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Epstein survivors criticise Melania Trump after surprise statement
First lady had called for a public hearing for survivors but a group of those affected say they have ‘done their part’ and reiterate calls for Pam Bondi to be questioned
Former Trump White House insider says she’d bet the President did not get a heads up about the First Lady’s Epstein remarks
Melania Trump tried to sweep the Epstein saga away, but she ended up reviving it
The most plausible explanation for first lady Melania Trump’s out-of-the-blue address on the Jeffrey Epstein drama was that she was trying to make it go away.
Melania says her piece about Epstein – doth the lady protest too much?
The first lady unleashed a barrage of denials – and put one of her husband’s biggest political liabilities back on the agenda
‘She does things very strategically.’ Melania Trump’s former top aide reacts to the First Lady’s Epstein statement
WATCH: First lady Melania Trump denies any ties to Jeffrey Epstein and calls for survivors' testimony
David B. Cornstein, Envoy Who Built U.S. Ties to Orban, Dies at 87
A former jewelry-counter magnate, he served in Hungary under his friend President Trump, strengthening relations between the two countries as Orban tilted rightward.
Bondi to defy House Epstein subpoena
Democrats and some Republicans criticized Bondi for the move
My favorite health foods from Costco, from 65-year-old fitness trainer
As a personal trainer focused on longevity and healthy eating, I stock up on protein-filled foods like frozen chicken and Greek yogurt at Costco.
Science history: Doctor hypothesizes that 'transmissible proteins' can cause disease, contradicting a 'central dogma' of molecular biology
Prion diseases, such as "mad cow," are caused by transmissible proteins that were identified in the 1980s.
‘They don’t want her to answer questions": Rep. Walkinshaw reacts to DOJ saying Bondi won’t testify in House Epstein probe
Orange Lutheran baseball defeats Gahr in walk-off at Boras Classic
CJ Weinstein delivers an RBI single in the eighth for Orange Lutheran in a 2-1 win over Gahr at the Boras Classic.
Your DNA has a secret “second code” that decides which genes get silenced
Not all parts of our genetic code are equal, even when they appear to say the same thing. Scientists have discovered that cells can detect less efficient genetic instructions and selectively silence them. A protein called DHX29 plays a key role in this process by identifying and suppressing weaker messages. This finding reveals a hidden layer of control in how genes are used.
Bondi won't appear for House deposition next week in the Epstein investigation
A spokeswoman for the House Oversight Committee says that the department has signaled that Bondi won’t appear on April 14 “since she is no longer attorney general and was subpoenaed in her capacity as attorney general.”
Databricks co-founder wins prestigious ACM award, says 'AGI is here already'
Matei Zaharia has won the top honor from the Association for Computing Machinery. Now he's working on AI for research and says AGI is simply misunderstood.
