SCROLL NEWS / DISCOVERY
Search headlines
Find the stories shaping the conversation.
Results for " sf " 9,793 found 🔀 AI-powered Shuffle
Apple Seeds First Betas of iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3 to Developers
Apple today seeded the first betas of upcoming iOS 26.3 and iPadOS 26.3 updates to developers for testing purposes, with the software coming just a few days after Apple released iOS 26.2 and iPadOS 26.2. Registered developers can download the betas from the Settings app on the iPhone or iPad by going to the General section and selecting Software Update.
Nebraska QB Dylan Raiola to enter transfer portal; Oregon potential suitor
Raiola will join an intriguing QB portal class for 2026 with two years of eligibility remaining
How smart small business owners are planning for a successful 2026 — even on a tight budget
Affordable small business internet, strategic spending, and investing in people help owners like Amanda Hofman and Sara McCarthy prepare for success.
Op Ed: Wisconsin Candidates Decry Money in Politics, Plan to Raise Tons of It
2015 state law with 'billionaires' loophole' has transformed Wisconsin elections.
Farmers and politics threaten to put EU's free-trade deal with South America on ice
France is creating a last-minute hurdle for a major trade deal between the European Union and the Mercosur bloc
The best chocolate chip cookie recipe, according to science
Understanding a bit of chemistry can transform your baking skills.
James Madison Leads Vic Bubas Cup Standings Through Fall Semester
NEW ORLEANS – James Madison University leads the Sun Belt Conference’s Vic Bubas Cup standings through the 2025 fall sports season. The Bubas Cup is the Sun Belt’s all-sports championship, awarded to the top athletics department in the conference based on a points system.
How mammograms could transform to predict the future
And other health news from the Morning Rounds newsletter
More South Korean actors seek Hollywood dream after global success of Korean entertainment
The global success of “Parasite,” “Minari” and “Squid Game” has opened Hollywood’s doors to South Korean actors, but for those without major agency backing, navigating the American industry remains a challenge
Behavioral health spending spikes to 40% of all children’s health expenditures
Expenditure nearly doubled in a decade; families paid $2.9 billion in out-of-pocket costs in 2022
Why Eagles defense wasn't satisfied with just a shutout
The Eagles’ defense was dominant on Sunday and they were paying attention to more than just a shutout.
Pacific adds stunt program as 21st NCAA sport
University of the Pacific is adding stunt as a varsity sport, making it the university's 21st NCAA Division I program.
Nelson Returns As Assistant Sports Information Director - University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh Athletics
Ricky Nelson, who owns a decade of experience with UW-Oshkosh Athletics, has returned to the Titans' sports information office as announced by UW-Oshkosh Sports Information Director Brady Halverson on Monday.
Drew Gilbert Has Chance To Have Stellar Season For Giants
Gilbert will watch his old Tennessee head coach, Tony Vitello, get a chance at the MLB level with San Francisco.
2 stabbed at entertainment complex in southern Japan, police arrest a 30-year-old suspect
Japanese police say they arrested a man in connection with the alleged stabbing of two people at an entertainment complex housing the female pop music group HKT48 in the southern city of Fukuoka, leaving them with non-life-threatening injuries
FUJIFILM Business Innovation Celebrates 60 Years in the Philippines and Singapore; Marks 30th Anniversary in Chinese Mainland
FUJIFILM Business Innovation, a leader in information workflows and digital transformation, is celebrating its 60th anniversary in the Philippines and Singapore. Starting in 1965, the Philippines was the company's first overseas market, and soon after it established operations in Singapore. This year also marks the 30th anniversary of FUJIFILM Business Innovation China, further underscoring the company's long and enduring operational history across the Asia Pacific region. These milestones refle
WHO launches call for high-level experts to join the Science Council
The World Health Organization (WHO) is today soliciting the interest of internationally-renowned experts to serve on its Science Council, one of the Organization’s highest-level advisory bodies to the WHO Director-General.
Poised Pistons primed for third clash with Celtics
The Detroit Pistons enter Monday night's road contest against the Boston Celtics with a three-game winning streak and plenty of confidence.
A Hidden Difference Between Dinosaurs and Mammals Is Changing Science’s View of the Past
New University of Maryland research suggests that dinosaur parenting strategies helped transform the Mesozoic world, as “latchkey kid dinosaurs” spread into ecological niches their parents left untouched. Imagine a young Brachiosaurus no bigger than a golden retriever, foraging alongside its sibl
The Galaxy Z TriFold is an impressive feat of innovation, but here's why it leaves me concerned
Samsung is finally releasing the Galaxy Z TriFold, but it might not be a slam dunk
Business School Undergrads Are Still Coming — But They’re Taking Longer To Decide
Applications to undergraduate business programs climbed 38% over five years, but global enrollment remained largely flat.
