods to Support Brain Health
Start the day with foods that may sharpen memory, focus, and cognitive performance.
Remembering some Penguins vs. Flyers playoff moments
With the Battle of Pennsylvania poised to resume in the Stanley Cup Playoffs for the first time in nearly a decade, what better time than now to take a trip down memory lane and revisit some of the highs and lows from when the Penguins and Flyers have squared off against one another in the […]
Business owner calls for community support after fire destroys historic Cullman building
In the heart of downtown Cullman, the destruction of the historic Stiefelmeyer Building is more than a devastating fire — it is a loss deeply rooted in history, memory and community identity.
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5060 and 5060 Ti Planned With 9 GB VRAM
It was recently revealed that NVIDIA plans to launch a version of the RTX 5050 GPU with 9 GB of VRAM—three 3 GB modules of GDDR7 over a 96-bit bus and 336 GB/s total memory bandwidth. Now, according to a new leak by Hakuitado on the Board Channels forum (via Gazlog), NVIDIA is planning to make the s...
Microsoft Raises Prices for All Surface PCs, Making Them More Expensive Than Equivalent Macs
Microsoft increased prices for all of its Surface PCs this week, with most models priced hundreds of dollars higher than they were when launching. Windows Central highlighted the increases, which now see Microsoft's mid-range models priced above $1,000 and flagship models priced starting at $1,500. A Microsoft spokesperson said the price increase was due to "recent increases in memory and component costs".
Scientists reverse brain aging, with a nasal spray
New therapy is turning back the clock in aging brains, healing inflammation, restoring memory and reshaping the future of brain age-related therapies.
The Pixel 10 is getting a major security boost you'll never actually see
Google is bringing memory-safe Rust code to the Pixel 10 modem to protect users from remote hacking and memory-safety vulnerabilities.
Tap THC beverage tax to address budget gap
By Christine Lafferty Colorado is faced with the largest budget deficit in recent memory — calculated to be a $1.5 billion hole according to the state’s Joint Budget Committee. Legislators have been scrambling to address this gap, which signals massive cuts to important state services such as education, climate management, and health care. It’s time for […]
Quantum systems can remember and forget at the same time, scientists discover
Quantum systems can secretly “remember” their past—even when they appear not to. Scientists found that whether a system shows memory depends on how you look at it: through its evolving state or its measurable properties. Each perspective uncovers different kinds of memory, meaning a system can seem memoryless and memory-filled at the same time. This discovery could change how researchers design and control quantum technologies.
I found the ‘memory cheat code’ for ChatGPT — and it fixed my worst problem with AI
One simple prompt stopped ChatGPT from “forgetting” everything mid-conversation — and it completely changed how I use it
Samsung quietly increased the price of two Galaxy Z Fold 7 models
Maybe you’re tired of hearing about memory price hikes and the potential of increased smartphone prices. Well, it’s starting to...
NVIDIA N1 Gaming SoC Surfaces on Laptop Motherboard with 128 GB LPDDR5X Memory
NVIDIA's upcoming N1 SoC, designed for gaming laptops, has officially appeared for the first time alongside its motherboard intended for a laptop. Featuring 128 GB of LPDDR5X memory running at 8,533 MT/s, the SoC is paired with SK hynix modules. NVIDIA's OEM partners for this launch, including Dell ...
Breaking: NVIDIA N1 laptop motherboard has been pictured, features 128GB LPDDR5X memory
NVIDIA N1 engineering board leak shows 128 GB LPDDR5X memory with SK hynix chips NVIDIA entry into the laptop market seemingly confirmed. An
NVIDIA’s Upcoming N1 SoC For AI PC Laptops Spotted On Engineering Motherboard: 128 GB Memory, User Claims Launch Expected This Year
An engineering sample motherboard featuring NVIDIA's upcoming N1 SoC, which will power its AI PC laptops, has been spotted online.
Motorola's budget phones are now up to 50% more expensive as memory shortage drags on
Motorola's budget phones are much less budget-friendly today.
Notre Dame mailbag: Do the Irish have more ‘dudes’ than Ohio State, Alabama and Georgia?
Plus: A reader question about how the Irish might honor the memory of Lou Holtz next season.
