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Meet the 2026 Contingent Faculty Award Winners for Excellence in Scholarship, Teaching, or Leadership in the Profession -
The Award for Excellence in Scholarship, Teaching, or Leadership by Contingent Faculty recognizes scholars who have made significant contributions to the field of political science without the support of tenure-track employment. This award is sponsored by APSA’s Committee [...]
1 Smart Business Story: How Founders Use PR To Dominate
Media is a minefield. From Substacks and livestreams to podcasts and newspapers (where they still exist), it’s a lot for founders to juggle. Fortunately,
Coming to XBOX Game Pass: Battlefield 6, Valor Mortis, Forever Ago, and More
Hope you’ve been having fun digging in with Bravo Squad for Gears of War: E-Day or clearing the dungeons in Minecraft Dungeons II. When you’re ready for your next game, we’ve got more coming soon.
Bettis 'left to face Sheff Utd music again'
BBC Radio Sheffield's Rob Staton on Sheffield United chief executive Stephen Bettis being left to answer fans questions by absent owners.
Professor Mahasin S. Mujahid receives Abraham Lilienfeld Award
Mujahid was celebrated for her transformational contributions to the field of social epidemiology and received the award at the ACE annual meeting.
Walgreens owner sells Boots for $8.9 billion
The sale marks Sycamore Partners' first major divestiture since buying the Deerfield-based retail pharmacy chain and breaking it up into standalone businesses.
Juventus make initial contact for Sassuolo’s Darryl Bakola
Serie A side Juventus have been in the race for Darryl Bakola in the last few weeks and they are attempting to make progress over a deal.The midfielder didn’t get enough game time last season to mak...
Alpharus Health Expands Access to Mental Health Services Across Illinois
Chicago, IL, Oct. 07, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Alpharus Health is expanding access to mental health care across Illinois by bringing comprehensive behavioral health services to 11 of its 13 community outpatient clinics. Alpharus Health now offers outpatient mental health treatment services in Aurora, Bloomington, Carbondale, Chicago, Downers Grove, Gurnee, Jacksonville, Joliet, Peoria, Springfield, and Swansea. Alpharus Health also offers virtual mental health treatment for all Illinois resident
Blades expect to avoid points deduction
Sheffield United CEO Stephen Bettis tells BBC Radio Sheffield the Blades expect to avoid an EFL points deduction but will not reinvest a summer transfer haul in January.
Maximilian Eggestein explains what makes ‘the perfect Freiburg player’
SC Freiburg midfielder Maximilian Eggestein has spoken at length on his role within Julian Schuster’s side, the importance of sacrificing individual ambitions for the collective and his plans to rem...
Belmont High School Sports Wrap
Belmont High sports round-up: scores and highlights from football, field hockey, cross country, soccer, volleyball and swim for the week of Oct. 2.
’80s icon Rick Springfield to preview new music at Riverside
At 77, Rick Springfield reflects on massive '80s fame, his battle with depression detailed in his memoir, and why he's still writing new music instead of just playing the classics.
Gossip: Barcelona leaning towards selling Frenkie de Jong
The club have an overbooking of midfielders.
Henri Kagan and Kenso Soai awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for unraveling mystery of asymmetric chemistry
The 2026 Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded to Henri B. Kagan and Kenso Soai for groundbreaking work in the field of asymmetric chemistry – unraveling the mystery of how molecules exist in non-identical mirror images of each other.
U. of C.’s South Side Science Fest showcases the wow that exists in the field
Nearly 4,600 people visited this year’s University of Chicago South Side Science Festival, which offered hands-on science demonstrations and experiments.
$4.6 Million Construction Permit Issued for Upcoming 49,000 SF Round1 Entertainment Venue
Round1 Bowling & Arcade has received a permit valued at $4.6 million to build its upcoming location at Westfield Wheaton. The nearly 49,000 SF entertainment venue will transform the former […]
Baumgartner Takes Major Step Towards Leipzig Comeback
After 128 days sidelined by surgery, the Austrian playmaker rejoins team training to rescue a struggling attack missing his clinical finishing and veteran leadership from midfield.
Valerio Therapeutics Provides an Update on Its Business and Presents Its Financial Results for the First Half of 2026
VILLEJUIF, France, October 07, 2026--Regulatory News: Valerio Therapeutics (FR0010095596 - ALVIO), a pioneering biotechnology company in the field of next-generation precision therapies ("Valerio", or the "Company"), provides an update on its operations and presents its financial results for the half-year ended 30 June 2026.
Liverpool handed boost in pursuit of Andoni Iraola favourite
Liverpool’s start to life under Andoni Iraola has been solid, but not spectacular. The Reds are yet to taste defeat under the Spaniard but already sit six points off the Premier League leaders afte...
