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Where to watch 49ers vs. Broncos today: Channel, live stream, time, TV schedule for Week 4 NFL game
Here is everything you need to know to watch 49ers vs. Broncos, including TV and streaming options for the game.
Is Hims & Hers Health (HIMS) A Bargain After The Fraud Lawsuit Claims?
Hims & Hers Health (HIMS) is back in focus after a proposed securities fraud class action accused the telehealth provider of misleading investors about data sharing practices and prescription billing workflows. Recent price action for Hims & Hers Health has been choppy, with the share price slipping about 1% over the past day and week, climbing 4.7% over the past month, yet falling 24.2% across 90 days. The 1-year total shareholder return is down 44.8%, despite a very large 3-year gain that...
3 Big Questions for the A's This Offseason
With a GM vacancy, a need for pitching, and veterans who may no longer fit the roster as we look ahead, the A's will have plenty of big decisions to make this offseason.
Zombie Run takes place in Poland
POLAND, Ohio (WKBN)- Runners laced their shoes for the annual Zombie Run in Poland Township. Participants took part in a 2k run and walk through Poland Township Park. Awards were given to the top three men and women in each age group. It’s been taking place for nearly two decades, bringing the community together. “One […]
Colorado’s 2027 Teacher of the Year is Strasburg science teacher Merci Ames
Melanie Ames is a science teacher at Strasburg High School and has been teaching for 35 years.
What was Austin Wells thinking on costly Yankees baserunning play?
In a measured tone, Austin Wells talked about his decision to stretch a double into a triple in ALDS Game 1.
Crews extinguish large fire at business in Greer, officials say
The City of Greer shared that by 12:45 p.m., the fire had been put out.
Alabama's Kalen DeBoer May Have Finally Turned the Corner
Kalen DeBoer may have finally turned the corner as Alabama Crimson Tide head coach.
Every Western Kentucky player drafted by the Golden State Warriors
Let's take a look at every player who has been drafted by the Warriors out of Western Kentucky.
Can a civility pledge help address our toxic politics?
By Vince Bzdek It has been a tale of two cities in Colorado Springs in recent weeks. On Sept. 17, a nine-hour-long city council meeting on the merits of the Project Taurus data center devolved into violence when Colorado Springs Police brawled with several audience members after two men tried to shield a woman who […]
Doctors Are Revealing Alarming Health Trends They're Seeing In Gen Z Patients
Turns out a few tiny changes in behavior can prevent some BIG issues down the road.
Government Business Review names Whiteside County’s Camarano Economic Development Director of the Year
Whiteside County Economic Development Director Gary Camarano, who is also the executive director of the Northwest Illinois Film Office, has been named Economic Development Director of the Year 2026 by Government Business Review.
Aftershock’s bars: what the Sacramento music fest offers to thirsty fans on a budget
Aftershock’s festival bars include a tiki bar, dive bar, sports bar and cantina.
Barstool's Dave Portnoy pulled from Fox's 'Big Noon Kickoff' appearances, AP source says
Dave Portnoy and Barstool Sports will no longer make appearances on Fox's “Big Noon Kickoff” pregame college football show, a person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press.The person talked to the AP on condition of anonymity because the decision has not been publicly announced.
RFK Racing Drivers React to Keselowski Split
RFK Racing drivers Chris Buescher and Ryan Preece reacted to teammate and boss Brad Keselowski announcing his split from the organization for 2027 in the middle of their Chase for the NASCAR Cup Series championship.
Anatomy exhibit opens in Sacramento, taking visitors on a tour inside the human body
The exhibit of “Bodies: The Science Within” at the Sacramento Memorial Auditorium runs from now until Nov. 29 and includes Spanish translations.
Liverpool given price, blockbuster £40m deal can move forward
Liverpool have been told the price. Now a blockbuster deal can move forward for one of the biggest talents in world football.Liverpool want to sign wonderkids. That's unbelievably clear to everyone wa...
Illinois catering business ordered to shut down after high school football team got sick before homecoming
The unlicensed caterer served a taco bar with fajita chicken, seasoned taco beef, cheese, flour taco shells, cheesy pepper beans, cilantro corn rice and pico de gallo or salsa
South Texas Health System (@stxhealthsystem)
1 likes, 1 comments - stxhealthsystem on October 3, 2026: "A Gathering of Compassion, Commitment & Community: The Texas Association of Healthcare Volunteers (TAHV), a statewide organization dedicated to supporting, training and connecting healthcare volunteers, recently held its District 3 Meeting at South Texas Health System Edinburg. Volunteers from across South Texas and the Coastal Bend gathered to learn, share ideas and strengthen the vital role they play in supporting patients, families and healthcare teams throughout their communities. The Auxiliary to STHS (@auxiliarytosths) is made up of more than 350 student and adult volunteers who help enhance the patient experience across the health system. To help make this year's event a success, auxiliary members from hospitals throughout the Rio Grande Valley came together to plan, coordinate and host the annual meeting. We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone who attended and contributed to this inspiring event. Your dedication, compassion and service make a lasting impact in hospitals across the Rio Grande Valley and beyond.".
Eagles Star Given Strong Prediction Entering Rams Week 4 Game
One of the stars of the Philadelphia Eagles has been given a strong prediction entering the team's game against the Los Angeles Rams.
I go to Mexico often: My favorite spot is easy to get to, near Cancún
I enjoy visiting Cancún, but I've been looking for a place that offers the same clear water with fewer crowds. I found it on an island, Isla Mujeres.
Austin Police arrest man who made threats against UT amid mental health crisis
The man - an Austin resident who has not been publicly named - is not affiliated with the university.
Real Madrid’s Endrick keen on Roma move
Serie A giants Roma have been in the picture to sign Real Madrid’s Endrick in the last few months and there are increasingly positive signs that a deal could be possible in January.Corriere dello Sp...
Pennsylvania nears 1,000 measles cases, state health department reports
Pennsylvania’s reported measles cases are almost at 1,000 for 2026, days after its health department confirmed the figure had passed 900. “977 measles cases have been confirmed across 39 coun…
Lewis Hall Allowed To Shine Under Matthias Jaissle’s New System
The England international is thriving as a dynamic playmaker, trading rigid defensive duties for a versatile role that maximizes his technical composure and aggressive attacking instincts.
Scientists studying cockroach milk and nose-blowing win Ig Nobel prizes for quirky science
Researchers have been honored for their quirky, imaginative contributions to science at the 36th annual Ig Nobel Prizes. Thursday's ceremony was held for the first time outside the U.S. Ten
Hofstra Music Business Earns Eighth Billboard Honor | News
Hofstra University’s Music Business program has again been named among the best in the country by Billboard magazine, earning its eighth recognition since
Broncos DT Continues To Improve Against Run Game
The Denver Broncos are asking a lot of Zach Allen, and so far he's been stepping up and delivering.
Initial Takeaways from Brewers NLDS Roster vs. Padres
The Milwaukee Brewers National League Division Series roster has been revealed.
Iran knows US 'is winning' as Operation Economic Outcast inflicts damage, Treasury official says
A top Treasury official told FOX Business that the "absolute isolation" campaign the Treasury is imposing on the Iranian regime has been "really effective."
Bucs Rookie Deemed One of NFL Draft’s Best Values
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers‘ 2026 season has been a major disappointment through three weeks. However, one positive worth pointing to is fourth-year rookie Keionte Scott. Scott has already made his draft-day value impossible to ignore, according to Justin Melo of Sports Illustrated. Melo notes that Scott has strong grades and coverage stats through three weeks. […] The post Bucs Rookie Deemed One of NFL Draft’s Best Values appeared first on HEAVY.
Governor candidate Bernadette Wilson has been sued repeatedly over unpaid bills, records show
Alaska judges have ordered the Republican candidate to pay thousands of dollars for overdue business and personal debts.
Every Widener University player drafted by the Boston Celtics
Let's take a look at every player who has been drafted by the Celtics out of Widener University.
Top Stories: Apple Smart Home Launch on October 13, iPhone Duo Production Issues, and More
Things are getting crazy in the Apple rumor world, as even though the iPhone 18 Pro and several other products have only just launched and the iPhone Duo is right around the corner, there's even more to come imminently. October 13 looks to be the date for an introduction of Apple's revamped smart home portfolio, including the home hub device we've been hearing about for ages.
Sanders helps open Arkansas Forest Health Research Center
MONTICELLO — Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders, U.S. Rep. Bruce Westerman and other state leaders helped the University of Arkansas at Monticello open the Arkansas Forest Health Research Center on Friday (Oct. 2). The center is located next to the Fine Arts Center at the school, which is home to the state’s only college of forestry. […]
📸 This week's kit news 👕
Official announcements, leaks... it’s been another week full of news in the world of football kits.On the agenda: PSG’s likely next kit, as well as Liverpool’s surprising kits for next season.��...
How European Entrepreneurs Are Building U.S. Business Infrastructure Without Moving to America
ORLANDO, FL / ACCESS Newswire / October 3, 2026 / For many European entrepreneurs, entering the U. market has traditionally been associated with establishing a physical presence, opening an office or eventually relocating to the United States.
Drew Rasmussen headlines a deep Rays staff entering ALDS
Other starters TBD as Tampa weighs its pitching options.
Contributor: There's federal progress on women's health. No joke
States have been the laboratory for policy changes on menopause care and hormone access, and the feds are now following leaders such as California.
Yaxel Lendeborg Shares His Expectations for Rookie Season With Warriors
Yaxel Lendeborg has set expectations for his year with the Golden State Warriors.
AI video tools like Slopcannon create new competition for Hollywood
AI video tools are getting better fast, giving Hollywood cheaper production -- and a flood of new competition.
Brazil is regulating AI use in elections. Here’s why it’s been a challenge.
Brazil’s polarized political landscape is rife with disinformation – a challenge that can be turbocharged by artificial intelligence.
'Godzilla Minus Zero' review: The epic monster melodrama fans have been roaring for
Now with R-rated mayhem!
Hurwitz Mintz sold furniture to generations of New Orleanians. It's closing after 102 years.
“Hurwitz Mintz has been proud to be a part of the greater New Orleans community, serving generations of families and becoming part of the homes of so many,” the company said in a brief statement announcing the closure
Konami teases that Belmont's Curse won't be the end for Castlevania
Konami has been a bit quiet with Castlevania until recently, but the publisher has teased more to come for the franchise in the future. Castlevania stepped back into the spotlight with the special DLC made for Dead Cells back in 2023. Now in just a few days, we’ll be getting Castlevania: Belmont’s Curse – the series’ first new, major release...
5 Must-Visit Places for Science in Paris
From the pioneering work of Marie Curie and Louis Pasteur to today’s research into space, medicine, climate and technology, scientific discovery has long been woven into the country’s history.
Texas Tech vs Colorado Prediction: Is This When The Buffaloes Turn This Around?
It's been a rough run for Deion Sanders and Colorado, but nothing would change the momentum faster than a win over Texas Tech. Here's the CFN preview and prediction.
Chargers Star Khalil Mack Emerges as Top Trade Candidate
Khalil Mack and the Los Angeles Chargers entered the 2026 season with Super Bowl aspirations. While the defense has been solid, the offense has not held up its end of the bargain.The Chargers sit at 0-3 and are gearing up for a road game against the Seattle Seahawks. This follows a loss in Buffalo in […] The post Chargers Star Khalil Mack Emerges as Top Trade Candidate appeared first on HEAVY.
Inside the study for a remedy to fight Congo’s deadliest Ebola outbreak
More than 250 participants have been enrolled in a trial for a drug that could stop them from contracting Ebola in Congo.
Artists remember veteran concert producer Susan Lim and her decades in entertainment
Photo from Facebook/@susan.o.lim Artists and colleagues are remembering veteran concert producer Susan Lim for a career that spanned Philippine productions and overseas tours for Filipino performers. Lim died Sept. 14. Pops Fernandez, Martin Nievera and Roderick Paulate were among those who later shared public tributes, recalling both her work in entertainment and their longtime friendships with her. Lim had been active in…
Culture refocuses attention on the Palestinian cause: ‘It has always been central to political struggle’
Musicians’ tours, film festivals and literary forums keep the flame for Gaza alive and spark debates about the limits of free expression and the concepts of censorship and cancellation
As beef prices climb, Texas A&M’s meat science program feels the pinch
Demand for beef hasn’t slowed down.
'Gold Rush': Rick Ness Reveals Dangerous Health Issue in Dramatic Season 17 Premiere
Plus, Parker Schnabel finds himself on Tony Beets' property line while a new face joins the treasure hunt.
‘I didn’t realize he was this soft’: Dave Portnoy blames Ryan Day’s ‘temper tantrums’ for being removed from ‘Big Noon Kickoff’
Dave Portnoy and other top personalities at Barstool Sports have been a part of Fox’s Big Noon Kickoff college football pregame show for a little over a year. That is now over, with The Athletic reporting on Friday evening that Barstool Sports would no longer feature on the program. Sources told The Athletic that “there…
Arizona State Commissions Outside Investigator to Review Hockey Workout
Coach Greg Powers was placed on leave earlier this week.
Ebola death toll in DRC passes 4,000, as health workers are fighting to get paid
8,300 cases have been recorded since the outbreak was declared in eastern Congo on May 15.
Alabama, Keelon Russell Given Strong Prediction vs Mississippi State
The Alabama Crimson Tide and quarterback Keelon Russell have been given a nice prediction before the game against Mississippi State.
Lawmakers probe allegations that NC health officials used false information to secure Medicaid funds
GOP lawmakers in NC say they are looking into allegations that state health officials used false information to secure federal funding for a Medicaid technology overhaul. The claims were made in a lawsuit that has since been dismissed. The state auditor has revived an audit into the project.
Eagles Rule Out DeVonta Smith, Zack Baun for Game vs. Rams
Philadelphia will be down a couple of key contributors for an important game.