College football transfer portal's biggest busts of 2025 season
A number of high-profile transfers failed to deliver on expectations this season
We think we found the most active Waymo rider in SF. Prove us wrong.
A mystery rider hailed over 400 Waymos in 2025 and spent nearly eight days in the driverless vehicles.
Poll: Most are satisfied with their health insurance, but a quarter report denials or delays
A large majority of Americans, 82%, said they’re satisfied with their coverage in the new NBC News Decision Desk Poll.
Town acts to reduce quarry truck traffic by 75%. Attorney says move may kill local business.
Harmony Sand and Gravel faces new restrictions limiting daily truck traffic to 25 vehicles after township officials responded to resident complaints about safety hazards and property damage.
Samsung Is in Talks With AMD to Supply 2nm Chips, Potentially for EPYC Venice CPUs, as the Foundry Emerges as a Serious TSMC Challenger
Samsung is now in talks with AMD to supply its SF2 (2nm) process for next-gen CPUs, as the Korean giant aims for a massive foundry comeback.
Will concert tickets ever be accessible in Canada?
Most people are familiar with the pains associated with buying tickets for high-profile events: Face value tickets are expensive — if they’re even available, and tickets often sell out fast, only to pop up on resale sites, where they’re sold for exorbitant prices. But there are ways to push back, experts say, especially as people voice increasing dissatisfaction.
A Grip on Sports: Picking the right college coach, and keeping them, may be the best harbinger of success no matter the sport
A GRIP ON SPORTS • If you want to be successful, long term, in college basketball, you have to be able to win games in a variety of ways. If you want to be successful, long term, in college football, it helps to be able to keep your coach around. Both were on display, in different ways, Saturday night.
Belfast throws down Ireland's first sumo wrestling club
Belfast-based Sumo Na hÉireann is Ireland's first sumo club, capitalising on the sports growing popularity.
Avalanche's Jack Drury: Puts away goal in win
Avalanche's Jack Drury: Puts away goal in win
Anti-immigrant rhetoric and policies intensify across Europe
In the past year, tens of thousands hostile to immigrants marched through London chanting “send them home!”
Pelicans, Bulls battling to build winning streak
The Chicago Bulls host the New Orleans Pelicans on Sunday night in a matchup of teams that just ended their seven-game losing streaks.
Carson Sisler leads after first round of Platinum Coast Invitational
Carson Sisler shot a 2-under-par 69 to grab the first round lead in the 65th Annual Platinum Coast Invitational at Rockledge Country Club on Dec. 13.
Wisconsin offers wide receiver in the transfer portal
The Badgers are looking into transfer portal wide receivers.
Netflix Is Reinventing Its Business Again. Could the Stock Be Heading Higher?
The streaming wars have escalated as tensions rise in the industry.
Video How Gen Z is turning business trips into dream getaways
Psycho Bunny’s Sarah LeMoine and IPMI’s Emily Nasser discuss how some members of Gen Z are embracing the perks of business travel.
Klæbo makes shock exit as Russians return; Prevc family celebrates
Norwegian superstar Johannes Høsflot Klæbo failed to get beyond the quarter-finals of a cross country sprint race for the first time since his World Cup debut almost a decade ago. Klæbo has ruled the sprint over the years by winning the last two Olympic golds and four world titles, and he came into Saturday's race at the Swiss venue of Davos with 18 straight World Cup victories in the discipline.
The great wealth transfer will likely reshape U.S. politics. Are we headed for a ‘millennial civil war’?
Video Weekend health roundup
ABC News medical contributor Dr. Alok Patel breaks down the biggest medical stories you may have missed in this weekend's health roundup.