USMNT youngsters fuel "amazing start" to 2030 World Cup cycle
By Charles BoehmThe US men’s national team’s 1-0 win over Canada was not exactly a work of art.Tuesday’s spirited crowd at Minnesota United FC’s Allianz Field witnessed a ruggedly physical enc...
Earth's magnetic field: An enigma that could affect how long we live
Generated by a vast dynamo-like churn of molten iron in the Earth’s core, the magnetic field that surrounds the planet protects its surface and everything on it from space radiation as well as helping...
Sleep, appetite, gene-editing experts contend for Nobel chemistry prize
Molecules that regulate sleep and appetite or methods for editing genes are some of the research fields commentators say could be contenders for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry announced Wednesday.This y...
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Battlefield 6 Resurrects the Corpse of Dead Space With The Marker Tease
The corpse of Dead Space is being reinimated for Battlefield 6, with the latest trailer for Season 5 seemingly teasing a crossover.
UCF Must Get Passing Game Clicking Ahead of Oklahoma State
After a crushing collapse against Houston, the Knights must ignite their stagnant downfield attack to match a high-powered Oklahoma State offense led by Heisman hopeful Drew Mestemaker.
Michael Douglas Corners Ana Navarro Over Her Politics on 'The View'
After fielding questions from the panel, the actor posed one of his own to the co-host.
Michael Douglas Corners Ana Navarro Over Her Politics on ‘The View’
After fielding questions from the panel, the actor posed one of his own to the co-host.
Kettering Health will not renew contract with Medicare Advantage insurer Anthem
Kettering Health, one of the largest health systems in the Dayton region, will not renew its contract with private Medicare Advantage insurer Anthem, including Anthem MyCare, according to an announcement from Kettering Health.
Kettering Health will not renew contract with Medicare Advantage insurer Anthem
Kettering Health, one of the largest health systems in the Dayton region, will not renew its contract with private Medicare Advantage insurer Anthem, including Anthem MyCare, according to an announcement from Kettering Health.
'Real buzz' around Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland midfielder Shea Charles says "he could not be happier" following the side's unbeaten Nations League window.
Adidas releases Messi tribute video ahead of farewell in Argentina
The end of an era in Argentina!This Tuesday (6), at 8 p.m. (Brasília time), live on sportv, Lionel Messi takes the field at the Monumental de Núñez against Benin for his final game in the Albiceles...
UCF Honors 8 Trailblazing Faculty with 2026 Luminary Awards
The honorees are advancing discovery across fields ranging from transportation safety and quantum science to tourism, disaster resilience and emerging technology.
Rangers Outfield Prospect Kling Has Massive Day in Fall League
Texas Rangers outfield prospect Paxton Kling went 4-for-5 with five RBI, including a walkoff, as the Saguaros took down the Desert Dogs 8-7.
Ben Rice’s historic October is being wasted by the Yankees
Ben Rice hit two home runs Monday and still walked out of Tropicana Field with the Yankees one loss from […]
Students Use Forensic Science Skills in Escape Room
Hundreds of students from across the region put their problem-solving skills to the test this week during the Regional Science Consortium’s annual Forensic Science Escape Room. Elementary school students had just a few hours to figure out how someone died as part of a forensic science escape room activity. The Regional Science Consortium partnered with Mercyhurst University for the 10th year of the event, which is taking place at the Tom Ridge Environmental Center. It began Monday and runs through Thursday.Throughout the week, more than 250 students are working to solve murder mysteries using real forensic science techniques. Students must analyze the evidence, piece together clues and solve the crime before time runs out.Organizers said the event gives students interested in pursuing forensic science in college a firsthand look at what a career in the field could entail.Sarah Skelton, Special Gifts Coordinator at Iroquois, said the activity provides students with an opportunity to develop skills that can sometimes be difficult to practice in a traditional classroom. "It really helps them to work in teams and on critical thinking skills. Which, not that they don't get these opportunities, but it's hard sometimes in the classroom to develop those higher-level thinking skills”, said Skelton.Students also get a chance to learn how forensic science is used in real-life investigations. As Skelton explained, "What are the real-life applications? What would you actually see in a crime scene? How would you handle these types of forensic investigations? So it's really cool our kids get to see what opportunities are out there and possibly a career field one day."The popular event has grown over the years, with some students returning year after year. Organizers said watching those students grow and develop their interests is one of the highlights of the program.Jeanette Schnars, the Executive Director of the Regional Science Consortium said it's rewarding to see how students' interests evolve as they get older. According to Schnars, "How they have grown and matured and where their interests are going and maybe they aren't going into forensics, but if they are going into sciences or different disciplines, so it's really fulfilling to see how they have matured."One student who continues to enjoy the event is sixth-grader Mia Harvey of Iroquois. Harvey hopes to pursue a career in medicine and says the forensic science activities are helping her explore her interests, "One day I want to become a neurologist, and learning about the bones is probably going to help me."Harvey said her favorite part of the event is the real-life application of what she's learning. "While you are trying to find the clues, they teach real stuff that you would need to know”, said Harvey.Event organizers said if students are learning while having fun, then the program is accomplishing its goal. "Not only are they learning the science, but they are having fun with it too”, said Schnars.Adults will also have a chance to take part in the experience this Saturday during an adult version of the escape room, which will feature food, drinks and entertainment. For more information, click here.The Forensic Science Escape Room has become one of the Regional Science Consortium’s most popular events, with teachers signing up their students as soon as registration opens in August.