Democrats lost in Marjorie Taylor Greene’s old district. They still had one of their best election nights in recent memory
At this point, it’s not really news that Democrats are doing very well in special elections and other races held since the 2024 presidential contest. Their recent track record is abundantly clear. But even by their recent standards, Tuesday was a very good night – one of their best of the Trump era, in fact.
New MacBook Neo With A19 Pro Chip and 12GB RAM Expected Next Year
Apple is planning to release a new MacBook Neo next year, according to Taiwan-based tech columnist and former Bloomberg reporter Tim Culpan. In the latest edition of his Culpium newsletter today, Culpan said the new MacBook Neo will be equipped with a version of the A19 Pro chip from the iPhone 17 Pro models. This means the next edition of the laptop should have an increased 12GB of RAM, as that is how much unified memory the chip has in the iPhone 17 Pro models.
Scientists solve 30-year mystery of a hidden nutrient that protects the brain and fights cancer
Scientists have finally uncovered the missing link in how our bodies absorb queuosine, a rare micronutrient crucial for brain health, memory, stress response, and cancer defense. For decades, researchers suspected a transporter had to exist, but it remained elusive—until now. By identifying the gene SLC35F2 as the gateway into cells, this breakthrough opens new possibilities for therapies and highlights how diet and gut microbes profoundly shape human health.
Qualcomm Snapdragon X2 PCs reach retail, ASUS launches X2 Elite Extreme laptop with 48GB memory at $1,599
ASUS Zenbook A16 offers 48GB RAM for $1,599 Qualcomm’s Snapdragon X2 laptop rollout has now reached retail. Best Buy has listed ASUS’s Zenbook A16 with
A Georgia ER nurse is teaching kids about health and wellness through "Mini Med School" YouTube channel
An Emergency Room Nurse with Emory University Hospital is making an impact on with her YouTube Channel, 'Mini Med School with Nurse Dolly.'
Want to improve your memory? The right type of exercise can give it a boost
A brief bout of physical exercise can create "ripples" of activity in your brain that help you store and retrieve memories.
Scientists found a protein that drives brain aging — and how to stop it
Scientists have uncovered a powerful new clue in the mystery of brain aging: a single protein called FTL1. In aging mice, higher levels of this protein weakened connections between brain cells and led to memory decline. But when researchers reduced FTL1, something remarkable happened — the brain began to recover, rebuilding lost connections and restoring memory performance.
SWLA mother honors son’s memory through custom business
Amber Mims’ son Kashton Mims drowned on Aug. 1 of last year.
These overlooked brain cells may control fear and PTSD
Astrocytes, once thought to be mere brain “support cells,” are now revealed to be key players in fear memory. Researchers found they actively help form, recall, and weaken fear responses by interacting with neurons in real time. Changing astrocyte activity directly altered how strong fear memories became. This breakthrough could lead to entirely new treatments for anxiety-related disorders.
Xiaomi reveals how much smartphone costs have actually risen due to the DRAM crisis
For the first time, Xiaomi has commented specifically on the impact of the DRAM crisis, revealing the extent to which the rising costs of RAM and flash memory are affecting the production costs of a smartphone.
New Rowhammer attacks give complete control of machines running Nvidia GPUs
Both GDDRHammer and GeForge hammer GPU memory in ways that compromise the CPU.
Fairlawn business owner makes soaps in memory of brother and supporting the environment
Naomi Carter is selling soaps named in honor of her brother who took his life in April 2015. All proceeds from the soap will go to the Friends of Peak Creek.
A new 3GB Raspberry Pi 4 for $83.75, and more memory-driven price increases
The new $83.75 3GB Raspberry Pi 4 expands your options so you don't have to pay for more memory than you need amid memory-driven price rises.
Running local models on Macs gets faster with Ollama's MLX support
Apple Silicon Macs get a performance boost thanks to better unified memory usage.
New memory chip survives temperatures hotter than lava
The electronics inside your phone, your car, and every satellite currently orbiting Earth share one critical weakness: heat. Push them past about 200 degrees Celsius and they start to fail. For decades, ...