Baton Rouge General's Health Tip of the Week: What to know about new cholesterol guidelines
Sponsored by Baton Rouge General Heart health is getting a head start—and the new guidelines say your 30s are the time to begin. Updated recommendations call for annual cholesterol screenings starting at age 30, lower LDL (“bad” cholesterol) targets (under 100, or 70 if you’re higher risk), and additional tests like lipoprotein(a) at least once. […]
Viewpoint: FP10 should remain open, excellent and secure
Europe is right to worry about research security. Foreign interference is real. So is the misuse of sensitive knowledge. Universities working in sensitive areas such as AI, quantum, semiconductors and advanced materials cannot afford to ignore the geopolitical environment around them.But Europe is in danger of drawing the wrong conclusion, one that would increase, not reduce, its strategic vulnerabilities.If the EU applies an “EU preference” logic to the next Framework Programme for research and innovation (FP10), it will weaken one of its greatest strategic assets: a research system built on openness, excellence and international collaboration. In the name of security, Europe could end up advancing science more slowly, innovating less effectively and making itself less attractive to global talent and partners in advanced science and technology.That would be a serious mistake.The EU preference included in Article 10 of the proposed European Competitiveness Fund may make sense in some industrial or deployment contexts, but is far harder to justify when applied to collaborative research in advanced science and technology, where excellence and global connectivity are crucial. Research is not procurement. It does not thrive when isolated. It advances through access to the best ideas, the best people, the best facilities and the best data, wherever they are found. This is why FP10 should not simply absorb industrial policy logic by default. Doing so would risk importing instruments that are ill-suited to research and that ultimately increase vulnerability rather than resilience.For universities of science and technology, the issue is especially acute. These institutions sit at the frontier of knowledge and technology creation in the very fields Europe sees as critical for its future competitiveness and resilience. They know better than most that security risks are real. But they also know that openness and security are not opposites. In practice, they have to be made to work together. Research security is not about closing doors. It is about building resilience through collective responsibility, trust, proportionate safeguards and better governance. That is a fundamentally different approach from default restriction.The risks of non-collaborationThe real danger in the current debate is that Europe talks too much about the risks of collaboration and not enough about the risks of non-collaboration. Those risks are strategic too. Cut researchers off from international networks and Europe loses access to knowledge, data, infrastructures and talent. Slow down global collaboration in critical technologies and Europe slows down its own progress on cutting-edge science. Make participation rules unpredictable and Europe weakens its attractiveness to researchers and investors alike.In other words, over-restricting collaboration will create strategic vulnerabilities, particularly in advanced science and technologies.This point is often underestimated in policy discussions that frame openness mainly as a value to be defended. Europe’s scientific strength, technological development and long-term competitiveness depend on remaining connected to the best research ecosystems in the world. For a continent that wants to accelerate deep tech, strengthen industrial capacity and reduce strategic dependencies, weakening the excellence base would be self-defeating. That does not mean ignoring risk. Quite the opposite. Universities are already strengthening due diligence, internal governance, awareness-raising, screening procedures and compliance support. Across Europe, institutions are working to manage risks linked to foreign interference, sanctions, export controls and the misuse of research. The right response is not complacency. It is better risk management. But that means targeted, evidence-based and proportionate measures, not blunt top-down restrictions with wide spillover effects. In the daily reality of universities, openness and restriction often coexist. The real challenge is how to apply safeguards without sliding into securitisation that damages academic freedom, open science and international cooperation. Restrict partners, not nationsMore restrictive treatment of collaborators from European Economic Area members Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, or from Switzerland and the UK, is strategically very difficult to justify. These are deeply embedded partners in Europe’s research and innovation ecosystem. Beyond that, Europe should still resist default exclusion and instead rely on case-by-case assessment. The relevant question is not nationality in the abstract. It is the actual risk profile of a collaboration: the institution, the affiliations, the field, the knowledge involved, the intended use and the safeguards available. Screening should focus on institutions and affiliations rather than nationality alone. Related articlesParliament ‘misreads’ link between Horizon Europe and ECF, Commission official saysFrustration grows at governance gap in next Horizon EuropeIf EU preference logic is imported into research without careful calibration, the likely result is a chilling effect. Researchers may step back from legitimate and beneficial collaboration, even where risks are manageable. International partners may see Europe as less predictable. And Europe may end up undermining the very excellence base it needs to compete, scale up and lead in strategic technologies, thereby increasing its dependence on others.FP10 should do the opposite. It should remain open by default, with restrictions used only exceptionally, and then on the basis of clear evidence. It should integrate research security into open science and research integrity frameworks, not set them against each other. And it should recognise that academic freedom, scientific excellence and responsible international collaboration are not obstacles to Europe’s security, they are part of it. Europe needs stronger tools to protect itself. But it also needs the discipline to avoid measures that would weaken it and increase its strategic vulnerabilities in the process. In FP10, that means staying open, excellent and secure.Louise Drogoul is senior advisor for innovation and sustainability at the Cesaer university association.
Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp Strengthens Entertainment Transactions Practice with Addition of New York Media & Entertainment Partner
Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp LLP (MSK) announced today that it has expanded its national Entertainment Transactions group with the addition of Amy Stein Simon...
Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp Strengthens Entertainment Transactions Practice with Addition of New York Media & Entertainment Partner
NEW YORK, April 06, 2026--Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp LLP (MSK) announced today that it has expanded its national Entertainment Transactions group with the addition of Amy Stein Simonds as a partner in its New York office. With more than a decade of experience, Stein Simonds joins from Pryor Cashman LLP, where she was a partner in the Media + Entertainment group.
Legendary sports agent Leigh Steinberg joins 'GMFB' to discuss his new book
Legendary sports agent Leigh Steinberg wakes up with "GMFB" to discuss his new book "The Comeback - A Playbook for Turning Life's Setbacks Into Victories" and the 30th anniversary of "Jerry Maguire" film.
How simple choices boost health after 50
A mostly plant-based diet with healthy proteins and fats can help you thrive as you age.
Protein is personal. Here's how to calculate your optimal intake
Protein is having a moment. Coffee chains are adding it into lattes. Many snack companies are labeling their products as high-protein. But how much protein do you really need? Host Marielle Segarra talks with NPR health correspondent Allison Aubrey about the different factors to consider when planning your protein intake.Follow us on Instagram: @nprlifekitSign up for our newsletter here.Have an episode idea or feedback you want to share? Email us at lifekit@npr.orgSupport the show and listen to it sponsor-free by signing up for Life Kit+ at plus.npr.org/lifekit
Reflecting on science, learning and leadership
ASBMB President Joan Conaway reflects on her term, celebrating the society’s resilience, advocacy, journal growth and commitment to education, while looking ahead to a vibrant future under incoming president Ed Eisenstein.
Study Reveals the Single Cause of Cognitive Decline—and a Cure
Researchers pinpoint a lone protein that speeds up the dysfunction of an aging brain. Eliminating it, they claim, can reverse the damage.
Scientists found a protein that drives brain aging — and how to stop it
Scientists have uncovered a powerful new clue in the mystery of brain aging: a single protein called FTL1. In aging mice, higher levels of this protein weakened connections between brain cells and led to memory decline. But when researchers reduced FTL1, something remarkable happened — the brain began to recover, rebuilding lost connections and restoring memory performance.
Cleveland High baseball team surging with nine-game winning streak
Joshua Pearlstein has been leading the way for the Cavaliers with his hitting and pitching.
Super sports agent Leigh Steinberg talks to ASU Law students about success in the business
Leigh Steinberg is considered one of the most powerful sports agents in history.He has negotiated record-setting contracts for elite NFL quarterbacks, represented hundreds of professional athletes and hosted annual Super Bowl parties for 5,000 of his closest friends. His career even inspired the film “Jerry Maguire” and the iconic line, “Show me the money.”
Ghost Of Yotei Devs Used Coins From The Game's Collector's Edition To Test Zeni Hajiki Multiplayer
Sucker Punch also explained how it built an online co-op game within a big single-player RPG
Todd Blanche takes over the Justice Department, where there’s no escaping the Epstein files shadow
Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche, who President Donald Trump tapped Thursday to serve as the interim head of the Justice Department, managed the day-to-day operations of the department over the past year, often taking a more public-facing role when Pam Bondi was in hot water with White House officials.
Gov. Josh Stein tours ECU Health’s new 150-bed behavioral health hospital
Governor Josh Stein toured ECU Health’s new Behavioral Health Hospital in Greenville today.Built back in December, this new state-of-the-art facility houses nea
Justice Department announces federal charges in Southern California health care, hospice fraud investigation
Acting U.S. Attorney Bill Essayli said the individuals are accused of running fraudulent hospice care facilities that billed Medicare by using people without terminal illnesses as beneficiaries.
Bull City Records to close after 20 years in business
Bull City Records owner Chaz Martenstein has announced that he is retiring the store at the end of April.