Liverpool vs Man City referee confirmed ahead of Anfield showdown
Chris Kavanagh, from Greater Manchester, is one of England’s elite match officials
Raiders news: Fernando Mendoza using his business chops off the field
Las Vegas rookie quarterback has business passion
Raiders news: Fernando Mendoza using his business chops off the field
Las Vegas rookie quarterback has business passion
Joe Mixon addition further complicates Seahawks' backfield
The addition of veteran RB Joe Mixon further complicates this Seattle Seahawks' backfield.
Saquon Barkley Injury Update: Eagles RB’s Hamstring Timeline Revealed
Saquon Barkley suffered a hamstring injury against the Los Angeles Rams, and it could be a few weeks before we see the superstar running back on the field. Originally entering the league as the second-overall pick in the 2018 NFL Draft, the Penn State product hit the ground running, recording 1,307 yards and 11 touchdowns …
What if death from aging becomes preventable? The science is no longer purely theoretical
Most medicine waits for aging to produce a recognizable disease and then tries to treat that disease. A growing field of researchers is pursuing a more ambitious idea: intervene earlier in the biologi...
Chelsea handed unexpected midfielder boost ahead of squad announcement
Chelsea midfielder’s imminent suspension will impact his minutes during next month’s international break
Bristol City appoint King as set piece coach
Bristol City appoint Sheffield Wednesday analyst Ben King as their new set-piece coach.
Banijay Entertainment Introduces New US Gameshow Scrambled Up to Market
Media and entertainment powerhouse, Banijay Entertainment, today announces it has acquired the global format rights and finished tape rights to Scrambled Up, an all-new studio-based word game from Michael Eisner’s The Tornante Company; Keller/Noll, the prolific US format creators Cleve Keller and Dave Noll (Chopped, America Says, Flip Side); Crazy Legs Productions; and Playing Field […]
Ndour on Juventus radar after firing Azzurrini to Euros
Juventus are among several clubs keeping tabs on Cher Ndour after the Fiorentina midfielder fired Italy’s Under-21s to the European Championship.According to Tuttomercatoweb, the Bianconeri see the ...
Planned Parenthood launches menopause care services in Dayton, Cincinnati locations
Planned Parenthood Southwest Ohio Region is launching a new service at its Dayton and Cincinnati locations for patients looking for relief from menopause and perimenopause symptoms.
Wildfire smoke affects animals in unique ways. Scientists are trying to understand it
The new field of "smoke ecology" examines how wildfire smoke perturbs wild places and animals — and what might be done to prevent its worst mayhem.
Phillies should be interested in switch-hitting outfielder from Cubs
Should the Phillies look to make this move?
As federal grant cuts hit social sciences, McInnis ‘worried’ about funds
Yale’s federal funding declined by 1.5 percent in the last fiscal year, with cuts affecting social science fields — which the Trump administration has targeted. Yale President Maurie McInnis said last month that the government had been slow to disburse awards.
Liverpool behind in race for £100m Andoni Iraola favourite
Liverpool have started the season well, but they are still some way from competing on all fronts. Andoni Iraola has his side looking increasingly confident on the pitch, but problems with the midfield...
Science Must Move Faster Than Social Media
I have bought produce, cooked it, sold it, specified it, promoted it, walked fields with growers, stood in packing houses, worked with distributors and watched chefs turn raw ingredients into something people want to eat.
Buccaneers' Extensions For Baker Mayfield, Vita Vea Were a Mistake
The huge contract extensions the Bucs gave Baker Mayfield and Vita Vea have not paid off so far. Were they mistakes?
Tank Bigsby injury: Eagles running back to injured reserve
Philadelphia’s backfield depth is being tested.
Candidates to field questions at San Joaquin Delta College forum on Tuesday
The forum will be held from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. in the college’s Dawn Mabalon Forum. It is free and open to the public.