Airbnb Externship Shows 3L Isabel Samayoa How Legal Strategy Drives Business Growth - UC Law San Francisco (Formerly UC Hastings)
An externship at Airbnb provided 3L Isabel Samayoa exposure to areas such as contracts, licensing, risk management, and growth strategy, helping her develop the skills and experience to thrive in her future career as a corporate transactions attorney. 3L student Isabel Samayoa reflects on her work with Airbnb’s in-house legal team through UC Law SF’s Corporate Counsel Externship Program. Supported Airbnb’s legal team on commercial contracts, open-source licensing, external partnerships, product counseling, and legal research. Observed how legal advice aligns with business strategy and risk management. Gained exposure to strategic decision-making while preparing for a career in corporate transactions. Q: What did you do in this corporate externship? A: I supported the Airbnb legal team across several functions, including commercial contracts, open-source licensing matters, strategic external partnerships, legal research, real estate matters, internal AI integration, and product counseling. I also gained exposure to corporate structure counseling, litigation, patent counseling, and the company’s broader business strategy. Q: What did you take away from this experience? A: One of the most valuable parts of this experience was learning how a business actually operates. I had never worked on such a large team in the private sector, so I had little exposure to how companies run internally. I learned how lawyers can provide valuable advice to support business goals, seeing how leadership evaluates risk and develops growth strategies. Understanding those priorities allows me to calibrate my legal advice to clients, balancing the client’s goals against the level of risk they are willing to take. Q: How does this experience support your career goals? A: Exploring the anatomy of a successful company was incredibly valuable because I plan to pursue a career as a corporate transactions lawyer. Being in the room with the teams discussing important decisions allowed me to see firsthand the factors that contribute to that success and how lawyers help guide those decisions. Q: Would you recommend UC Law SF and this externship? Why? A: I would absolutely recommend this opportunity. While the team worked on high-stakes matters at a highly successful company, they still created an environment where I felt welcomed. They trusted me with meaningful work and supported me every step of the way. This helped me build confidence in my analytical abilities. Q: What’s your favorite UC Law SF memory so far? A: Some of my favorite UC Law SF memories, aside from my time at Airbnb, involve mentorship. I have benefited from mentorship and have also had the chance to mentor other law students. Watching the students I mentored go on to mentor others has been particularly rewarding. I think mentorship is integral to the legal profession, and it has been inspiring to see that culture thrive at UC Law SF and continue beyond the classroom. The Evidence of Success series highlights UC Law SF students as they share how the College’s opportunities equip them with the experience, skills, and confidence to excel in the legal profession.
Qualified Health Raises $125M Series B to Meet Growing Demand for Enterprise AI Transformation Across Health Systems
Leading health systems including Mercy, Emory Healthcare, University of Rochester Medicine, Jefferson Health, and the University of Texas System are partnering with Qualified Health to deploy and scale AI safely across the enterprise. Palo Alto, California – March 25, 2026 — Qualified Health, a public benefit corporation providing a secure enterprise AI platform built for health […]
‘Memory of a Killer’: Who Dies in Season 1’s Penultimate Episode?
Angelo's worlds collide as he tries to save his loved ones.
‘Memory of a Killer’: Who Dies in Season 1’s Penultimate Episode?
Angelo's worlds collide as he tries to save his loved ones.
‘Memory of a Killer’: Who Dies in Season 1’s Penultimate Episode?
Angelo's worlds collide as he tries to save his loved ones.
Ayaneo discontinues Snapdragon 8 Elite based Pocket FIT console due to rising costs
The Pocket FIT 8Elite was delayed for a few months and it finally started shipping - but this will likely be the last production batch due to high memory costs.
Chris Kelly Opinion: A petition for better acting in politics and PR
“Memory, all alone in the moonlight/ I can dream of the old days/ Life was beautiful then…” – from “Memory,” by Andrew Lloyd Webber Successful theatrical productions achieve the “suspension of disbelief,” temporarily convincing audiences th…
DDR5 RAM prices show rare drop amidst memory shortage after TurboQuant announcement
U.S. buyers are starting to see memory prices level off at major retailers. Amazon shoppers will find that some Corsair Vengeance DDR5 RAM is now slightly more affordable. Google’s TurboQuant algorithm may allow AI data centers to use fewer modules, increasing supply for gamers.
DDR5 Memory Prices Just Took a Noticeable Dive for the First Time in Months, and Google’s TurboQuant Might Be Behind It
DDR5 memory prices have been rising for several months now, but according to our tracking, there has been a widespread drop this week.
Sony temporarily suspends memory card sales due to shortages
Sony Japan stopped accepting SD and CFexpress card orders from dealers and consumers today.