Trump fires Attorney General Pam Bondi after criticism over Epstein docs: reports
Trump fired Attorney General Pam Bondi after controversies over withholding Jeffrey Epstein documents and the dismissal of charges against Democrats.
Whitney Cummings says Ghislaine Maxwell 'probably trying to not hang herself' in prison
Whitney Cummings shocked 'The View' by saying that Jeffrey Epstein associate Ghislaine Maxwell is 'probably trying to not hang herself' in prison.
Hailee Steinfeld says she and Bills quarterback Josh Allen have welcomed a baby girl
s e sports nfl-football football entertainment | WWL
Trump frustrated with Pam Bondi and considering ousting her
Since the Jeffrey Epstein files saga, Bondi has struggled to return to a firm footing with the president and deliver wins — including securing indictments against his political foes.
CDC pauses testing for rabies, Epstein-Barr, monkeypox and other viruses
Disease tracking is also temporarily halted for monkeypox and other common viruses such as Epstein-Barr and varicella zoster virus.
This even smaller credit card-sized e-reader has one tragic flaw
A credit-card sized e-reader with a big limitation.
Kraft Heinz’s post-split future: More protein, less sugar
Kraft Heinz is reinventing some of its well-known pantry staples that have fallen out of favor with consumer tastes.
‘Impossible for Chinese’: Yale scientist Zhang Kai leaves US for China
Pioneering work involves observing proteins inside the body during exercise, effectively capturing their activity in a natural state.
Bondi Is Vulnerable as Republican Frustrations Over DOJ’s Epstein Files Missteps Grow
Attorney General Pam Bondi’s critics inside and outside the administration say she has made unforced errors that have turned the Justice Department’s handling of the Epstein files into a political crisis.
Scientists discover hidden “winds” inside cells that could explain cancer spread
Cells aren’t as passive as scientists once thought—they actively create internal currents to move proteins quickly and efficiently. These “cellular winds” push materials to the front of the cell, enabling faster movement and repair. Discovered by chance and confirmed with advanced imaging, this system challenges decades of textbook biology. It may also reveal why some cancer cells spread so rapidly.
Laura Dern signed on to play reporter in Jeffrey Epstein TV series
There's a Jeffrey Epstein series in the works and Laura Dern has signed on to play Miami Herald reporter Julie K. Brown, who investigated the disgraced financier's crimes.
Arts-Entertainment Source: Fairfield Adult Recreation gears up for luncheon
To register for the spring luncheon, visit: anc.apm.activecommunities.com/fairfieldrec/activity/search/detail/6030?onlineSiteId=0&from_original_cui=true
Brillstein Promotes Dari Bani, Geordan Somerville & Julia Weinstock
Brillstein Entertainment Partners has upped Dari Bani, Geordan Somerville and Julia Weinstock to new roles in the Comedy Department.
OC Insider: Food, Sports & Entertainment - Orange County Business Journal
In a 2023 profile of TEI Entertainment, the Anaheim-based producer of celebrity-studded entertainment events, CEO and founder John McEntee was asked by Business Journal Editor-in-Chief Peter J. Brennan to name his favorite performer. His answer: Sugar Ray lead singer Mark McGrath.
The Crossword, March 30: Feeling Good (Themeless)
It’s time to wrap up the month with a challenging themeless. Keep an eye out for tricky clues and fun wordplay. This week’s puzzle was constructed by Rafael Musa and Owen Bergstein, and edited by Hoang-Kim Vu. Defector crosswords, launched in partnership with our friends at AVCX, run every Monday. If you’re interested in submitting a puzzle to us,…
Gov. Stein announces $8.5 million for WNC small business recovery after Helene
Governor Josh Stein announced nearly $8.5 million in new infrastructure grants to support small business recovery in western North Carolina on Friday.
