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Retired Navy SEAL to first responders at Chesterfield mental health event: 'Trauma is trauma'
Operation Yellow Tape hosted a mental health conference for first responders in Chesterfield, bringing together speakers to break the stigma of seeking help.
Capcom Is Looking To Evolve Its RE Engine Into An 'AI-Era Game Engine'
It wants to "create games together with AI"
Where’s Blade? Fans wonder why Marvel Studios cutbacks seem to be landing on Black heroes
Mahershala Ali has said he’s moved on from the “Blade” reboot, making it another MCU project that’s fallen by the wayside. Black fans are asking whether Black characters are being purposely neglected and sidelined.
Bosnia votes as pro-Russian politician looms large and ethnic tensions simmer
Bosnia is holding a general election with citizens of all ethnicities focused on everyday problems. But mainstream politicians are whipping up war-era tensions that have kept the country divided since
Beth Fukumoto: When Politicians Run Unopposed, Everyone Loses
Of the state’s 98 general election races this year — from Congress to county council — more than a third will feature a candidate with no opposition.
How Trump Moved Ethical Lines With His Ads, Businesses and Summits
The president’s decision to hold an international summit at his own private golf club, an idea rejected in his first term, illustrates how much he has shattered norms.
5 best Florida Halloween and fall events on the Treasure Coast
Looking for something fun to do this October? Here are 5 Halloween or fall-themed events to visit on the Treasure Coast!
CXO Summit: Only Days Left to Secure Your Tickets
The CXO Summit brings together 500+ C-suite leaders in London on 7-8 October. With registrations doubling, tickets are selling fast – secure yours now
Malen completes recovery ahead of Como clash
Malen doesn’t want to stop. Having recovered from the slight knee problem that kept him from playing against the Netherlands, the striker is ready to return to the heart of Roma’s attack against C...
Nobel laureate Eric Cornell: ‘Progress in science comes from asking new questions’
Nobel Prize-winning physicist Eric Cornell says scientists should focus on doing good science and embrace the joy of discovery, and one day they may discover something new to everybody.
Why Ken Paxton could lose a Texas GOP Senate seat to James Talarico
Plagued by ethics allegations, the Senate candidate is unusually vulnerable for a red state Republican.
Why Ken Paxton could lose a Texas GOP Senate seat to James Talarico
Plagued by ethics allegations, the Senate candidate is unusually vulnerable for a red state Republican.
Franciscan Health presenting The Family Dinner Project
News release, Franciscan Health: Initiative aims to help families connect over meals MICHIGAN CITY, Ind. – Franciscan Health is again hosting The Family Dinner Project, a free program focused on helping families connect, laugh and grow one meal at a time. The program provides easy recipes, fun conversation starters and simple activities to help dinnertime become a positive experience for the whole family. The Family Dinner Project sparks real conversations without cell phones, builds stronger family bonds, removes mealtime stress by making it fun and fits into any schedule or lifestyle. All families are welcome, whether big or small, multigenerational
Bosnia votes as pro-Russian politician looms large over the race and ethnic tensions simmer
Bosnia is holding a general election with citizens of all ethnicities focused on everyday problems
Bosnia votes as pro-Russian politician looms large over the race and ethnic tensions simmer
Bosnia is holding a general election with citizens of all ethnicities focused on everyday problems | WWJ Newsradio 950
Zombie Run takes place in Poland
POLAND, Ohio (WKBN)- Runners laced their shoes for the annual Zombie Run in Poland Township. Participants took part in a 2k run and walk through Poland Township Park. Awards were given to the top three men and women in each age group. It’s been taking place for nearly two decades, bringing the community together. “One […]
Hundreds gather in Duxbury to raise awareness for perinatal mental health support
Hundreds of people came together in Duxbury Saturday to make sure parents struggling with their mental health know they don’t have to face it alone.
The Boston Celtics can extend point guard Payton Pritchard
But the question is whether the storied franchise will actually do so.
Players who stood out in Nebraska football’s hard-fought win over Maryland
Nebraska (5-0, 2-0) didn’t miss a beat after a dominant road victory last week and took care of Maryland (2-2, 0-1) 48-23 Saturday afternoon at Memorial Stadium. The Huskers fought through a disappointing first quarter and an array of penalties to take the lead against the Terrapins in the second quarter, and they held that lead through the end of the game. Nebraska totaled 447 yards of offense, led by receiver Kwazi Gilmer and methodical drives. Here’s who stood out on the afternoon:
Who will be Brazil’s next president?
The election could also serve as a bellwether of Donald Trump's influence in Latin America
49ers head coach explains methodology behind his trick plays
Kyle Shanahan (mostly) has a plan for when to deploy his trick plays.
New York Islanders vs. New Jersey Devils: Home opener thread
The Islanders host the Devils for their 2026-27 home opener Saturday night. They’re on a 7-0-1 run against the Devils so expect a certain loss. Here are the tweaked lines as Pete DeBoer searches for chemistry, whether or not he has the elements and molecules to find it: mil Heineman – Bo Horvat – Kyle […]
Trump advocates for mail and early voting despite historically opposing both
President Donald Trump said Americans should cast their ballot using “every appropriate tool,” in a pre-recorded video imploring Republicans to vote in the midterm elections, including using methods that he has historically opposed like early and mail voting.
Baubles & Brews brings women-owned businesses together in Pottsville
Candles, pottery, books, and skincare filled tables at Arrow Studio & Events on Saturday as 23 small businesses came together for Baubles & Brews, a fall market centered on women entrepreneurs and the community they have built. For…
Gamethread: Canadiens @ Penguins
It’s the home opener! Talk about the game with Pens fans here!
The midterm maps changed. So could Black political power
Roughly one in 10 voters will cast ballots in newly configured congressional districts. For Black communities, the changes could determine whether their politic...
Hundreds gather to support Mental Health Awareness
MADISON, (WKOW) — More than 700 people gathered for a NAMIWalks event in Dane County, coming together to raise awareness about mental illness and support mental health resources in the
Plymouth business leaders come together to create 'Blessing Baskets' for families facing food insecurity
Two Plymouth business leaders are coming together for the third year to provide a Thanksgiving dinner for families of kids facing food insecurity who attend Livonia elementary schools.
Elizabeth Berkley pays tribute to television principal Dennis Haskins
DETROIT — Elizabeth Berkley, who played Jessie Spano on TV's "Saved by the Bell," is paying tribute to her television principal, Dennis Haskins. Haskins, who played Mr. Belding on the
NAMIWalks at Asbury Methodist Church raises over $116,000 for mental health awareness
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) held its annual walk fundraiser on Saturday at the Asbury Methodist Church on East Avenue.
LeBron James makes Philadelphia debut in 76ers scrimmage
PHILADELPHIA, PA - For the first time in eight years, LeBron James wore something other than a Lakers jersey on a NBA court.
Scientists Tested Whether Leftovers Really Taste Better The Next Day. One Dish Stood Out.
"Few culinary beliefs are as persistent..."
Should Royals Be Concerned About Seth Lugo Next Season?
The veteran right-hander finished the 2026 season with a 5.17 ERA and turns 37 in November.
Broward Health Offers Low-Cost and Free Mammograms Throughout October for Breast Cancer Awareness Month
MammoThon 2026 and “Beating Cancer Together” initiatives aim to remove cost as a barrier to early breast cancer detection for Broward County women Broward Health is marking Breast Cancer Awareness Month throughout October by hosting two community initiatives designed to make life-saving breast cancer screenings accessible to women regardless of insurance status or income. From October 1-31, the health system […]
Rag Tag Team of Biologists Who Lost Funding Because of Trump Turned a Motel Room into Makeshift Lab and Made a Groundbreaking Discovery
A team of biologists brought together by Trump's funding cuts continued their research in a motel room and made a significant discovery.
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’?An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked ...
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’?An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked ...
Flick’s Barcelona and the value of entertainment
What makes a TV show or movie ‘entertaining’? An exciting and dynamic cast roster? Some compelling writing? A creative head pulling all these strings together in one direction? What about a hooked audience? Take one look at FC Barcelona 2026/27, and how is the season so far any different? Or if it is lacking any […]
New Journal Section Puts Epigenetics on Trial: Ethics, Society and Science Collide
Epigenetics has spent the past two decades promising to rewrite the rules of biology. The idea that chemical tags sitting on top of DNA can switch genes on and off, that these tags can be shaped by diet, stress, pollution and poverty, and that some of them might even be passed
South Texas Health System (@stxhealthsystem)
1 likes, 1 comments - stxhealthsystem on October 3, 2026: "A Gathering of Compassion, Commitment & Community: The Texas Association of Healthcare Volunteers (TAHV), a statewide organization dedicated to supporting, training and connecting healthcare volunteers, recently held its District 3 Meeting at South Texas Health System Edinburg. Volunteers from across South Texas and the Coastal Bend gathered to learn, share ideas and strengthen the vital role they play in supporting patients, families and healthcare teams throughout their communities. The Auxiliary to STHS (@auxiliarytosths) is made up of more than 350 student and adult volunteers who help enhance the patient experience across the health system. To help make this year's event a success, auxiliary members from hospitals throughout the Rio Grande Valley came together to plan, coordinate and host the annual meeting. We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone who attended and contributed to this inspiring event. Your dedication, compassion and service make a lasting impact in hospitals across the Rio Grande Valley and beyond.".
Open Thread For Saturday’s Division Series Games
I’m putting this together the night before, because I’m out tomorrow morning. We have four games today. Game One: 1:00 Eastern: White Sox @ Guardians: Smith vs. Messick. Game Two: 4:00 Eastern: Braves @ Dodgers. Game Three: 6:30 Eastern: Yankees @ Rays. Cole vs. Rasmussen. Game Four: 8:50 Eastern: Padres @ Brewers. Ray vs. Misiorowski. […]
As Midterms Near, Justice Alito Says He Considers Each Year Whether to Retire
The justice, the second oldest on the court at 76, told CBS News that he decided against stepping down last term. He could face pressure should Democrats win the Senate in November.
Times' 2026 Community Choice Awards honor Rogue Valley's best
More than 25,500 nominations and nearly 64,000 votes led to 492 winners and finalists across 162 categories The Rogue Valley came together Thursday evening, Oct. 1, to celebrate excellence in […]
Activision And Bethesda Crackdown On GenAI MW2 And Fallout Projects
Vibe coders are getting legal notices
Chapel Bell Curve:
You’ve got to do something before kickoff. And if you’re looking to maximize your preparations for today’s matchup with Vanderbilt that something should be listening to Nathan and Yara preview the Commodores. Among other audio goodness in this episode you’ll find the following: As always we ask that you like, rate, subscribe, and patreonize the show wherever […]
Resident Evil Dev Capcom Plans To Embrace AI In Game Development
The next iteration of RE Engine is being built so Capcom can make games "together with AI"
ABS-CBN News
1Z Entertainment is holding its first music festival, One Zone Fest, bringing together the agency’s roster of artists for a two-day event on October 24-25, 2026. More details in the comments section.
NVIDIA DGX Spark 64GB Launched and Big 128GB GB10 Price Increases
The NVIDIA DGX Spark 64GB is launching with a $4999 price as the 128GB model jumps to $6950 pushed by memory pricing
Elizabeth Holmes dangled 'easy' service hours in front of students to boost her state House campaign
She dangled service hours in front of her students. Her district opened a file.
Live Nation Entertainment (LYV) Stock Stays Hard To Read After Its 93% Run
Live Nation Entertainment has seen its share price advance strongly over the past few years, which naturally puts the focus on whether the current US$168.77 level is supported by what the business can generate in cash. With the stock giving back some ground in recent weeks, the question now is how that recent share move lines up against the value implied by its cash flows. Over the past 3 years the stock has returned 92.9%, which raises the issue of whether the market is now asking investors...
Doctors warn about the risks energy drinks pose to kids. What families need to know.
Various medical groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, say children and teens should avoid energy drinks altogether.
Bernie Sanders’s 2016 Campaign Lit a Spark Beyond Elections
Electoral campaigns can feed workplace struggle by politicizing people, raising their expectations, bringing activists together, and giving them experience organizing others. Bernie Sanders’s presiden...
Gophers men's hockey opener postponed due to unplayable ice
The Gophers were due to play Michigan Tech in Houghton, MI.
Ocean chemistry on ancient Earth could help scientists search for life on alien worlds
"Earth's history shows that oxygen, nutrients, and life evolved together. Understanding those connections gives us a more nuanced perspective on our own planet's future and what we might look for on other planets."
Scientists recreate Enceladus’s ocean and watch Earth microbes thrive
Water-rock chemistry helped methane-producing microbes survive extreme alkaline conditions modeled on Enceladus’s hidden ocean.
NY AG appointment to Cornell rape case ‘reeks of politics’: Defense attorney
Defense attorney Mark Eiglarsh voiced concerns on “Elizabeth Vargas Tonight” that politics could taint the investigation.
NY AG appointment to Cornell rape case ‘reeks of politics’: Defense attorney
Defense attorney Mark Eiglarsh voiced concerns on “Elizabeth Vargas Tonight” that politics could taint the investigation.
Alabama State vs Bethune-Cookman live updates, highlights, analysis
Alabama State football plays Bethune-Cookman in a pivotal SWAC showdown. Follow live updates and highlights from Alabama State's Week 5 game.
Opinion | We Surveyed 50,674 Americans. This Is What Brings Them Together.
Americans are divided in their politics but not as sports fans.
Capcom details plans to evolve RE Engine into an ‘AI-generation game engine’
Programmer says Capcom’s goal is a future ‘where we create games together with AI’…
Gamethread: Canadiens @ Penguins
It’s the home opener! Talk about the game with Pens fans here!
Cubs Handed Strong Seiya Suzuki Free Agency Prediction
The Chicago Cubs crashed out in the Wild Card Series against the San Diego Padres and now face major offseason decisions, including whether to re-sign Seiya Suzuki.Suzuki hit .270 with 147 hits, 26 home runs, 86 RBIs, and 96 runs scored this season for Chicago, per StatMuse. Meanwhile, in the two Wild Card games against […] The post Cubs Handed Strong Seiya Suzuki Free Agency Prediction appeared first on HEAVY.
Ivy Tech Valparaiso to Host Fall into Wellness Mental Health Fair Oct. 5
Community event will connect students, employees and community members with mental health resources, wellness activities and support VALPARAISO, Ind. — Ivy Tech Community College’s Valparaiso Campus will host its Fall into Wellness Mental Health Fair on Monday, Oct. 5, bringing together students, employees and community members for an afternoon focused on mental health, well-being and connection. The free event will take place from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. in the Commons Area at Ivy Tech Community College, 3100 Ivy Tech Drive, Valparaiso. The fair is open to students, faculty, staff and members of the community. Designed to make conversations around mental health
New UPS Store open in Cold Spring and Jesse Procter is ready for business
By Andy Furman NKyTribune staff writer Jesse Procter wanted a change of pace. “I wanted something exciting where I could meet people and serve their needs,” he told the Northern Kentucky Tribune.
Missoula Public Health offers free mammograms Oct. 14
Women in Missoula have an opportunity to get a free mammogram this month, regardless of whether they have health insurance.Missoula Public Health says women age
Capcom Announces Plans to Transform the RE Engine Into an AI-Generation Game Engine — ‘Our Goal Is a Future Where We Create Games Together With AI’
Resident Evil and Street Fighter developer Capcom revealed some big changes coming to its RE Engine, which they plan to gradually improve and transform into an "AI-generation game engine."
Drexel University and the Academy of Natural Sciences may be headed for a split, sources say
Neither the Academy nor Drexel returned calls early Friday evening seeking comment on whether ongoing talks had ended and its outcome.
Connecting Medical Training to the Future of Care
Physician training doesn’t stop at the bedside. Residents also grow by teaching, leading and mentoring others. Sutter Health brought that approach to this year’s Latino Medical Student Association National Conference, where it served as a diamond-level sponsor. The event brought together medical students, pre-med students, residents and health care leaders from across the country. Now […]
Shawnee County Health Department discusses public health challenges and solutions
The Shawnee County Health Department held its Annual Community Conversation, bringing together local leaders to discuss public health and how to better serve residents.
Team selected for NASA program to explore potential lunar cave
NASA has selected a Planetary Science Institute–led proposal to investigate whether a potentially large underground cave extends beyond the opening of a lunar pit. Such a cave may one day provide a safe ...
NBA Shooting Coach Would ‘Love’ To Help Kings’ Simmons
Renowned trainer Lethal Shooter offers to overhaul Ben Simmons’ broken mechanics, promising to rebuild the veteran forward’s jumper from scratch to unlock Sacramento’s full offensive potential.
Shaping the Future of Global Health: 'Go Healthy with Taiwan 2026' Unveils Top 20 Innovators from 62 Nations
TAIPEI, Taiwan, October 02, 2026--The "Go Healthy with Taiwan 2026" global proposal campaign has selected 20 semifinalists from 832 proposals across 62 countries, with two more rounds of selection still to come. The 20 shortlisted teams hail from 16 countries worldwide, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, France, India, Israel, Japan, Malawi, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Spain, Tunisia, Ukraine, and U.S.A., fully demonstrating strong international diversity and innovative energy.
Netherlands considers Meta glasses ban as retailers pause sales
A large eyewear chain is pausing sales of Meta's AI glasses over privacy concerns.
Chivas and Sporting Cristal to back Peru’s children via Pásala
When strong convictions come together, great things happen. That is how Chivas and the Jorge Vergara Foundation are joining Club Sporting Cristal and the Semillero de Campeones Foundation to bring the...
Pharr International Bridge Expansion
More capacity for U.S.–Mexico trade. Pharr International Bridge Director Luis Bazan says phased truck operations for the bridge expansion are expected to begin in mid-September, with the official grand opening scheduled for November 12. The Pharr Truck Expo brought transportation professionals and the community together as the city prepares for this next chapter.
Nets' Projected Starting Five Ranked No. 26 in NBA
The Brooklyn Nets made some significant changes this offseason, as the front office looks to accelerate the rebuilding process. How will these new pieces gel together?
Randy Levine on Yankees PE Deal & Protect College Sports Act
Randy Levine discusses how the Yankees' $2.6 billion Apollo deal came together.
Delta Expo celebrates regional business, culture, entertainment
From live music and Delta food to shopping, stepping, books, and small-business showcases, Pine Bluff buzzed Sept. 25-26 as the first-of-its-kind Delta Expo brought businesses, entrepreneurs, artists, and community members together at the Pine Bluff Convention Center. Presented by the Pine Bluff Black Chamber of Commerce and visionary president and CEO Joni Alexander-Robinson, the two-day […]
Delta Expo celebrates regional business, culture, entertainment
From live music and Delta food to shopping, stepping, books, and small-business showcases, Pine Bluff buzzed Sept. 25-26 as the first-of-its-kind Delta Expo brought businesses, entrepreneurs, artists, and community members together at the Pine Bluff Convention Center. Presented by the Pine Bluff Black Chamber of Commerce and visionary president and CEO Joni Alexander-Robinson, the two-day […]
Fairport Harbor downtown businesses band together for community night out
The annual Witches Night Out event is back with more planned for this weekend, including an opportunity to check out a special "haunted" lighthouse tower, but beware of the ghost cat!
Gasperini: “I came to Roma to build something new.”
Gian Piero Gasperini spoke from the Trento Sports Festival. From individuals to his relationship with the fans, through memories and the future. On his arrival in Rome: “Everyone was eagerly awaitin...
Why Americans Identify as Republicans and Democrats
Many don’t consider themselves Republicans or Democrats. Instead, they're independents or something else – though they often “lean” toward a major party.
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. 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Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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