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The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
Sustained Impact for Pre-Health Students: Fall Semester Highlights
Through advising, programming and hands-on experiences, PPAC continued to support pre-health students with the tools and guidance needed to thrive this fall.
Nominate UT Health San Antonio in the 2026 Readers’ Choice Awards - UT Health San Antonio
The YourSA San Antonio Express-News’ Readers’ Choice Awards give the San Antonio community the opportunity to recognize the healthcare organizations they trust most. Thanks to the continued support of patients, faculty, staff and the San Antonio community, UT Health San Antonio has earned top honors in multiple categories in past years, reflecting its commitment […]
Valve discontinued the last remaining LCD model of the Steam Deck
The entry-level Steam Deck LCD, which started at $399, is gone for good.
Governor Ivey Signs Executive Order Establishing Alabama Rural Health Transformation Advisory Group -
MONTGOMERY – Governor Kay Ivey on Thursday signed Executive Order No. 741 to establish the Alabama Rural Health Transformation Advisory Group. The Advisory Group will advise the governor on the progress, policy development and implementation of Alabama’s Rural Health Transformation … Continued
Say Goodbye To These 17 Products Apple Discontinued In 2025
As you'd expect, Apple's had a handful of new devices throughout 2025. Here's everything it stopped selling this year, and what the company replaced it with.
Advancing health equity for people on the move
On International Migrants Day, WHO celebrates the contributions of 304 million international migrants and calls for health equity for people on the move. This year’s theme, “My Great Story: Cultures and Development”, underscores that refugee and migrant health is a right, essential for resilience and thriving communities. WHO works with Member States and partners to build inclusive, culturally sensitive health systems, guided by its Global Action Plan on Refugee and Migrant Health. Recent initiatives include the WHO Dashboard on global experiences, leadership training through the Health and Migration School, and free competency courses for health workers. WHO urges continued action to remove barriers, invest in migrant-sensitive systems, and achieve health for all.
'Long term, Brighton are in a great place'
Former Brighton midfielder Dale Stephens believes the current group of players reflects a model the Seagulls have refined over a number of seasons, but stressed that potential alone is no longer enough once players step into the first team environment. Speaking on BBC Radio Sussex's Albion Unlimited podcast, Stephens believes Brighton's continued reliance on youth has once again put the spotlight on the balance between development and results. Long term, Brighton are in a great place.
Milan vs Sassuolo – Predictions, Betting Tips & Match Preview
Sunday’s Serie A action kicks off at the San Siro as title-bidding Milan take on newly promoted Sassuolo. The home side’s pursuit of a landmark 20th Scudetto continued to go swimmingly earlier thi...
Shiffrin extends slalom domination with Courchevel win
Mikaela Shiffrin continued her ascendancy over the women's slalom in Courchevel on Tuesday night as she swept to a fifth straight victory in the discipline and 105th World Cup win.At the finish after her record-extending World Cup win, Shiffrin said she was not sure why things were going so well.
iPhone 17e Will Reportedly Fix iPhone 16e's Biggest Limitation
In February, Apple discontinued the iPhone SE and released a new entry-level iPhone 16e. The device features a 6.1-inch OLED display, an A18 chip with Apple Intelligence support, a single 48-megapixel rear camera, an Action button, a USB-C port, and more, but one capability that it lacks is MagSafe wireless charging. In a wide-ranging report today about future iPhone models, The Information's Wayne Ma and Qianer Liu said that the iPhone 17e will address this limitation.
Global Business Activity Growth Slows as Tariffs Bite
Business activity in the U.S., Europe and parts of Asia continued to grow as 2025 draws to a close, but at a slower pace as higher barriers to trade and uncertainty about relations between major powers took their toll.
Google’s ‘dark web report’ feature will no longer be available starting in February
Google has revealed that its “dark web report” feature will be discontinued starting February 16, 2026. Launched initially about a year and a half ago,
The Paris Agreement Fueled A Decade Of Economic Growth, With Business Leading The Way
A decade after the Paris Agreement, U.S. economic competitiveness depends on continued global business leadership
Embracing Entrepreneurship: Zoë Tsoukalas - Mays Business School News
From Lemonade Stands to Ledgers “I’ve always had the mindset of entrepreneurship. At a very early age, I began my journey towards entrepreneurship with the typical lemonade and snow cone stands. In high school, I launched a clothing and jewelry business, where everything I sold was handmade and one of a kind. I continued with
Da'Realyst Clark named Hero Sports G5 All-American - Kent State Golden Flashes
KENT, Ohio – Da'Realyst Clark continued to earn national recognition, being named to the HERO Sports Group of Five All-American Third Team.
Georgia Democrat flips a state House seat in district Trump won by double digits, CNN projects
Democrats continued their run of successes in special elections by flipping a state House seat in Georgia Tuesday, according to a projection from the CNN Decision Desk.
NH health officials urge continued vaccination of newborns for hepatitis B despite CDC committee vote
New Hampshire health officials are urging parents to continue the standard hepatitis B vaccination regimen for newborns despite a vote from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention committee to remove the recommendation.