Potential measles exposure on a train in Minot | Health and Human Services North Dakota
BISMARCK, ND (Oct. 2, 2026) – A passenger with measles traveled on Amtrak's westbound Empire Builder, which departed Chicago on Sept. 23 and arrived in Minot the morning of Sept. 24. This created a potential exposure risk for passengers and anyone at the station while the train was scheduled to be in Minot from approximately 9:06 to 9:51 a.m. CT. The passenger reported getting off the train to use the restroom at the Minot station at approximately 9:30 a.m.Anyone who was at the Amtrak station in Minot while this train was stopped, as well as passengers who were traveling on this train, may have been exposed to measles. Individuals who may have been exposed and have received at least one dose of measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine or previously had measles (likely those born before 1957) do not need to quarantine but should monitor for symptoms for 21 days after exposure. Individuals who have not received a dose of the MMR vaccine should quarantine (stay home) and monitor for symptoms for 21 days following exposure.
LA County Extends East LA Small Business Grant Deadline
Los Angeles County officials announced Friday that the application deadline for a grant program assisting small businesses affected by the Lineage Fire and East Los Angeles Oil Spill has been extended by one week, to Oct. 9. The Small Business Recovery Grant provides up to $3,000 to eligible brick-and-mortar businesses and up to $1,000 to […]
3 Biggest Questions Facing Pirates Entering Critical Offseason
Here are the three biggest questions facing the Pittsburgh Pirates entering a critical offseason.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Chicago expanding mental health crisis response program to double available hours
Country star diagnosed with rare blood cancer after health scare: ‘One day at a time’
Charles Kelley, the singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the country trio Lady A, revealed he’s been diagnosed with a rare blood cancer.
Country star diagnosed with rare blood cancer after health scare: ‘One day at a time’
Charles Kelley, the singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the country trio Lady A, revealed he’s been diagnosed with a rare blood cancer.
Country star diagnosed with rare blood cancer after health scare: ‘One day at a time’
Charles Kelley, the singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the country trio Lady A, revealed he’s been diagnosed with a rare blood cancer.
Country star diagnosed with rare blood cancer after health scare: ‘One day at a time’
Charles Kelley, the singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the country trio Lady A, revealed he’s been diagnosed with a rare blood cancer.
Country star diagnosed with rare blood cancer after health scare: ‘One day at a time’
Charles Kelley, the singer and songwriter best known as a founding member of the country trio Lady A, revealed he’s been diagnosed with a rare blood cancer.
Rare two-headed turtle hatchling discovered on Cape Cod
A two-headed turtle hatchling is one of three bicephalic terrapins that have been found on Cape Cod over the past five years.
Vibe-Coded Mashup Mods Have Taken Over X This Week, And They Threaten to Completely Change the Modding Scene
I have spent the last three days scrolling through some of the most insane mod videos I've ever seen. Modders are taking games that have been decompiled with Claude, and mashing them up with other games. As the week has gone on, there have only been more clips of these mods pouring out on X/Twitter.
Almost All The Viruses Found in a Vast Deep-Sea Mining Zone Were New to Science
Nearly 12,000 new viruses have been hiding on the seafloor.
Part of Capitol complex in downtown Sacramento evacuated due to threat
California lawmakers are not currently in session, but construction crews and legislative employees were at the site.
Family demands answers after son, 23, killed at Minneapolis mental health facility
The family of a 23-year-old man killed at a Minneapolis mental health facility is seeking answers as to why someone with a recent history of alleged violence was allowed to live alongside vulnerable residents and what could have been done to prevent it.
Trump Directed Use of Taxpayer Money for Ads Praising His Presidency
The government-funded ads show just how much President Trump has been able to use federal money for his own aims.
AT&T and Apple Just Took Steps Toward Fixing iPhone 18 Pro Max Issue
AT&T and Apple are taking action today as they try to resolve iPhone 18 Pro Max cellular issues, according to MacRumors contributor Aaron Perris. Thousands of iPhone 18 Pro Max users have been unable to connect to the AT&T network for phone calls, text messages, and data. The underlying cause has yet to be disclosed, but AT&T and Apple continue to work toward a resolution. First, Apple today released an AT&T carrier settings update (version 72.1, up from 72.0.2) for iPhones.
Portland’s Arts Tax Hike Was Invalid, City Business Group Says
The Portland City Council in Oregon needed to get approval from voters before increasing its arts tax by more than 40% earlier in May and, therefore, the tax hike should be nixed, a city business group said.
Mental health response teams now have night time hours, city officials say
Starting Monday, the Crisis Assistance Response and Engagement (CARE) program will extend its hours of operation to 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Friday and add a second shift of evening staff.
Former GOP Rep. David Rivera sentenced to 10 years for secret Venezuela lobbying
David Rivera has been jailed since jurors found him guilty in May on all counts, including failing to register as a foreign agent and conspiracy to commit money laundering as part of his work for former Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro’s government.
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. 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Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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