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Chamber, RCEDA bring back business classes
by John Dowd The Bitterroot Valley Chamber of Commerce and the Ravalli County Economic Development Authority (RCEDA) are teaming up to bring business training classes back to the Bitterroot Valley. […]
New Spokane alliance drives life science growth
Spokane-based organizations Greater Spokane Incorporated, LaunchPad Inland Northwest Foundation, and Health Sciences & Services Authority of Spokane County are partnering with Seattle-based Life Science Washington to expand access to resources and support for life science entrepreneurs in the…
New Spokane alliance drives life science growth
Spokane-based organizations Greater Spokane Incorporated, LaunchPad Inland Northwest Foundation, and Health Sciences & Services Authority of Spokane County are partnering with Seattle-based Life Science Washington to expand access to resources and support for life science entrepreneurs in the…
The Fitbit Edge doesn't have NFC, and Google just revealed why
The Fitbit Edge launched earlier this month, but does this new wearable have NFC? Here's what Google told us.
Montgomery leaders still weighing new health care authority to protect hospitals, taxpayers
Montgomery city and county leaders are laying the groundwork for a new health care authority they say is intended to keep hospital doors open without putting taxpayers on the hook for hospital debt.
EDA approves final round of business development grants for 2026
The Grand Marais/Cook County Economic Development Authority Board met Tuesday, Oct. 20, approving five business development grants and the hiring of Redpath and Company to conduct a financial audit, among other agenda items. The meeting marked the third and final round of the EDA’s 2026 business development grants, which began the year with a $200,000...
Court rejects Pawnee Nation challenge to Oklahoma environmental authority
A federal appeals court has upheld the Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to let Oklahoma administer federal environmental programs in parts of Indian Country, rejecting a challenge brought by the Pawnee Nation in a 2-1 ruling Oct. 16. The case, Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma v. Zeldin, turns on a provision known as the “Midnight Rider,” a […]
Samsung launches Certified Re-Newed Galaxy phones on Amazon starting at $489
Samsung is bringing its Certified Re-Newed Galaxy S24 and S25 flagship phones with new batteries and a warranty to Amazon starting at $489.
Talks on Montgomery health care authority care authority continue
A recently proposed health care authority was the topic of discussion at Tuesday night's city council meeting.
Officials Work to Improve Boardman River Health
The Traverse City Downtown Development Authority (DDA) and City of TC are working on multiple fronts to improve the Lower Boardman River – including habitat and shoreline improvements, repairs to a deteriorating retaining wall, and public placemaking projects. However, one of the main challenges to the urban river’s health – its proximity to so many …
DDA Launches Downtown Business Banner Program
DDA Launches Downtown Business Banner Program The Trenton Downtown Development Authority is giving local businesses a new opportunity to put their name on display in downtown Trenton. The DDA’s Downtown Banner Program will allow businesses to have their name displayed on a downtown banner for […]
Trump sued over Canadian tariffs in latest legal challenge
The lawsuit argues the White House exceeded its authority in imposing the latest tariffs on the country and caused "immediate harm to American businesses".
I’ve used the Pixel 11 Pro XL and iPhone 18 Pro Max, and Apple’s ecosystem isn’t enough anymore
I've used iPhones for almost two decades, and much of what made Apple's devices an easy choice has eroded.
One of Samsung's most popular phones is now getting stable One UI 9 with Android 17
One of the most popular Samsung phones, the Galaxy A36 5G, is now getting the stable One UI 9 update with Android 17 in Europe.
Costco’s ‘100% agave’ tequila lawsuit thrown out
A judge, deferring to Mexico's authority over tequila regulation, dismissed a proposed class-action lawsuit claiming that Costco’s Kirkland tequilas labeled 100% agave" are mixed with low-grade booze. The law firm
Richard Riehle, dependable TV and film character actor who was in ‘Glory and ‘Office Space,’ dies
He often played authority figures but was equally skilled at comedy.
CCIA Study Finds South Korea Fines U.S. Companies Up to Seven Times More Than Korean Firms Relative to Business Activity
Washington – A new study by the CCIA Research Center finds that South Korea’s competition authority imposes penalties on U.S. companies at rates four to seven
Android's brand-new 3D emoji are rolling out more widely
After initially being limited to the Pixel 11 series, Google’s Noto 3D emoji set is now rolling out to more Android smartphones.