Philanthropy in science has little oversight. Jeffrey Epstein exploited that
A large share of science funding comes through philanthropy, with little legal or public scrutiny. This lack of oversight allowed Jeffrey Epstein to cultivate scientists and launder his reputation.
Scientists solve 40-year-old biological mystery behind sleeping sickness
To survive in the human bloodstream, the African trypanosome parasite wears a "cloak" made of proteins known as a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The study, published in Nature Microbiology, identifies ...
Ingredion and Holobiome map gut microbiome to unlock targeted health benefits
Ingredion has partnered with Holobiome to use AI and its database of two million bacterial genomes to predict how specific ingredients will interact with human health before clinical trials. The research expands beyond digestion to explore how sweeteners, plant proteins, and texture solutions influence the gut-brain axis, including sleep and mental health.
Bronstein, Gewirtz & Grossman LLC Urges AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. Investors to Act: Class Action Filed Alleging Investor Harm
Nationally Recognized Firm Urges AMC Investors to Explore Class Action Representation
The Stein, Berger and Hall era of political dynamics in NC will be brief
On Sundays, our Under the Dome newsletter focuses on Gov. Josh Stein.
A newly-discovered molecular process explains how our bodies perceive the cold
Research by Nobel laureate David Julius has captured how the TRPM8 protein changes when exposed to low temperatures, opening a new avenue for treating cold-induced pain
Jeff Bezos Says 'I Would Love To See A Trillion Humans Living In The Solar System' — Then We Could Have '1,000 Mozarts And 1,000 Einsteins'
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos isn't thinking small. He's thinking a trillion people big. On the "Lex Fridman Podcast" in 2023, Bezos laid out a vision that sounds more like science fiction than a business...
At third No Kings rally in Seattle, tens of thousands decry Trump
“This to me looks like history is being made,” said Nick Brown at a massive rally in Seattle. Protesters had much to say about ICE, Iran and the Epstein files.
New cholesterol guidelines could change when you get tested
A major new U.S. cholesterol guideline is shifting the focus toward earlier, more personalized prevention of heart disease. It urges people to start screening sooner—sometimes even in childhood—and highlights the importance of tracking not just LDL (“bad”) cholesterol but also genetic risk factors like lipoprotein(a). A new, more advanced risk calculator now uses broader health data to better predict heart attack and stroke risk over decades.
Orioles owner David Rubenstein is ‘open for business’ for future extensions
A year ago, Orioles owner David Rubenstein declared that he had “no financial limit.”
Bank of America agrees to $72.5M to settle Epstein case
Bank of America is settling a lawsuit claiming it facilitated Epstein's sex-trafficking operation without admitting wrongdoing.
Dodgers notes: Charley Steiner, Shohei Ohtani, Andy Pages
LOS ANGELES — Charley Steiner returned to the Dodgers broadcast booth on Thursday, calling the first three innings of the opening day game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on radio. Steiner has battled health issues in recent years, including multiple myeloma and a back injury that made it difficult to walk. His workload for this season […]
Jeffrey Epstein's diamonds vanished for 5 days. Here's what happened.
New testimony shows Jeffrey Epstein's diamonds, passports, and hard drives passed through three people before returning to the FBI after a 2019 raid.
Power Hours: A day in the life of Orangetheory president Lauren Cody
Orangetheory president Lauren Cody said she loves plane rides, green tea, and history. Her routine prioritizes protein and energizing supplements.
Scientists discover a hidden system that turns brown fat into a calorie burner
Scientists have identified a key biological system that helps brown fat burn energy by building the networks it needs to function. A protein called SLIT3 splits into two parts, with each piece guiding the growth of blood vessels and nerves inside brown fat. These structures allow the tissue to pull in nutrients and rapidly convert them into heat instead of storing them as fat.
Playing Wolfenstein 3D with one hand in 2026
Over three decades later, this historical curiosity has more than a few rough edges...
Understanding protein motion could greatly aid new drug design
For many of us, “protein” is the key element of a food order. However, beyond your preferred choice of meats or plant-based alternatives, proteins encompass a large class of complex biomolecules whose chemical structure is encoded in our genes. Proteins have critical functions in living cells: They help repair and build body tissues, drive metabolic reactions, maintain pH and fluid balance, and keep our immune systems strong.
Scientists find gut bacteria inject proteins that control your immune system
Gut bacteria aren’t just passive passengers—they can actively send proteins straight into our cells. Using microscopic injection systems, even harmless microbes can influence immune responses and metabolic pathways. Researchers found these interactions may play a role in inflammatory diseases like Crohn’s. It’s a major shift in how scientists understand the microbiome’s power over human health.
Governor Stein Outlines Priorities to Support Rural North Carolinians at NC Rural Summit
Today Governor Josh Stein joined the NC Rural Center’s 2026 Rural Summit to highlight his commitment to investing in the infrastructure and resources North…
Takeaways from Day 1 of CPAC 2026
The movement that helped return President Donald Trump to the White House in 2024 is split over the war with Iran and Trump’s relationship with Israel, the administration’s handling of the Jeffrey Epstein files, fractures among some of its most prominent personalities and more.
Colorectal Cancer Awareness Month: Disney executive shares story to encourage people to get screened
Disney VP Mitch Gubin shares his experience with colorectal cancer, highlighting why it's important to get tested at any age.
U.S. conservative conference aims to rein in Republican infighting ahead of midterms
Some of the biggest MAGA voices have broken with Trump over the Iran conflict as well as his handling of the Jeffrey Epstein files.
Cardiologist's 3 Favorite High-Protein Foods to Boost Heart Health
In TODAY.com's Expert Tip of the Day, a cardiologist shares her favorite foods to add more healthy protein to her diet in a heart-healthy way.
Epstein files shed new light on what prison officials were doing the night he died
In the years since disgraced financier Jeffrey Epstein was found dead from what was ruled a suicide in his prison cell on August 10, 2019, conspiracy theories have abounded about whether the convicted sex offender actually killed himself.
Sports agent imparts life lessons at T.W. Lewis series
Leigh Steinberg recently documented his highs, lows and rebound as a renowned sports agent in a soon-to-be released book. He shared his life lessons as […]
The brain's cleaning system can be boosted to rid Alzheimer's proteins
A duo of drugs that boosts our glympathic system, which clears waste from our brain, also improves the removal of proteins associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease
Epstein accountant, lawyer explain finances in Congress testimony
Jeffrey Epstein's longtime lawyer Darren Indyke and accountant Richard Kahn manage Epstein's $630 million estate without salaries.
Scientists discover why this deadly lung cancer keeps coming back
Scientists have discovered that losing a key protein in small cell lung cancer triggers inflammation that actually helps tumors grow and spread. Even more surprising, it pushes cancer cells into a more aggressive, neuron-like state linked to relapse.
OpenClaw creator: User asked for a token refund for errors
OpenClaw creator Peter Steinberger shared a refund request he received for errors, including "fabricated data." He refunded $0, as the agent is free.
Mediterranean diet may boost mitochondrial signals linked to heart and brain health
A study led by researchers at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology suggests that the benefits of the Mediterranean diet may be driven, in part, by tiny proteins hidden within our mitochondria, ...
Louisiana's health secretary wants AI on the phones and the website
Louisiana residents may see changes in calling the state health department or using its website if it turns to artificial intelligence to save money. The department is examining how it can implement AI over the next few years to make residents’ experiences more efficient and reduce spending, Louisiana Department of Health Secretary Bruce Greenstein said […]
Danone to buy protein shake maker Huel as health nutrition craze drives demand shift
Merging the companies is an opportunity in fast-growing nutrition space, said Danone CEO Antoine de Saint-Affrique.
How Healthy Are Meat Sticks and Jerky as Protein Sources?
These convenient snacks are rich in protein and low in calories, but they are considered processed meats. Here's how often you should eat them.
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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