New York Yankees Legend CC Sabathia Makes Personal Announcement
The New York Yankees are set to take the field on Monday night for Game 2 of the ALDS against the Tampa Bay Rays. Tuning into all the action as part of the NBC Sports crew, as well as being a Yankees legend, has been former right-handed pitcher CC Sabathia. Sabathia recently had his Yankees […] The post New York Yankees Legend CC Sabathia Makes Personal Announcement appeared first on HEAVY.
California scientist wins a Nobel Prize, then makes school lunches for his kids
STANFORD, California (AP) — Dr. Karl Deisseroth spent hours fielding congratulatory calls after learning early Monday that he had won a Nobel Prize for medicine for helping to open a new field of brain science called optogenetics.
California scientist wins a Nobel Prize, then makes school lunches for his kids
Dr. Karl Deisseroth spent hours fielding congratulatory calls after learning that he had won a Nobel Prize for medicine for helping to open a new field of brain science called optogenetics.
Arizona WR Tre Spivey out for season with foot injury
At least one of the trio of starting wide receivers injured in Arizona’s last game won’t be back on the field this season. UA coach Brent Brennan confirmed Monday that junior Tre Spivey will miss the remainder of the season after suffering a foot injury in Saturday’s 34-7 win over Cincinnati. Brennan said Spivey will […]
Andoni Iraola pushed closer to finally signing Mohamed Salah's successor
Mohamed Salah exiting Liverpool was one of the biggest stories to emerge from Anfield this summer.His fallings out with Arne Slot eventually became too much and, even though he had a year left on his ...
Springfield to host its first ever LEGO fan convention
SPRINGFIELD, Ill. (WICS/WRSP) - LEGO fans rejoice! For the first time, a LEGO fan convention is coming to Springfield.
Planet Fitness acquires Bakersfield’s Body Xchange Health Club locations
Body Xchange Health Clubs announced that they have been acquired by Planet Fitness.The announcement was posted on their social media pages.The company said that
Greenfield Business Association distributes inaugural Buzz Awards
Greenfield Business Association held its first Buzz Awards at Four Phantoms Brewing Co., celebrating local shops like Hope & Olive and Freedom Cafe.
Burton must respond to 'gift-wrapped' loss
Burton boss Gary Bowyer says this week will help him see "what the squad is made of" after defensive errors "gift-wrapped" Huddersfield victory.
Review: Metallica lives the dream on opening weekend of Sphere residency
LAS VEGAS — “I had a dream last night,” Metallica singer James Hetfield said. “We were playing the Sphere. “So cool.” Indeed, it was, James. Yet, it wasn’t a dream.
Why .670 OPS outfielder 'won't be back' with Mariners
This seems like an unlikely reunion for the Mariners.
50th annual Arkansas Rice Festival slated
It was 1976 and the United States was turning 200 years old. Festivities were planned in nearly every city and town across the country and one of the celebrations was...
USA vs. Canada: How to watch, stream international friendly
Two of Concacaf's elite teams clash Tuesday evening when the United States host Canada at Allianz Field, home of Minnesota United FC.How to watch & streamUSA: TNT, truTV, HBO Max, Universo, PeacockCan...
Walmsley hopeful Grand Final role leads to new club
Departing Wakefield winger Lachlan Walmsley hopes his starring role in their Grand Final win over Warrington can help him pick up a new team.
Chelsea is leading Arsenal in the race for England international
New England star Alex Scott is one of the most sought-after players in European football, and Arsenal wants to add him to its squad.The Bournemouth midfielder has established himself as an outstanding...
The Science Behind Female-Specific Firefighting PPE
Camilla Callesen, chief designer at VIKING Fire & Rescue, and retired firefighter Kendall Taylor discuss the research, engineering, and field testing behind the VIKING VALKYRIE.
Will Democrats’ midterm wave reach California’s Central Valley? Bernie Sanders rallies the vote
Bernie Sanders rallied hundreds in sweltering Bakersfield heat for Randy Villegas, a progressive long shot in one of the nation's most contested House races.
‘An anchor’: Oakshire fans celebrate, grieve as business prepares to shut down
Oakshire Public House has been a gathering space in the Whiteaker neighborhood since 2013 and holds many individual and community memories. Oakshire as a company is closing, but it plans to transition the Public House to a new company in the next two months, keeping the location open through the process.
The 2026 Lookout List: Health and Wellness
Are you feeling centered? This is a place where we value having aligned chakras, purposeful movement, a good gym to frequent and a good dispensary to drop into (for those that partake). For our Health and Wellness category of the Lookout List, we asked you for the best spots to drop into for yoga, mindful moments, health food and more.
Orioles news: How will the O’s solve their infield logjam?
With Jordan Westburg returning next year, how will the O’s make room in the infield for him?
Morrell to join Portsmouth's coaching staff
Ex-Portsmouth and Wales midfielder Joe Morrell will be returning to his former club as a coach, joining John Mousinho's backroom staff.
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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