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Brentford's remaining players given week off
Most squads in the Premier League these days are packed with international players, and Brentford are no different. Most of the Bees' squad are away, but Callum Wilson and Igor Thiago are among about 12 players left at their training facility, including five who are coming back from injury. Brentford have a longer break than almost every other team, given they hosted Chelsea on Friday.
Tuesday’s Everton News: International Blues, Garner callup, Pickford on Branthwaite
Recapping all the Everton news from yesterday
Matthew Stafford tosses four TD passes in win
Coming off a disappointing showing in Australia, Matthew Stafford rebounded with 327 yards and four TDs through the air on Monday night.
Rams bounce back as Giants reel from Dart injury
The Los Angeles Rams bounced back from their season-opening flop in Australia to score a stylish 28-6 victory over the New York Giants on Monday.The Rams fourth touchdown made it 28-6 when Stafford picked out tight end Terrance Ferguson at the back of the end zone. rcw/sla
North Memorial, Sanford Health merger: $600M investment coming to Minnesota hospitals
A major healthcare merger is now official — and it could change how Minnesotans get care close to home.
Police search for possible source of drugs in death of Presley Gerber, Cindy Crawford's son
Presley Gerber, the supermodel's son with businessman Rande Gerber, died Sunday at a rehab facility at age 27.
How Local Politics Influence Housing Affordability
California needs at least 2.5 million new homes by 2030, but most cities are still falling short. A new study examines whether this shortfall is associated with the politics of who lives in these cities, and how those politics determine…
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27; overdose suspected
The death of Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford and her husband, businessman Rande Gerber, is being investigated as a suspected overdose, authorities said. Gerber died Sunday at a…
Podium Entertainment Acquired by Flexpoint Ford and Shamrock Capital
CHICAGO & LOS ANGELES — September 21, 2026, Sept. 21, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- All Employees to Benefit with Future Ownership Stakes as Company...
Medford meeting in October focuses on urban, rural political divide
‘Common Ground Discussions’ will be held as part of statewide series of public events; recommendations will be sent to Legislature A meeting will be held in Medford in late October […]
Maine’s Office of Affordable Health Care seeks public input
Mainers are encouraged to attend the Office of Affordable Health Care’s annual public hearing this week to share their experiences of navigating today’s healthcare system.Surveys show nearly half of Maine households have taken on medical debt in the past two years and the majority point to hospital-based services like surgeries or emergency care as the
Presley Gerber dies at 27 of suspected overdose, police say. What Cindy Crawford's son said about recovery, medication and feeling 'misunderstood.'
Gerber, the older brother of model and actor Kaia Gerber, had spoken publicly about his mental health and experiences with addiction.
Pennsylvanians buying 2027 health insurance on Pennie will face 16% average premium increase
Loss of pandemic-era tax credits and high use of medical care are driving up costs on Pennie, the state’s Affordable Care Act marketplace, insurance officials say.
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford and model, dies at 27
The son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, Presley Gerber has died at age 27. Medical examiner records show Gerber died Sunday at a rehabilitation facility. An autopsy was performed, but the
Photo Album: Mental Health Mile 2026
Wabash College is a small, private, liberal arts college for men, located in Crawfordsville, Indiana, United States.
Can Florida State Afford to Move on From Mike Norvell?
Florida State faces a major financial decision as pressure grows to move on from Mike Norvell.
Oxford Saïd Turns 30, Recalling Its Start In A Working Hospital
At 30, the school runs the world's top-ranked executive MBA, according to QS, and its leaders are weighing how big to grow.
REV Entertainment Unveils Spartanburg College Baseball Series Matchups and Gametimes
SPARTANBURG, S.C. – REV Entertainment today announced the complete schedule for the inaugural College Baseball Series in Spartanburg, S.C., at Fifth Third Park, home of the Hub City Spartanburgers. The slate of matchups and game times for the four-team field, featuring Austin Peay, Indiana, UNCW and Wofford, can be found
Presley Gerber Shared Mental Health, Addiction Struggles Before Death: ‘I’ve Had a Lot of Time to Look Into Myself’
The son of model Cindy Crawford and businessman Rande Gerber, who has died at 27, said dealing with mental health issues was a “24/7 job.”