LaNorris Sellers nearing return to South Carolina as top QB bypasses transfer portal
The Gamecocks are closing in on a result that could stabilize the program and alter the transfer quarterback market
Teen’s video a ‘Breakthrough’ in science communication
Seventeen-year-old Grace Lee from Chula Vista is gaining national attention as a finalist in the global Breakthrough Junior Challenge, an annual competition that invites students to create original videos explaining complex scientific ideas in creative and engaging ways. Founded in 2015, the contest encourages young people to break down advanced scientific theories using imagination and storytelling— “Steven Spielberg meets Albert Einstein,” as organizers describe it. Lee’s submission centers on the principle of least time in physics, a concept that explains why light always travels the path that takes the least amount of time. To bring the idea to life, she used intricate origami characters and stop-motion animation, along with simple at-home experiments, she said. “The fact that light always travels via the path that takes the least amount of time sounds simple at first, but nature is full of surprises,” she said. “This principle is actually very profound and underlies many different fields in physics that seem completely unrelated, from optics to Newton’s laws to Einstein’s theory of relativity.” Also, origami has long been one of her passions and integrating it into her project felt natural. She often makes origami gifts for friends and teaches origami in her school clubs. “A single 10-second scene would take hours to craft,” she said, noting the mixture of stop-motion and post-production editing required to animate expressions and movement. To ensure the science remained accurate and accessible, she spent time reading books and online resources, writing a script, creating a storyboard, and filming and editing repeatedly until the visuals worked.The experiments were among the biggest challenges. To demonstrate water waves, she used everyday household items — “a spatula and an electric toothbrush to vibrate the waves, glass in a baking pan for different depths, and an iPhone flashlight so the waves would be visible.” She also put careful thought into explaining the principle through analogies, including a gingerbread man and a fox. “Analogies and visuals are incredibly important,” she said. “Visual demonstrations allow viewers to see how the science actually works.” Beyond the competition, Lee is deeply involved in science leadership and advocacy. She serves as International President of miRcore, the world’s largest student computational biology organization, with 136 chapters across five countries. She leads a 20-member executive board, organizes outreach connecting schools worldwide, and has helped run workshops at locations including Scripps Research Institute and the University of Michigan. “I used to be intimidated,” she said, but she gradually grew her skills and confidence. “Now I am no longer afraid to use my voice and enthusiasm to bring out the best in others.” Her research experience includes two peer-reviewed papers on asthma and vaping. Misconceptions around vaping, she said, show why clear science communication matters. “Our research shows that there is long-term harm to your lungs on the cellular level that isn’t obvious unless you come down with an illness like the flu,” she said. Lee also founded Full Hearts at Eastlake High School, transforming the small club into one of the school’s largest, with hands-on service projects in partnership with local nonprofits. She continues mentoring younger students to sustain the mission. If she wins the Breakthrough Junior Challenge, Grace hopes the $100,000 science lab prize for her school will expand opportunities for students who have limited access to equipment and hands-on science outside the classroom.
Democrats want to win back Congress. First they need to weather their primary battles
At least a dozen US House Democrats are already facing primary challenges, as progressives seek to transform a party regaining its footing after 2024 by tapping into voters’ frustration with its leaders ahead of next year’s midterm elections.
Houston Museum of Natural Science's Foucault Pendulum has stopped after decades of swinging. Here's what happened.
Houston Museum of Natural Science's Foucault Pendulum has stopped after decades, and here's why.
Kraken's Philipp Grubauer: Can't get back in win column
Kraken's Philipp Grubauer: Can't get back in win column
Blackhawks' Spencer Knight: Stuck with loss against Blues
Blackhawks' Spencer Knight: Stuck with loss against Blues
‘We are more successful than they wanted us to be’: Chloe Kelly on team squabbles, scoring that penalty and surviving sport’s gender wars
Women’s football is booming – but the bigger it’s got, the messier it’s become for players. Through it all, the hot tip for Sports Personality of the Year has kept a cool head
The Wear-Tyne Derby: Bring It On!
“A win would be the biggest indication yet that Sunderland AFC is back in business; back where we belong!”
Bulls' Patrick Williams: Scores season-high 16 points
Bulls' Patrick Williams: Scores season-high 16 points
Friday Scoreboard
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — View Friday’s scores from across KELOLAND right here. NBAMinnesota 108 Golden State 101 4 MBBSDSU 94 DWU 62 F USHLFargo 4 Sioux Falls 0 F HOCKEYAugustana 3 Minnesota St. 1 F CWRAugustana 34 MSU-Moorhead 6 F Girls BasketballGayville-Volin 48 Alcester-Hudson 33 FColman-Egan 72 Arlington 41 FBeresford 66 Baltic 52 FSpearfish […]
Saturday Pre-orders: Era of Ruin special edition guaranteed stock
This week’s new releases are live.
How Bayer transforms Pharma R&D with a cloud-based data science ecosystem using Amazon SageMaker
In this post, we discuss how Bayer AG used the next generation of Amazon SageMaker to build a cloud-based Pharma R&D Data Science Ecosystem (DSE) that unified data ingestion, storage, analytics, and AI/ML workflows.
NFL Draft: 2026 Underclassmen Declaration Tracker
Fewer underclassmen are declaring for the NFL draft because of NIL and the transfer portal.