Whatever you do, don't buy a Fitbit Edge on day one
Thinking of buying the Fitbit Edge? From early firmware bugs to Black Friday deals, here is why waiting for a few weeks is the smartest move.
Amazon just did what Google couldn't do in 15 years: Make a great everyday Android tablet
With Alexa Tablets, Amazon is making welcome changes to its tablet strategy, and proving that it knows how to make a great Android tablet.
Top Global Climate Science Body Meet Ends Without Deal on Review Timeline
By Sudarshan Varadhan and Kate Abnett Oct 16 (Reuters) - The meeting of the members of the world's leading authority on climate change ended on Friday without an agreement on a timeline to publish its next review of the latest science on the warming planet, four sources familiar with the ...
Top global climate science body meet ends without deal on review timeline
By Sudarshan Varadhan and Kate AbnettThe meeting of the members of the world's leading authority on climate change ended on Friday without an agreement on a timeline to publish its next review of the latest science on the warming planet, four sources familiar with the matter said.The meeting of rep…
Who’s in Charge of the Oklahoma Tribe Doing Business With Kalshi?
One tribal leader says Kalshi was duped by an impostor who had no authority to enter into an agreement with the company.
CCIA UK Responds to CMA Investigation of Microsoft’s Business Software Ecosystem
London – The UK Competition and Markets Authority today announced the next stage in its Strategic Market Status (SMS) investigation regarding Microsoft's
Blame Snapdragon: An Exynos-powered Galaxy S27 Ultra is now more likely than ever
Samsung might be forced to ship the Galaxy S27 Ultra with Exynos instead of Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 due to performance issues.
Google reminds Android users of an overlooked scam detection tool
Circle to Search can help identify scam texts using AI Overviews, while Google Lens brings the same protection to more phones.
Contract approved to move forward on Van Buren slackwater harbor
The Western Arkansas Intermodal Authority (WAIA) Board of Directors on Wednesday (Oct. 14) approved a step toward building a slackwater harbor in Van Buren, but not before a board member...
Maximum Entertainment AB (MAXENT_B) Funds Attached to Enforce SEK 160.9M Claim
Maximum Entertainment said the Swedish Enforcement Authority attached all funds in its SEB account to enforce an arbitration award claim totaling SEK 160,898,318 from a dispute with the sellers of Maximum Games.Material DetailsContext by AI AnalystThis is a late-stage escalation of a known arbitrat…
Maximum Entertainment Announces Attachment of Funds in the Company's Bank Account
Stockholm, Sweden, October 15, 2026 - Maximum Entertainment AB (Nasdaq: MAXENT B) (“Maximum Entertainment” or the “Company”) was informed today that the Swedish Enforcement Authority (Kronofogden) had issued an attachment order on October 14, 2026, concerning funds in the Company’s bank account wit…
I switched from Android to the iPhone 18 Pro Max for 3 weeks
I tested over 50 Android phones this year. I used the iPhone 18 Pro Max to see how it differs from Android rivals — and what it does better.
Check your inbox: Google is quietly handing out Pixel 11 discount codes
Google seems to be sending out 30% discount codes for the entire Pixel 11 series to Google AI Pro subscribers.
Wood County development meeting highlights business growth
PARKERSBURG — Reviewing the past year’s economic development efforts and connecting local businesses with future opportunities were the focus of a joint annual meeting Wednesday at Discovery World on Market. The Wood County Development Authority and the Parkersburg-Wood County Area Development Corporation held the meeting in Discovery World’s Ember Theater for the first time. Lindsey […]
Prichard Senior Center, Housing Authority host senior health fair
Wednesday's event offered flu shots and wellness information for seniors.
Governor, health advocates push bill to lower drug prices for 23 medications
Under the proposed legislation, the state's Prescription Drug Affordability Board would have the authority to match the maximum fair price for prescriptions negotiated by the federal Medicare program.
Your Android phone is getting these 4 new anti-scam features
Google has announced a raft of security features for Android, including scam alerts in chat notifications and an Enhanced Protection mode.
How the study of Latinx politics in America has evolved
A Good Chat with Roberto Carlos on why studying America’s Latino population reveals surprises about how families develop political views, and how communities engage in politics beyond the ballot box.
The Business of Taste
The influencer era as we know it is over. In its place is a rising new class of creators deriving authority from credibility over visibility and personal taste over personal style.
This week in health care policy: October 5–9, 2026
Drug pricing and 340B PhRMA sues to block GLOBE. On October 7, PhRMA sued to block the most-favored-nation drug-pricing model CMS finalized last week. The suit argues GLOBE is a price control rather than a “test,” exceeds the Innovation Center’s authority, and fails the major questions doctrine. CEI commented on the GLOBE pilot earlier this […]
Whistleblowing Portal Opens in UK for Film, TV Sectors to Report Abuse
The UK's Creative Industries Independent Standards Authority has launched a new portal for the entertainment sectors to report abuse and harassment
Small group health insurance market rates announced
Media Release, Office of Superintendent of Insurance (OSI) Santa Fe, NM – The New Mexico Office of Superintendent of Insurance (OSI) has approved 2027 health insurance premium rates for the small group health insurance market. As of March 2026, over 31,000 New Mexicans were enrolled in a small group plan. The average increase across small group plans is 19.8%. These rates take effect on January 1, 2027. The carriers offering small group coverage in New Mexico in 2027 are: Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Mexico (HealthCare Service Corporation) Presbyterian Health Plan Presbyterian Insurance Company UnitedHealthcare of New Mexico UnitedHealthcare Insurance Company Key Factors Driving the Rate Increases The primary factors that contributed to the 2027 increases are: Claims Experience - Higher than expected 2025 New Mexico claims experience, which is the foundation for the 2027 rate development. Cost Trend - Higher utilization and inflation impacted healthcare costs services, which impacts medical services and pharmaceutical costs nationwide. Risk Pool Changes - Nationwide, businesses with healthier employees are opting for alternative health coverage not under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This results ina smaller and less healthy small group ACA risk pool. Final approved rates will be posted on the OSI website. To view the carrier rate sheets and rate increase specifics, visit the Office of Superintendent of Insurance website here. The Rate Review Process Conducted by OSI The OSI rate review process focuses on approving rates for health insurance plans that are actuarially sound, not excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory and ensuring health insurance rates comply with all state and federal laws. For more information, visit the Office of Superintendent of Insurance website at https://osi.state.nm.us/en/. *** About the Office of Superintendent of Insurance The Office of Superintendent of Insurance (OSI) is New Mexico’s regulatory agency responsible for overseeing a wide range of insurance products, including private health and life insurance, auto, home, business, and title insurance. OSI regulates private health plans in the individual, small group, and large group markets, ensuring that premium rates are fair, companies are financially sound, and health care insurance coverage is reliable. While OSI does not have authority over self-funded health plans, where an employer assumes the financial responsibility for paying employee health care claims, Medicaid, Medicare, or TRICARE, OSI plays a vital role in protecting consumers by reviewing premium rates, monitoring insurance company conduct, and licensing producers (formerly known as insurance brokers and agents).
Googlebook gets a Linux terminal to help users build apps with AI
Googlebooks are getting a Linux terminal, giving users access to a virtual Linux environment for development, scripting, and AI workflows
Was Delay Of Universal Health Plan Report Unlawful? Does It Matter?
A Republican state representative has been on a crusade alleging lawmakers allowed a major report to be delayed without statutory authority. He may have a point, but Democrats say he’s harping on a technicality.
A recent Samsung change leaves some Galaxy phones stuck after updating
A One UI 9 post-update "access denied" error is preventing some Samsung Galaxy devices from reaching the home screen.
Saudi Entertainment Authority honored for social responsibility
Saudi Entertainment Authority honored for social responsibility
Immigration Authority rejects German journalist's work visa application over anti-Zionist politics
"Anti-Israel actors and those who slander Israel should not set foot in the country. We will not tolerate calls for a boycott of Israel under the guise of professional journalism," he said.
The Political Constitution at War
It's not too late for Congress to reclaim its authority over the use of force.
Founders were far from unanimous
For as long as human beings have lived in settled communities subject to political (rather than familial) authority, there have been political factions —
Oregon public health officials investigating possible foodborne outbreak
Deschutes County Health Services, working with the Oregon Health Authority and other partners, has issued a Health Alert Network advisory telling health care providers in Deschutes County and the surrounding Central Oregon communities that it is investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections. The advisory does not name a
GIA Hong Kong: Inviting the public to discover the science and wonder of natural diamonds
Behind the brilliant sparkle of every natural diamond lies a geological miracle formed deep within the earth over billions of years. To deepen public appreciation for these natural treasures, the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), the world’s leading authority on gemmology and creator of the 4Cs, is highlighting the scientific magic behind diamonds. GIA is helping enthusiasts, consumers, and industry professionals see natural diamonds in a whole new light while empowering the next generation of talent through its comprehensive educational programmes in Hong Kong.
New Hampshire Business Finance Authority honors 5 lenders at...
The New Hampshire Business Finance Authority honored five lenders for financing projects that supported businesses, nonprofits and communities across the state.
California Politics 360 full episode | New calls for high-speed rail CEO to step down
The leader of the California High-Speed Rail Authority is facing new questions and calls to resign.
Sports Authority approves 2027 budget, extends Fort Worth Motor Speedway lease 10 years
The authority also voted in new officers.
HTA invites local businesses and community organizations to learn how to reach Hawaiʻi’s visitors
Hawaiʻi farmers, makers, small-business owners, cultural practitioners and nonprofits interested in reaching visitors are invited to register for the Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority’s 2026 Foundational Technical Assistance workshops.
The Presidential Prayer Team
Each day, we invite you to join us in prayer for our national leaders. As mandated by 1 Timothy 2:1-2, we encourage prayer for those in positions of authority.
2 Juneau non-profits recieve grant awards from Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority
The Kin Support Program Haa – Yaitxu Saiani and National Alliance on Mental Illness Juneau received trust funding
Some Gboard users suddenly can't type capital letters
A strange Gboard bug is preventing some users from typing capital letters, and the beta version may be the culprit.
The Presidential Prayer Team
Each day, we invite you to join us in prayer for our national leaders. As mandated by 1 Timothy 2:1-2, we encourage prayer for those in positions of authority.
Why Is the World’s Top Climate Science Body Struggling to Agree on Its Next Report?
The world’s leading climate science authority is facing an unprecedented deadlock over when to publish its next major assessment, raising concerns that governments could enter crucial United Nations climate negotiations in 2028 without an updated scientific assessment of global warming.
Inside the deadlock at the world's top climate science body
The decision was expected to take minutes. But after nearly three years of debate, members of the world’s leading authority on climate change still can’t agree on a timeline to publish its next review of the latest science on the warming planet.
Inside the Deadlock at the World's Top Climate Science Body
By Kate Abnett and Sudarshan Varadhan BRUSSELS/SINGAPORE, Oct 9 (Reuters) - The decision was expected to take minutes. But after nearly three years of debate, members of the world’s leading authority on climate change still can’t agree on a timeline to publish its next review of the latest science ...
Pearland mayor rejects NAACP boycott as political expert says he's handling council tensions smartly
Mayor Wiltz did not support a call for a boycott over his treatment but said questions need to be answered about what he says are restrictions on his authority.
Casper DDA supports pair of downtown business projects through Boost grant program
CASPER, Wyo. — The Casper Downtown Development Authority board approved funding for two downtown projects while turning down a sponsorship request for an
Hayden Panettiere's ex Wladimir Klitschko gets legal status to protect their daughter's inheritance
A California court has granted Wladimir Klitschko legal authority to protect his daughter Kaya’s inheritance following her mother Hayden Panettiere’s death
5 Main Street Iowa businesses win $75,000 in state grants
Five small businesses from Main Street Iowa districts were awarded a combined $75,000 in state grants Monday after pitching their expansion ideas in the final round of the 2026 Open 4 Business contest. Open 4 Business is a Main Street Iowa program housed within the Iowa Economic Development Authority’s Downtown Resource Center. The live pitch…
Bartunkova beats Muchova to reach China Open semifinals
BEIJING (AP) — Nikola Bartunkova reached her first WTA 1000 semifinal after beating fellow Czech Karolina Muchova 6-3, 6-0 at the China Open on Thursday.Bartunkova stamped her authority on the quarterfinal by racing to a 5-0 lead against her seventh-seeded opponent.
Googlebooks could soon get one of Apple's best ecosystem tricks, but do it better
Google appears to be testing Phone Unlock for Googlebooks, with Android 17 QPR3 showing setup flow, security warnings, and unlock behavior.
Your Pixel can turn into a mini TV studio, now in 11 more apps
Google updates Pixel Camera Services, bringing Connected Camera multi-feed video streaming to 11 new work and messaging apps.
Samsung backtracks on SmartTag 3 Android support — still locked to Galaxy phones
After earlier this week claiming that its new SmartTag 3 would support non-Galaxy Android phones, Samsung says that won't happen, after all.
Main Street Iowa businesses win $75k in Open 4 Business pitch contest
Five small businesses located in Main Street Iowa districts – including two in Eastern Iowa – have won a combined $75,000 in state grants after successfully pitching their business expansion ideas Monday night, Oct. 5, in the finals of the 2026 Open 4 Business Competition. The annual contest, housed within the Iowa Economic Development Authority’s […]
Google sounds really excited about 'massive' feature update hitting Pixel Buds right now
From dynamic ANC, to tap-to-mute for your microphone, to even new Live Translate capabilities, this sounds like one major update!
Fall's first Pixel update just landed, and it's another end-of-the-road milestone
Discover what's getting fixed in the October 2026 Pixel update, and which phones are about to get left behind.
HPMA sets Saturday entertainment lineup, plus return of Market-at-Market
The High Point Market Authority (HPMA) has planned its evening entertainment lineup for Saturday, Oct. 17, along with the return of its signature “Market-at-Market.”
New Mexico Health Care Authority creates shareable resources about Medicaid changes
NEW MEXICO (KRQE) – The New Mexico Health Care Authority has launched a Medicaid Partner Toolkit to help community organizations, health care providers, advocates and other partners explain upcomin…
Google could soon solve Pixel's biggest face unlock flaw
Android 17 QPR3 beta code hints that Google could soon solve Pixel's biggest face unlock flaw in low light with Face Active Illumination.
Mental Health First Aid Training Offered in Lenawee County
Mental Health First Aid Training Offered in Lenawee CountyLenawee Community Mental Health Authority is sponsoring a Mental Health First Aid training on November 3 and November 10, from 4:00 p.m. to 7:
How healthcare can build a human-in-command approach to AI
Healthcare AI needs human oversight. Risk-based safeguards, meaningful authority and continuous requalification can help build a human-in-command model.
Swedish regulator temporarily revokes Charm Entertainment’s casino license
The Swedish Gambling Authority (Spelinspektionen) has issued a temporary revocation of Charm Entertainment AB’s license to operate commercial land-based casino
Iowa Legislature expands MEGA program, creating path for steel plant incentive
During a special session on Friday, the Iowa Legislature expanded the Major Economic Growth Attraction (MEGA) program, paving the way for a tax incentive for Mesabi Metallics to construct a steel plant in Lee County. Gov. Kim Reynolds signed the bill into law on Friday. The MEGA program, administered through the Iowa Economic Development Authority,…
Galaxy S27 Ultra colors leak, and Samsung could be breaking up with purple
Leaked Galaxy S27 Ultra colors suggest Samsung is retiring Deep Purple for another, surprising shade of color.
Android Auto could soon stop working on millions of phones
Android Auto appears to be preparing another compatibility cutoff, with Android 10 users now being warned that support will end soon.
Google says some Googlebooks have better Android app support than others, and here's why
The first Googlebooks are finally here, but Google has confirmed to Android Authority that some models might have Android app issues.
We're witnessing a critical moment for Amazon Kindles
Amazon is finally listening to Kindle fans, bringing back physical buttons and adding fresh accessories. But, there's a catch.
Google Pixels could get an all-new way to customize lock screens, for better or for worse
We've dug into the Wallpaper & Style app in the latest Android 17 beta, and discovered a brand-new way to customize your lock screen.
This is the Fitbit Edge: Google's next fitness tracker finally spills its secrets
Google is reportedly getting ready to launch a new fitness tracker called the Fitbit Edge, and the device has leaked in full!
Your Samsung Gallery app finally syncs with Google Photos — how to set it up right now
Samsung Gallery has moved on from OneDrive to Google Photos. Here's how to set it up to keep your photos backed up.
After a month with the Galaxy Z Fold 8, every other Android phone feels wrong
I've used the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8 for a month, and switching to any other Android phone now feels wrong.
Badenoch returns to Conservative conference much stronger than a year ago
Approval ratings for Tory leader and her party have crept up as she has asserted her style and authority but big challenges lie ahead
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. 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Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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