MBARI and Synchro Join Global Workshop to Tackle Deep-Sea Science Challenges
MBARI and Synchro staff joined nearly 70 experts from 22 countries at the Deep Ocean Collective Solution Accelerator, a four-day DOOS-convened workshop at Scripps Institution of Oceanography focused on biodiversity data access, affordable ocean technology, seafloor video analysis, and BBNJ Agreement implementation.
CT Business Blend: Sept. 21, 2026
Hartford Business Journal’s Greg Bordonaro and WTIC’s Brian Shactman explore the people, companies and trends shaping Connecticut’s business scene every Monday at 8:30 a.m. on WTIC 1080 AM.
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Gerber was a model and the older brother of model and actress Kaia Gerber
Gunter leaves Wales U18s role to focus on Oxford
Chris Gunter was appointed assistant to Oxford head coach and former Wales team-mate Aaron Ramsey in July.
Paris Hilton and More Celebs React to Presley Gerber's Sudden Death
Celebrities have shared heartfelt tributes in honor of Cindy Crawford‘s son, Presley Gerber, who died suddenly at age 27.
Ask The Expert: A modernized health plan: Supporting cost management and the employee experience
See how health care cost transparency can help employees compare care and costs while giving employers a different approach to managing benefits.
Inside Presley Gerber’s Battle With Mental Health And Addiction Before Death At 27
Presley Gerber, son of supermodel Cindy Crawford and brother of actress Kaia Gerber, tragically passed away at age 27 in a rehab facility in California. He had been open about his struggles with menta...
How other Midwestern cities are building the supply of new homes
As Chicago tries to fill its deep deficit of affordable housing, Midwestern cities from Rockford to Indianapolis have ideas that could be imported.
Tim Lamb Group Facilitates La Porte Ford Acquisition
Tim Lamb Group, the largest auto dealership sales and acquisitions firm in North America, announced the successful acquisition of Auto Park Ford of La Porte. The dealership, located at 1522 E. …
Presley Gerber dies at 27. What Cindy Crawford's model son said about recovery, medication and feeling 'misunderstood.'
Gerber, the son of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber, had spoken publicly about his mental health and experiences with addiction.
Health insurance premiums to see 16% spike as PA insurance department release '27 rates
Pennsylvanians who buy health insurance through the Affordable Care Act marketplace will see a noticeable spike in their premiums, according to PID.
Dr. Jason Diyanni's easyDoc Health aims to make healthcare affordable
COLUMBUS - He looks at healthcare from a much broader perspective.
Dr. Jason Diyanni's easyDoc Health aims to make healthcare affordable
COLUMBUS - He looks at healthcare from a much broader perspective.
Presley Gerber Dies at 27: Cindy Crawford’s Son’s Biography, Career and Timeline
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber, died at 27 on September 20, 2026. Here is his biography, modeling career, key dates and recent supermodel deaths.
Artist hacks CitiBike to make NYC affordability crisis hard to ignore
Justin Blinder created a device that makes it harder to pedal a CitiBike in rent-burdened areas.
Rockford is latest West Michigan company to go 100% employee-owned
All 330 of Rockford’s employees are eligible to become owners of the construction firm under an employee stock ownership plan.
Five Stamford eateries cited for serious violations in August 2026
Health officials said 93 inspections were conducted in August.
Crawford County Quorum Court expected to consider doing business with company owned by justice of the peace
VAN BUREN -- The Crawford County Quorum Court is set to discuss allowing the county to do business with companies owned by county officials and employees at its Monday meeting.
Hoosiers need easy access to qualified health care providers
While physicians discuss the perceived threat of expanding professional roles, Hoosiers face a greater threat: inaccessible, unaffordable healthcare.
Cindy Crawford's son Presley Gerber passes away at 27
Presley Gerber passed away at a rehabilitation facility in LA.
Presley Gerber, son of model Cindy Crawford, dies at age 27
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford and her husband, Rande Gerber, died Sunday at a rehab facility at age 27, according to the Los Angeles County medical examiner.
Ole Miss Star Trinidad Chambliss Sends Powerful Message Beyond Football
Trinidad Chambliss had plenty of reasons to talk about football after one of the biggest wins of his Ole Miss career. The Rebels had just beaten No. 7 LSU 32-24, Chambliss threw for 363 yards and two touchdowns, and his fourth-quarter rushing score helped finish off an emotional night in Oxford. Yet when the Ole […] The post Ole Miss Star Trinidad Chambliss Sends Powerful Message Beyond Football appeared first on HEAVY.
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27 | NewsRadio 1080 KRLD
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27 | KNX News 1070 AM
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27 | WBBM Newsradio 780 AM & 105.9 FM
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27.
Cindy Crawford's son Presley Gerber dead at 27
Supermodel Cindy Crawford's son Presley Gerber has died at the age of 27, according to multiple media reports.
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford and brother of Kaia Gerber, dies at 27
Presley was open about his struggles with addiction and mental health, sharing in 2025 his hope to find “a good community of people who can be good influences on me.”
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford and brother of Kaia Gerber, dies at 27
Presley Gerber, the only son of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber, and brother to actress Kaia Gerber, has died at a rehabilitation facility at the age of 27.
Presley Gerber Dies: Model, Son Of Cindy Crawford & Rande Gerber Was 27
Presley Walker Gerber, a model and the only son of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber, has died. A representative for the family confirmed the news to Deadline. He was 27. A statement from the family rea...
Abdul El-Sayed takes on economy, affordability in Saginaw stop
At a town hall in Saginaw, Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Dr. Abdul El-Sayed said Mid-Michigan’s job security and economy require major public investment in manufacturing, education, health care and small
Stanford scientists discover the human brain may actually be two separate organs
Scientists have found that the human brain develops from two distinct cellular systems, suggesting that evolution fused together two ancient nervous systems with very different jobs. The discovery also allowed researchers to grow human hindbrain neurons in the lab, opening new possibilities for studying ALS, spinal muscular atrophy, and other brainstem diseases.
LSU Loss to Ole Miss Reveals Truths About Team
We learned a lot during the latest Magnolia Bowl. Thanks to Lane Kiffin, we expected the stage in Mississippi to rank among the peak game backdrops in the sport, and it delivered. The raucous environment in Oxford, Mississippi, exposed the college football world to the raw energy of hatred and the passion that accompanies a …
Simon Wood: We had to dig in
Leeds United Women manager Simon Wood reflected on an important 2-0 victory away at Bradford City Women, with the Whites maintaining the perfect start to the FA Women’s National League Division One ...
Broncos’ bout versus Jaguars is a must-win game
The Denver Broncos can’t afford to go to 0-2 to start the season.
Giants' Best Chance vs Rams Could Be Matthew Stafford Himself
The New York Giants' best chance against the Los Angeles Rams could come down to Matthew Stafford.
Georgia Bulldogs Cannot Afford to Overlook Oklahoma Despite Sooners Struggles
The Georgia Bulldogs have to be at the absolute top of their game this upcoming week.
James Trafford's free-kick flashback and Crystal Palace assessment
James Trafford had a brief flashback to a previous Yéremy Pino free-kick as the Crystal Palace man shaped to shoot in the second half of Sunday's 0-0 draw.Pino found the net against Trafford's former...
Top Senate Republican says 'we need to do more' on economy, affordability
John Barrasso, the influential No. 2 Senate Republican, said his party needs to "do more" on the economy as November's midterm elections approach.
Shaheen says funding healthcare is not 'an issue of resources'
Answering a voter’s question, Democratic 1st District congressional candidate Stefany Shaheen said she believes Medicare for All is the best way to make health care affordable. She said the federal government should focus its efforts on making the policy a reality.
Oregon Gov. Tina Kotek unveils policy proposals for a second term
Kotek's reelection platform falls into four main categories, including increasing affordability, boosting the economy, improving Oregon's underperforming K-12 schools, and defending attributes that make the state unique.
What happened to the ‘Eight Is Enough’ cast? See the stars nearly 50 years later
Nearly 50 years after ‘Eight Is Enough’ premiered, see what became of Dick Van Patten, Betty Buckley, Grant Goodeve, Dianne Kay, Willie Aames, and the rest of the Bradford clan.
Michael Carrick Feeling Familiar Pressure Of Recent Man United Managers
Michael Carrick knows better than most what Manchester United demand of their manager.Having spent more than a decade at Old Trafford as a player and later worked on the coaching staff, he understands...
Double-digit increases await Pennsylvania Obamacare enrollees
For the second year in a row, Pennsylvanians with individual health insurance through the Affordable Care Act will see an average double-digit increase...
Player Ratings From A Big Friday Night Win
Another one of those nights under the Gtech lights. ‘Tough place to go’ cliché epitomised to a tee. An all-round near-perfect evening. Here’s my take on each individual performance from Friday night:
Ke Huy Quan reveals first ‘Temple of Doom’ residuals check was $100,000
Actor Ke Huy Quan said his family felt ‘surprise and disbelief’ after he received his residuals payout for ‘Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.’
Moving to Spain made me realize I don't want the American dream
Kevin Schreck says his quality of life is better in Valencia, Spain. Housing is affordable, and he is less worried about medical bills.
In Chile, even beloved hot dogs feel the economic squeeze
Chileans are feeling the pinch as the cost of living rises, impacting even affordable foods like the completo, the country's version of the hot dog. Official data show Chile is
This Ford exec's family Claude agent is on a PIP
Whitney Stefko Dover built a family chief of staff with Anthropic's Claude. The agent, named Claudette, has fresh competition for her job.
‘Pat McAfee Saved Sports Media,’ ‘Can’t Get Enough of This Guy’ — CFB Fans Heap Praise on ESPN Star After ‘College GameDay’
Pat McAfee’s latest College GameDay appearance was chaotic, controversial, and entertaining… to some people, at least. He made the trip to Oxford for the showdown between the LSU Tigers and Ole Miss Rebels and gave the internet plenty to talk about.
‘Enormous potential’: UK envoy seeks deeper Israel ties in science, technology and trade
Ambassador Simon Walters tours the Oxford-Cambridge Growth Corridor, meeting researchers, investors and industry leaders as Britain seeks new partnerships with Israel in genomics, life sciences, agri-tech, AI and clean tech despite political differences
‘No difference’ may be wrong conclusion, scientists warn
Researchers from the Universities of Manchester, Oxford and Arkansas are urging scientists to stop treating “non-significant” results as
In the end, Ole Miss got its revenge on Lane Kiffin in the most satisfying way possible
Kiffin's return to Oxford did not disappoint. The Rebels surged, the Tigers rallied, and then Trinidad Chambliss stole the show and Ole Miss sent its former coach home with an 'L'.
Don’t rule Ford out of England
■By BEN JAYCOCK ANTHONY Watson believes England fans would be “ridiculously foolish” to write George Ford out of the battle for the No.10 jersey at next year’s World Cup. Ford was included among the 25 players handed enhanced EPS contracts by Steve Borthwick and Watson is far from surprised to see the 105-cap fly-half remain […] The post Don’t rule Ford out of England – Watson appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Schools rugby looks in fine fettle
THE appetite to watch good schools rugby is alive and well judging by the 2,000-strong crowd that watched Bedford School play Rugby School at Goldington Road on September 4. The Midlands derby, which was a Friday evening fixture played under floodlights at the home of Champ stalwarts Bedford Blues, showed that the heart of community […] The post Schools rugby looks in fine fettle appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Everything Stanford HC Tavita Pritchard said following Duke's win
Duke used a big second half to rout Stanford, 35-7, in the Blue Devils' ACC opener.
Seattle Seahawks Lose Another Starter For Cardinals Game
The Seattle Seahawks announced Saturday that starting right guard Anthony Bradford is out for Sunday’s contest against the Arizona Cardinals; Mike MacDonald told reporters on Friday that Christian Haynes takes Bradford’s place in the starting lineup. In a corresponding move, the Seattle Seahawks promoted safety Rodney Thomas II, similar to the opening game against the […] The post Seattle Seahawks Lose Another Starter For Cardinals Game appeared first on HEAVY.
Duke 35, Stanford 7: Five Key Plays
A couple of more wins. like the last two, and people will have to say Duke is a solid football team again.
Duke Rolls Past Stanford for First ACC Win of Season
The Duke Blue Devils moved to 3-0 on the season after a blowout win over Stanford.
Duke 35, Stanford 7: Three instant takes
Nate Sheppard once again reminds everyone why he is special plus Duke's defense comes through in a 35-7 rout of Stanford.
Duke football report card: Grading Blue Devils after Stanford victory
How did Duke football perform against Stanford? We hand out grades for the Blue Devils in their beatdown win over the Cardinal.
Stanford scientists transplanted human brain tissue into mice missing most of their cortex; within months, it grew to occupy more than 90% of the space
Stanford scientists have created a new model for studying human brain development by transplanting lab-grown human brain tissue into mice that were engineered to lack most of their cerebral cortex. Within months, the human tissue not only survived but expanded to occupy more than 90 percent of the cortical space, forming working connections with the mouse brain and spinal cord.
Seahawks injury update: Anthony Bradford ruled out of Cardinals game
Christian Haynes, welcome to the starting lineup.
Volunteers help Carson City locals receive health checkups at first Love Heals Free Clinic
Locals unable to afford health checkups can get them done by medical professionals today, Saturday, at the Carson City Community Center during the first Love Heals Free Clinic event happening […]
Devils well-beaten by Flames in Challenge Cup
Guildford Flames thump Cardiff Devils 5-1 to secure their first Challenge Cup win of the 2026-27 season.
Match Preview: Fulham vs. Manchester United
The Reds are on the road and looking for a boost after losing successive matches at Old Trafford. The controversial loss to Manchester City, to an Erling Haaland goal that should have been disallowed, was followed by a Carabao Cup exit at the hands of Brighton & Hove Albion on Wednesday. After a disappointing start […]
Duke vs. Stanford live updates: Score, highlights, predictions, analysis
Duke plays Stanford in a pivotal ACC showdown. Follow live score updates, highlights, injury news, key plays, and instant analysis.
Everton 1-0 Ipswich: What Moyes and Pickford said
If we get the second goal it changes the game but Ipswich clung on and it allowed them to put us under pressure late in the game. The first year in the Premier League is always tough, he has found his feet and he has started a lot better this year.
Fran Pastore (opinion): 'The energy in Stamford is palpable'
'For companies throughout Stamford and Connecticut, the message is simple: investing in women entrepreneurs isn't charity. It's economic development.'
TST Best Bets: September 19, 2026
Lane Kiffin’s return to Oxford was always going to be loud. After leaving Ole Miss for LSU last season, he’ll walk back into Vaught-Hemingway Stadium on Saturday as the coach of one of the Rebels’ biggest rivals. With both teams ranked in the top 10, there’s plenty at stake beyond the reception Kiffin gets.Earlier in the day, No. 16 SMU visits No. 23 Louisville in a ranked ACC matchup. The Mustangs have opened 2-0, while the Cardinals have a chance to make an early statement at home after a 1-1
‘Today’s Gonna Be Wild,’ ‘Love This Sport’ — CFB Fans React As Lane Kiffin Faces Wrath of Ole Miss Fans During ESPN’s GameDay Segment
The rivalry between Lane Kiffin and Ole Miss reached another level Saturday morning when ESPN’s College GameDay went live from Oxford. Within seconds of the broadcast beginning, Ole Miss fans in The Grove broke into loud chants aimed at their former head coach.
Arsenal could move for Brentford man in January
Arsenal were among the clubs interested in adding Kevin Schade to their squad during the last transfer window, and the Gunners monitored the Brentford attacker for some time. However, they ultimately ...
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. 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