San Mateo Medical Center Health Campus Completes Major Renovation & Expansion
San Mateo, California – San Mateo County’s public hospital has been transformed into a state-of-the-art health care campus, rebuilt to meet California’s seismic safety standards and reimagined to better serve patients and staff. Community leaders gathered today to celebrate the opening, calling it a major investment in public health and a welcome upgrade for the tens of thousands of residents who rely on the County for medical and other care.
Female athletes protesting transgender competition in sports drop lawsuit against OSAA
Two female athletes dropped a lawsuit they had filed alleging that the OSAA discriminated against them for protesting transgender competition in women's sports.
Tom Snyder: AI requires transformative regulation to ensure it benefits business and individuals
We should not be asking whether regulation will slow innovation or hurt competitiveness. We should be asking a far more important question: How do we ensure AI serves all people?
Eckerd College marine science professor helps track shifting seaweed that could alter ecosystems in Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea
News | Eckerd College
Award of Merit, Sports/Entertainment: New Alamein City Tourist Promenade
Located along the Mediterranean coast, the $36.6-million project transforms the waterfront into a vibrant public promenade.
NSF announces new initiative to launch and scale a new generation of transformative independent research organizations to advance breakthrough science
The U.S. National Science Foundation Directorate for Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (NSF TIP) on Friday announced the launch of a new initiative designed to launch and scale a new generation…
Health Technologies: Where We Are Now and a Look Ahead to 2026
More than ever before, digital solutions are transforming how health care is accessed and delivered. The potential of health technologies to bring about transformative change is especially pronounced in rural areas where health care challenges such as hospital closures and health workforce shortages are acute.
Registration opens for business expo
Registration is open for the University of Lynchburg’s third annual business expo, Building Communities Through Partnerships.
Video White House vows action on health care after Senate votes fail
The Senate rejected competing proposals from both parties on Thursday as subsidies for more than 20 million people are set to expire and send premiums soaring.
Former Notre Dame starter who transferred declares for the NFL
Former Notre Dame offensive line starter Rocco Spindler spend the last season at Nebraska, has declared for the NFL.
SFA students blend pop culture, business innovation at Swift-Mas Showcase
NACOGDOCHES, Texas –– Students in Stephen F. Austin State University’s Nelson Rusche College of Business stepped into the spotlight during finals week for the Swift-Mas Showcase, an event supported by SFA’s Arnold Center for Entrepreneurship that highlighted student innovation and creative problem-solving throughout the fall semester.
Ghost particles slip through Earth and spark a hidden atomic reaction
Scientists have managed to observe solar neutrinos carrying out a rare atomic transformation deep underground, converting carbon-13 into nitrogen-13 inside the SNO+ detector. By tracking two faint flashes of light separated by several minutes, researchers confirmed one of the lowest-energy neutrino interactions ever detected.
Video Health insurance premiums set to skyrocket as Trump tease something 'much better'
The Senate failed to advance two competing health care proposals aimed at addressing a spike in costs expected for tens of millions of Americans who receive enhanced Affordable Care Act tax credits.
Blues focus on net-front play as Blackhawks arrive
The St. Louis Blues will try to tighten up their defensive-zone coverage on Friday night when they host the Chicago Blackhawks.
Avalanche's Mackenzie Blackwood: Keeps winning Thursday
Avalanche's Mackenzie Blackwood: Keeps winning Thursday
Theater Review: "Stereophonic" Tour Offers Sharp Music, Uneven Storytelling
Kevin Taft reviews the theatrical production of the Tony-nominated Stereophonic, which he nevertheless feels never comes together in a dramatically satisfying way.
Ducks' Ville Husso: Surrenders five goals Thursday
Ducks' Ville Husso: Surrenders five goals Thursday
No. 18 Florida hopes to right ship vs. George Washington
The Florida Gators went 36-4 last season, winning their third national championship. This season, the 18th-ranked Gators have already equaled their loss total from all of last year.
Packers-Broncos Preview
DENVER (AP) For the first time in a decade, Denver Broncos (11-2) stand atop the AFC playoff race heading into the holidays. They're the league's only unbeaten team at home. They've won 10 consecutive games and they've saddled their last 11 visitors with a loss going back 14 months.
Michael Jordan was already a basketball legend. Now, he’s one in NASCAR too
Thursday's settlement was that significant for NASCAR's teams that Jordan just made himself a transformative figure in yet another sport.
Lions-Rams Preview
INGLEWOOD, Calif. (AP) Nearly five years after the Los Angeles Rams blindsided Jared Goff by trading him to Detroit for Matthew Stafford, practically all parties involved in the blockbuster deal are thriving on the field and seemingly content about their fate.