PROOF OF THE PUDDING EXPANDS NATIONAL SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT FOOTPRINT WITH ACQUISITION OF RS3 STRATEGIC HOSPITALITY
Strategic Move Strengthens Hospitality Company’s Growing Presence Across Texas, Enhances Partnerships In Sports, Entertainment, Golf And Large-Scale VenuesATLANTA, Dec. 08, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Proof of the Pudding has acquired RS3 Strategic Hospitality, an established hospitality provider serving sports, entertainment and community venues throughout Texas and major markets across the country. The move is a reflection of Proof of the Pudding’s continued nationwide expansion. RS3 brings a bro
Wave Life Sciences Announces Positive Interim Data from Phase 1 INLIGHT Trial of WVE-007 (INHBE) for Obesity; Single Dose Resulted in Improvement in Body Composition With Fat Loss Similar to GLP-1 at Three Months Without Muscle Loss
Following a single subcutaneous 240 mg dose, WVE-007 (INHBE GalNAc-siRNA) improved body composition at three months compared to baseline, with a 9.4% reduction in visceral fat (p=0.02), a 4.5% reduction in total body fat (3.5 lbs; p=0.07), and a 3.2% increase in lean mass (4.0 lbs; p=0.01), with no statistically significant changes in the placebo group Sustained and robust suppression of serum Activin E supports expectations for continued improvements in body composition, further fat loss, and p
Crystal Lake’s surge in housing offers opportunities for building, investment and growth
Crystal Lake’s continued strong performance in retail and dining can be attributed to the recent new developments and redevelopments within the community.
Alysa Liu, with Olympics on deck, wins another major figure skating title
Alysa Liu's remarkable return to figure skating continued Saturday with a win in the Grand Prix Final.
Vanity Fair and Olivia Nuzzi cut ties as RFK Jr. relationship drama continues to unfold
Vanity Fair and journalist Olivia Nuzzi are severing ties amid the continued fallout surrounding Nuzzi's relationship with RFK Jr.
In Celebration of New Line Cinema’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring’s 25th Anniversary, Extended Editions of Peter Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Coming Back to Theatres from Fathom Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures on January 16-18 and 23-25
In Celebration of New Line Cinema’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring’s 25th Anniversary, Extended Editions of Peter Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Coming Back to Theatres from Fathom Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures on January 16-18 and 23-25 All Three Epic Movies Also Offered in DBOX Technology at … Continued
Disbennett Wealth Management Group Awarded 2025 Best in Ohio Business - Financial Planning Firm by Ohio Business Magazine for Second Consecutive Year
Disbennett Wealth Management Group, a leading financial planning firm specializing in retirement income strategies and wealth management, is honored to announce that it has been named the 2025 Best in Ohio Business for Financial Planning Firm by Ohio Business Magazine—marking the second year in a row the firm has received this prestigious recognition. This consecutive win highlights the firm's continued commitment to delivering exceptional financial guidance for successful individuals, families,
We The People: Sphere celebrates second anniversary with continued innovation in Las Vegas entertainment
The Sphere marked its second anniversary by continuing to redefine entertainment through immersive experiences that transport audiences beyond traditional viewing.
AI finds its way into Apple's top apps of the year
Although Apple has continued to avoid naming a dedicated AI app or AI chatbot as its app of the year, AI was showcased among this year's winners.
Lula and Senate Tensions Continue Over Court Pick
Tensions between President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva’s government and Congress continued to escalate Tuesday, when Senate leader Davi Alcolumbre canceled a hearing for Supreme Court nominee Jorge Messias.
Gartner (IT) Slid on Weak Business Outlook
Scout Investments, Inc., an affiliate of Carillon Tower Advisers, recently released its third-quarter 2025 investor letter for “Carillon Scout Mid Cap Fund”. A copy of the letter can be downloaded here. The Russell Midcap Index posted positive returns in the quarter, fueled by strong corporate earnings, the continued momentum in artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure, and the […]
Students Advocate For More Science Funding
A national student-led effort shows how early-career researchers are engaging Congress on federal science funding amid continued uncertainty over FY 2026 appropriations.
Former NBA player calls out LeBron James for stat-padding
Los Angeles Lakers star forward LeBron James kept his streak of 10-plus point performances alive against the Phoenix Suns on Monday night. The Lakers lost the game, 125-108, but James scored 10 points to push his streak to an impressive 1,297 games. While James’ streak is staggering, not everyone is impressed with how he continued it against Phoenix.
Yaman Altal Medical Center Announces Expansion of Clinical Services and Advances Regional Men's Health Initiatives
Amman, Jordan--(Newsfile Corp. - November 30, 2025) - Yaman Altal Medical Center today announced a major expansion of its clinical and educational operations as part of its continued efforts to strengthen men's health services across the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. The expansion reflects the Center's ongoing commitment to evidence-based diagnostics, public health education, and international clinical collaboration.Courtesy: Dr. Yaman AltalTo view an enhanced version of this graphic,..
Local retailers encourage continued support after Small Business Saturday
Small Business Saturday may have come and gone, but local businesses in the Two Virginias are reminding you to still shop small.