Gemini redesigning glow on Android, rolls out free Personal Intelligence & Memory
Google has a few other Gemini app updates, starting with Personal Intelligence seeing wide US availability.
Sony to hike PS5 prices by $100 as AI and Iran war push up memory chip costs
Updated prices of PlayStation 5 consoles to go into effect on 2 April as electronics makers face rising cost pressures
Sony Shuts Down Nearly Its Entire Memory Card Business Due to SSD Shortage
Sony has announced that it is suspending fulfillment of all orders for nearly its entire SD and CFexpress memory card product lines.
Sony Shuts Down Nearly Its Entire Memory Card Business Due to SSD Shortage
Sony has announced that it is suspending fulfillment of all orders for nearly its entire SD and CFexpress memory card product lines.
Sony is raising PlayStation 5 prices again, this time by between $100 and $150
Memory, storage shortages have made all kinds of consumer tech more expensive.
Stock market today: Nasdaq 100 enters official correction amid Iran sell-off
The Nasdaq 100 entered correction territory on Friday. AI jitters, the Iran war, and a memory stock sell-off have dragged the index lower.
Sony hikes PS5 prices by up to $150 citing 'pressures' in global economy
Sony, like other console makers, is contending with surging memory chip prices which have forced the company to raise prices.
Google is making it easier to import another AI’s memory into Gemini
Prompt your AI to copy-paste its memory into Gemini.
Gemini now lets you import chats and memory from other AI apps
Besides Gemini 3.1 Flash Live today, Google is rolling out the ability to import memory and chats into Gemini from other AI apps.
Fourteen Emory faculty named Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science | Emory University
A record number of Emory faculty have been elected to the newest Class of AAAS Fellows in recognition of outstanding efforts to advance science.
UCLA Health receives $2.4 million from Rose and Allen Nelson to establish a fellowship in translational and clinical neuroscience
The gift is being made in memory of their son Brandon, who received his bachelor’s in aerospace engineering from UCLA in 2014.
Intel launches Arc Pro B70 at $949 with 32GB GDDR6 memory
Intel launches Arc Pro B70 and B65 with 32GB GDDR6 featuring "Big Battlemage" GPU Intel has introduced two new Arc Pro workstation GPUs, the Arc Pro B70
Intel Arc Pro B70 Outclasses NVIDIA’s RTX Pro 4000 In AI At Half The Cost, 50% More Memory
Intel's Arc Pro B70 is designed to offer accessible local inference for AI, delivering more memory at half the price of the competition.
Big Battlemage Is Here – Intel Unveils Arc Pro B70 & B65 GPUs, Up To 32 GB Memory & 367 TOPS For AI
Intel has finally unveiled its "Big Battlemage" GPUs, the Arc Pro B70 & Arc Pro B65, with up to 32 GB of memory for AI & Pro workloads.
G.SKILL showcases DDR5-10000 memory speed on Core Ultra 7 270K Plus
G.SKILL says existing DDR5 kits are now Intel XMP 3.0 Ready for Core Ultra 200S Plus G.SKILL has announced that both existing and upcoming DDR5 memory
Scientists say NAD+ could slow aging and fight Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
A global team of leading scientists is zeroing in on a tiny but powerful molecule that could reshape how we age. Known as NAD⁺, it plays a crucial role in keeping our cells energized, repairing DNA, and maintaining overall health—but its levels steadily decline over time, potentially fueling diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Researchers are now exploring ways to boost NAD⁺ using compounds like NR and NMN, with early studies hinting at improvements in memory, metabolism, and physical function.
MacBook Neo Silences Critics Over 8GB RAM Being Inadequate; Can Open 60 Apps In Unison While Windows Laptop Powers Off Performing The Same Task
A YouTube channel decided to take the MacBook Neo for an apps stress test and opened up 60 apps at the same time to see if that 8GB RAM will be sufficient
Microsoft Plans Better Windows 11 RAM Management and a Smoother User Experience
Microsoft recently announced a plethora of changes coming to Windows 11 to reshape the operating system into a completely stable and enjoyable experience. Today we learn that Microsoft plans a major background usage overhaul with future updates, focusing on RAM usage and overall memory management, s...
Microsoft: Removing some Copilots will improve Windows 11
: 'Doze boss admits OS needs smaller memory footprint, fixes for old issues like bad Bluetooth, more prominent WSL
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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