New restaurants, jobs and entertainment venues transform Century Farms
With hundreds of jobs on the way, Century Farms is transforming Antioch.
Vikings-Cowboys Preview
ARLINGTON, Texas (AP) Dak Prescott feels the weight of the Dallas Cowboys having to win all of their remaining four games for their best chance to make the playoffs - and, he says, not in a bad way.
Bills-Patriots Preview
FOXBOROUGH, Mass. (AP) There was a time in the not-too-distant past when it was a yearly occurrence for the New England Patriots to win the AFC East and go to the playoffs.
AI Bubble Or Business Revolution? Essential Business Insights
Most AI companies will fail, yet the industry will transform business. The trial and error economy drives today's AI revolution alongside significant risks.
Browns-Bears Preview
CHICAGO (AP) The Chicago Bears were rolling along and on top of the NFC before they got tripped up at Green Bay last week.
How Colorado's independent voters look at politis
Unaffiliated voters are now the majority in Colorado.
Video Health care in jeopardy for millions as Senate votes down competing proposals
Cynthia Cox, vice president of health policy group KFF, says premiums will likely increase next month for people who buy their health insurance on the ACA marketplace.
Panthers-Saints Preview
NEW ORLEANS (AP) The Saints defense, even under different coordinators, has been a repeat nemesis for Panthers quarterback Bryce Young.
Chargers-Chiefs Preview
KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) Much has changed since the Los Angeles Chargers and Kansas City Chiefs met for their season-opener in Brazil.
Video Competing Democrat, Republican health care proposals both fail in the Senate
The Senate failed to advance two competing health care proposals aimed at addressing a spike in costs expected for tens of millions of Americans who receive enhanced Affordable Care Act tax credits.
Man Utd financial results: Cost-cutting having an impact in first quarter numbers for new financial year
Redundancies and other cost-cutting measures at Man Utd have been reflected in their latest quarterly financial results; there have been small losses that will not be significant for a business of their size; the results will also not affect their plans for the January transfer window
Kelly Osbourne has a NSFW response to those commenting on her dramatic weight loss
Kelly Osbourne has seen the many comments about how thin she looks these days and she’s not happy about it.
Q&A: What does the Netflix-Paramount bidding war mean for your streaming future?
Netflix and Paramount, entertainment companies known for promoting drama within the shows and movies on their platforms, are now caught up in their own theatrics. What’s it all mean? And how could the result affect how you consume your favorite movies and shows? We asked the University of Virginia’s Anthony Palomba, an assistant professor of business administration at the Darden School of Business and an expert in the media and entertainment industry, to share his insights.
Red Wings take lessons learned into encounter vs. Oilers
Red Wings take lessons learned into encounter vs. Oilers
The New Orleans businesses we lost — and gained
Farewell to Langenstein's. Hello to Delacroix.
Global Politics Meet the Classroom
Dr. Gabriel de Arruda Castro, a former Brazilian political journalist, joins Cedarville University as assistant professor of international relations, enriching...
Video Senate poised to cast votes on competing health care proposals
Both plans, one put forward by Democrats and the other championed by Republicans, are almost certain to fail.
Commentary: The U.S. Senate is a mess. He wants to fix it, from the inside
Oregon Sen. Jeff Merkeley is waging a largely one-man crusade to reform the Senate filibuster. He sees it as a way to help end obstructionism and address the Senate's increasing dysfunction.
Thirty Years of Onion Politics: Bosnia and Herzegovina on the 30th anniversary of the Dayton Peace Agreement
The Dayton Peace Agreement ended the Bosnian War, establishing the constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It achieved its immediate aim of ending direct violence, yet ended up creating a state apparatus that obstructs social equality and economic sovereignty. This Spotlight argues that the evaluation of its success must take two problems into account: the cementation of ethnic categories as foundational levels of governance and the resulting failure to address or transform war legacies; and the institutionalized international involvement undermining democratic self-determination.
Teens discovered my 57-year-old cheese shop on TikTok — and transformed my business
Dominick DiBartolomeo, who owns the Cheese Store of Beverly Hills, told Business Insider that TikTok virality drew in waves of younger customers.
From classroom to community: Student’s journey exemplifies ‘public health in action’
When Waveney Brooks transferred to the University of Kentucky as a sophomore, she never imagined that a classroom experience would open the door to real-world public heath practice across Kentucky. What started as a broad introduction to the many disciplines of well-being soon grew into a purposeful public health career path defined by mentorship, community engagement and purpose.
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons