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Nvidia’s $235 Billion Buyback Offers a Powerful Lesson for Founders
Founders should bet on themselves by using strong cash flow to strategically reinvest in their business and fuel sustainable growth.
Three Takeaways From Brewers NLDS Game 1 Win vs. Padres
Milwaukee overcame offensive rust and a controversial officiating call behind clutch home runs and a dominant, scoreless bullpen performance to stifle the Padres in a tense opener.
Redesigned MacBook Pro with OLED to feature 'significantly lighter' design: report
Apple’s major MacBook Pro overhaul is just around the corner, and should debut within a month or so. It’ll be...
Seahawks TE AJ Barner carries interesting fantasy football flex value
AJ Barner may be a strong candidate to consider as a fantasy football flex option following his strong performance in Week 3.
Novak Djokovic Stuns Alexander Zverev to Reach Beijing Open Semifinals
In one of his best performances this year, Novak Djokovic is once again in the semifinals at the Beijing Open after overcoming World No. 2 Alexander Zverev in a tight three-set match 4-6 6-4 6-4. The Serbian, now 32-0 at the tournament, came from a set down to secure his joint-best win of the season …
ESPN reveals special Seahawks all-time team
The Seahawks’ best Super Bowl performers at each position were named to ESPN’s all-time team for the franchise.
Shirt of the Week: ‘Jeremiah Smith: Are You Not Entertained?’
On Saturday, Jeremiah Smith cemented his name in Ohio State record books with another thrilling performance. Now, you can celebrate the historic accomplishment with this brand new design from BreakingT.
New SCSKiller Tool Targets PC Shader Compilation Stutter; Our FINAL FANTASY VII REBIRTH Test Shows Impressive Results
SCSKiller reduces shader compilation stutters in games like FINAL FANTASY VII Rebirth, improving performance from 19 stalls to 0. Available on GitHub.
How I ended up at a sold-out Black Keys show without a ticket and why I would make a good spy
This spring, I walked into a tiny bar in Clarksdale, Mississippi. I knew The Black Keys were performing and that the show was sold out, but I thought I was just walking into the bar. When I opened the door, the sound did one of those Doppler effects. The ticket person and I nodded at each other.
Amazon’s colorful and sturdy new Kindles
In this week’s Installer: Amazon’s new Kindles, OpenAI’s Dots, the remastered Witcher 3, and more.
The rise, fall, and rise of portable MP3 players
Apple perfected the media player with the iPod, then abandoned it.
OperaSLO brings massive Gilbert and Sullivan production to PAC
You’ve likely never seen this particular comedic opera — the “Olympics of live performing arts” — at this scale.
Science Snapshots: October 4, 2026
Three new science finds: forest fragmentation alters temperatures, black-hole jets illuminate pre-existing gas, and butterfly wing patterns confuse predators.
Gary Shapiro: why trade shows matter and how to get them right
I ran powerful trade show CES for decades. Bill Gates told me once that trade shows were key for Microsoft. Now, author Robyn Davis is onto something.
Retired Navy SEAL to first responders at Chesterfield mental health event: 'Trauma is trauma'
Operation Yellow Tape hosted a mental health conference for first responders in Chesterfield, bringing together speakers to break the stigma of seeking help.
49ers almost drafted 5-time Pro Bowler in 2020 draft
The 49er had their eye on Tristan Wirfs, but also already had a trade for Trent Williams planned.
Weird girls, your next shelf collectible is a stack of Robert Pattinsons
Why A24’s nesting dolls are perfect.
Inside Democrats’ efforts to secure Election Day and respond to fears of Trump interference
Ahead of the November midterm elections, top Democrats are planning for doomsday scenarios for how President Donald Trump and his administration could intervene in the voting process and laying the groundwork for a forceful response.
Nate Bargatze's love of cars and comedy makes Ford gig a perfect fit
Nate Bargatze had barely four hours of sleep when he took the stage at the Ford Accelerate conference at Michigan Central Station in Detroit.
Alessandro Romano continues to lure Juventus with his performances
Alessandro Romano has emerged as the latest star in the Italy national team, and Juventus is keen to add him to its squad as he continues to shine on loan at Cagliari.His parent club is AS Roma, where...
How Democrats hope to reverse Trump’s changes to the presidency
As the midterms approach, some of the president’s foes are working to ensure his aggressive approach to executive power doesn’t outlast him.
Ed Sheeran Joined By First 'Special Guest' Since Opening Acts Dropped Him
Macklemore was removed from the tour following remarks that included “Free Palestine,” and other support acts left in solidarity.
Saka moves past Beckham after superb England display
Bukayo Saka delivered another outstanding England performance against Croatia, scoring twice in a 7-0 win and reaching a new international milestone.Photo by Carl Recine/Getty ImagesBukayo Saka scored...
Quaint Florida waterfront downtown has grown with endless activities
This town is full of history, memories, small businesses and family fun, making it the perfect place to take visitors any time of year.
Why you should think about getting your flu shot right now
Flu is surging unusually early in some parts of the western United States, catching doctors by surprise.
Scientists Find First-Ever Cases of Feline Marfan Syndrome in Cat Siblings Gary and Shaggy. Here’s What That Means
The genetic condition, which is typically found in humans, typically causes symptoms like unusually long limbs and near-sightedness
New York Jets vs Chicago Bears Game Day Forecast
Near perfect conditions are on tap in the Windy City today
Pittsburgh Penguins’ Egor Chinakhov Continuing to Impress
When the Pittsburgh Penguins acquired Egor Chinakhov from their divisional rivals, the Columbus Blue Jackets, right before the New Year, it was a move that could’ve easily flown somewhat under the radar. Chinakhov, an underperforming former late first-round pick, was traded for Danton Heinen and draft picks. At the time, it didn’t seem like an […] The post Pittsburgh Penguins’ Egor Chinakhov Continuing to Impress appeared first on HEAVY.
Inside the DC 'Power to the People' festival headlined by Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and other music legends delivered a powerful message at the “Power to the People” protest festival in Maryland
Inside the DC 'Power to the People' festival headlined by Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and other music legends delivered a powerful message at the “Power to the People” protest festival in Maryland | KCBS All News 106.9FM and 740AM
Inside the DC 'Power to the People' festival headlined by Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and other music legends delivered a powerful message at the “Power to the People” protest festival in Maryland | WBBM Newsradio 780 AM & 105.9 FM
Inside the DC 'Power to the People' festival headlined by Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and other music legends delivered a powerful message at the “Power to the People” protest festival in Maryland | 1080 WTIC NEWSTALK
Inside the DC 'Power to the People' festival headlined by Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and other music legends delivered a powerful message at the “Power to the People” protest festival in Maryland.
No. 5 SFA Lumberjacks beat UIW Cardinals 28-26
NACOGDOCHES, Texas (KETK) — The fifth-ranked SFA Lumberjacks football team was back at Homer Bryce Stadium for the second-straight week to host the Incarnate Word Cardinals in a Southland Conference matchup. SFA ended up holding off the Cardinals 28-26 to stay unbeaten this season. SFA quarterback Gavin Rutherford passed it to Jaylen Jenkins who ran […]
Penguins Cut Veteran Forward Before Home Opener
The Pittsburgh Penguins are back in action on Saturday evening against the Montreal Canadiens, who make their first trip of the season to PPG Paints Arena in downtown Pittsburgh.It marks the return of hockey for the Penguins in front of their home fans for the first time since Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinal […] The post Penguins Cut Veteran Forward Before Home Opener appeared first on HEAVY.
Luzerne County Arts and Entertainment Hall of Fame inducts Class of 2026
KINGSTON — The Luzerne County Arts & Entertainment Hall of Fame held its 4th annual induction ceremony on Saturday at the Kirby Center for Creative Arts on the campus of Wyoming Seminary. The event featured live performances from the Back Doors, Mere Mortals, and the Cino Paci Band, live tributes to Thomas Hrynkiw and George Korson, and other video features.
WQAD News 8
WQAD (Quad Cities) is your source for breaking news, weather, traffic, and live coverage in the Quad Cities and surrounding communities. Get the latest updates from the WQAD team — from major local headlines and investigations to severe weather, community stories, and the moments everyone’s talking about. Watch live newscasts, stream breaking coverage, and catch up on the top stories shaping Davenport, Rock Island, Moline, Bettendorf, and nearby areas. Subscribe for: • Quad Cities breaking news + live updates • Weather forecasts and severe weather alerts • Investigations and accountability reporting • Community stories across the region • Major events, sports, and local explainers WQAD — Quad Cities news and weather, live and on demand. 🔗 More: https://www.wqad.com
RODRIGUEZ: Nebraska football prevails over Maryland, shows promise ahead of Indiana
Anthony Colandrea led Nebraska to a 48-23 victory over Maryland (2-3, 0-3) on a perfect fall Oct. 3 night at Memorial Stadium. In freshman running back Jamal Rule’s absence, the senior quarterback had a game-high 108 rushing yards, including a 51-yard burst in the third quarter.
Music & Meditation Concert Features Versatile Tones of Clarinet Family
Nancy Mathison and Antonio Artese. Music & Meditation Santa Barbara continues its Fall 2026 season with a performance by clarinetist Nancy Mathison,
Government Business Review names Whiteside County’s Camarano Economic Development Director of the Year
Whiteside County Economic Development Director Gary Camarano, who is also the executive director of the Northwest Illinois Film Office, has been named Economic Development Director of the Year 2026 by Government Business Review.
Local college football highlights and scores (10-3-26)
Here’s a look at our local college football highlights and scores from October 3rd, 2026: Briar Cliff 38, Waldorf 7 Morningside 56, Dakota Wesleyan 20 Dordt 42, Midland 17 Northwestern 38, Concordia 24 Simpson 51, Buena Vista 20 Wayne State 17, Winona State 14
Business as usual for Buescher and Preece following Keselowski departure announcement
Chris Buescher and Ryan Preece will miss Brad Keselowski as a teammate at RFK Racing, but neither seem concerned about the company’s future.
RFK Racing Drivers React to Keselowski Split
RFK Racing drivers Chris Buescher and Ryan Preece reacted to teammate and boss Brad Keselowski announcing his split from the organization for 2027 in the middle of their Chase for the NASCAR Cup Series championship.
HHS cuts minority health budget for RFK Jr.’s security
HHS cut $12 million from its Office of Minority Health as Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s security costs rose, prompting criticism from congressional caucus l...
Spain beat Czech Republic to maintain winning run
World champions Spain maintain their perfect start to their Nations League campaign with a victory over Czech Republic in Oviedo.
Food and entertainment combine for Octoberfest fun
Food, face painting, live music, inflatables and yard games combined for a family-friendly atmosphere Saturday during Octoberfest at Meineke Park in Schaumburg. The Mackenzie O'Brien kicked off the li...
2026 NRL Grand Final pre-game entertainment: Who is performing and when is the Jai Arrow tribute?
2026 NRL Grand Final pre-game entertainment: Who is performing and when is the Jai Arrow tribute?
Nebraska vs Maryland – Game Thread of Winning Fun!
Time: 3:00pm CST Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NE Surface: Hellas Turf (Blessed by the Bobfather himself in Husker Valhalla) Wagering Info: Huskers -14 1⁄2 . O/U – 52 1⁄2. Moneyline: Nebraska +116, Maryland +666 ($100 wager) (FanDuel) Series Record: Nebraska is 3-1 vs. Maryland all-time with all 4 games being played after the Huskers joined the Big 10. The last two games […]
Did You Know Tesla Performance Models Get Free Premium Connectivity?
Lifetime Premium Connectivity comes free with all U.S. Model 3 and Model Y Performance orders, saving $99 a year for the first owner
USDA Expands Regenerative Pilot Funding Soil Health Conservation
Farmers and ranchers can apply through local Natural Resources Conservation Service offices using their state’s fiscal 2027 ranking deadlines.
Reading 1-1 Bradford City: Mismatched But Good Enough
A mixed performance earned Reading a point against the league leaders.
Apple iPhone 18 Pro Max gaming test shows up to 69% less performance loss than iPhone 17 Pro Max
I think it’s safe to say that the iPhone 18 Pro Max’s sustained thermal performance is pretty nice.
South Texas Health System (@stxhealthsystem)
1 likes, 1 comments - stxhealthsystem on October 3, 2026: "A Gathering of Compassion, Commitment & Community: The Texas Association of Healthcare Volunteers (TAHV), a statewide organization dedicated to supporting, training and connecting healthcare volunteers, recently held its District 3 Meeting at South Texas Health System Edinburg. Volunteers from across South Texas and the Coastal Bend gathered to learn, share ideas and strengthen the vital role they play in supporting patients, families and healthcare teams throughout their communities. The Auxiliary to STHS (@auxiliarytosths) is made up of more than 350 student and adult volunteers who help enhance the patient experience across the health system. To help make this year's event a success, auxiliary members from hospitals throughout the Rio Grande Valley came together to plan, coordinate and host the annual meeting. We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone who attended and contributed to this inspiring event. Your dedication, compassion and service make a lasting impact in hospitals across the Rio Grande Valley and beyond.".
Explore Backyard Ecosystems at APSU’s Science on Tap October 6th - Clarksville Online - Clarksville News, Sports, Events and Information
Clarksville, TN - The Austin Peay State University (APSU) College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics will host Science on Tap on Tuesday,
Mt. Joy plays Madison for student mental health awareness
Mt. Joy performed for UW-Madison students on Thursday as a part of Future Friends, a campus-centric mental health nonprofit.
Gophers HC PJ Fleck Goes Stage-Diving Off FOX Set
Minnesota Gophers coach PJ Fleck launched himself off the FOX Big Noon Kickoff set and crowd-surfed over fans in maroon and gold before the Michigan game.
Governor candidate Bernadette Wilson has been sued repeatedly over unpaid bills, records show
Alaska judges have ordered the Republican candidate to pay thousands of dollars for overdue business and personal debts.
Oklahoma high school football games ends in massively lopsided scoreline
Bixby won its 21st game in a row in stunning fashion, taking down Westmoore 80-0 behind a near-perfect game from QB Reece Madden.
Broncos vs. 49ers: 3 Players to Watch in Week 4
In order to defeat the San Francisco 49ers on Sunday, these three players need to perform well.
Remembering the Packers’ best performances against the Buccaneers
Lynn Dickey, Sterling Sharpe, and more headline the best performances against the Buccaneers.
Friendly defeat in the international break
2-1 loss to FC Blau-Weiß LinzAs part of the opening of a new sports facility in Pischelsdorf, our Red Bulls played a friendly match there against FC Blau-Weiß Linz. The clash with the 2. Liga leader...
‘Brave from the beginning’: 20 years of Friday Night Lights – the sports drama that dared to be different
It launched the careers of Jesse Plemons and Michael B Drama, and let its stars improvise in a way that was fresh and new. This show about smalltown US football was confident, trailblazing – and wonderful
Workers say safety changes at Ward 86 are just scratching the surface
UCSF workers at other sites concerned about safety as well.
Stop criticizing your child’s athletic performance on the drive home
Many young athletes are being driven home by parents navigating what to say, if anything. Before you critique their performance, think carefully about your impact.
Bills vs. Patriots weather looks nearly perfect Sunday
Sunny skies, temperatures in the 60s and light winds are forecast when the Bills host the Patriots Sunday in Orchard Park.
A record number of Native Americans are running in the 2026 midterms
At least 355 Native American and Indigenous candidates ran or are running in local, state and federal primary and general elections this year — a record number.
In New Hampshire Senate race, the Democrat faces an unusually tough time
The race’s competitiveness is somewhat surprising in a state that former Vice President Kamala Harris carried by 2.8 percentage points in 2024.
ABS-CBN News
The entertainment, creative, and lifestyle industry mourn the passing of Monchet Diokno Olives or more commonly known as the “Fanman.” Full story link in the comments section.
Ryan Field’s debut delivers a major moment for Northwestern football
The Wildcats opened their long-awaited new home Friday night with a charged atmosphere, an announced sellout crowd and the type of performance David Braun believes can propel the program forward.
Week 6: Texas high school football scores & highlights
DAINGERFIELD 35, HOOKS 70 BECKVILLE 42, WASKOM 13 JACKSONVILLE 24, KILGORE 42 TENAHA 28, OVERTON 70 PEWITT 56, UNION GROVE 22 QUEEN CITY 34, REDWATER 50 PINE TREE 42, PALESTINE 10 Plays of the Week OTHER SCORES: NEW BOSTON 35, HUGHES SPRINGS 33 HARLETON 35, ORE CITY 15 LINDEN-KILDARE 28, MERRYVILLE 36 (THURSDAY) MT VERNON […]
Artists remember veteran concert producer Susan Lim and her decades in entertainment
Photo from Facebook/@susan.o.lim Artists and colleagues are remembering veteran concert producer Susan Lim for a career that spanned Philippine productions and overseas tours for Filipino performers. Lim died Sept. 14. Pops Fernandez, Martin Nievera and Roderick Paulate were among those who later shared public tributes, recalling both her work in entertainment and their longtime friendships with her. Lim had been active in…
The search for life on Mars begins with ‘Charlie’ in Spain’s Almería desert
The European Space Agency and Airbus are testing a prototype of the rover in Tabernas — controlled from Turin — that they plan to send to the Martian surface in 2028
Highlights: Liberty vs. Garfield high school football
Liberty (6-1) will visit LaBrae in week eight.
NASCAR Drivers Shocked By Keselowski-RFK Split
Brad Keselowski's sudden split from his namesake NASCAR Cup Series organization not only left fans shocked; it left drivers and people within the sport shocked.
Luzerne County Arts & Entertainment Hall of Fame names 20 inductees for 2026
The Luzerne County Arts & Entertainment Hall of Fame was established in 2022 by Joe Nardone Sr. and Bill O’Boyle, and was announced at a news conference at the F.M. Kirby Center for the Performing Arts on October 20 of that year.
Highlights: Crestview vs. Newton Falls high school football
Crestview (2-5) will visit Champion in week eight. Newton Falls (2-5) will travel to Garrettsville Garfield.
Healthcare Has Normalized The Abnormal. Raj Panjabi’s New Book Explains Why.
A new book from former Biden official Raj Panjabi unpacks the notion of “normalcy bias.” It may help explain how we have come to accept our country’s underperforming healthcare system.
Oktoberfest expected to bring needed business boost to Leavenworth
Oktoberfest is underway in Leavenworth, where businesses said this year's events are vital to the community’s economic comeback after the area experienced deep
Apple Watch Ultra 4 is an AI Powerhouse With Fitness and Health Improvements, But Do You Need it?
Apple has upgraded the Ultra again, and there's lots to like in the new version, including a super-accurate HR sensor and a powerful new AI ready chip.
Mass. health officials announce 12th human case of West Nile Virus
Officials say the person, a woman in her 60s, was likely exposed in Norfolk County.
Weekly Portland women’s sports wrap up (10/2)
Weekly Portland women’s sports wrap up (9/25) presented by Rebound Orthopedics and Neurosurgery and Rivermark Community Credit Union.
Day in the Life: NYC Health + Hospitals/Coler Environmental Services (EVS) Team
In our hospitals, nursing homes and post-acute care facilities, cleanliness is about far more than appearance. Every disinfected surface, properly sanitized room and diligently maintained common area helps meet the...
Irish Sea Moss Is Making Waves. The Science is Actually Pretty Murky.
Irish Sea moss supplements are all the rage with a billion-dollar industry that expects consumer demand to continue rising. While the superfood is packed with different nutrients, there is a high risk of ingesting heavy metals.
Trump heads back to Texas on Wednesday as GOP fights to keep state red
Texas, long a safe Republican state, has emerged as a top battleground in midterm races up and down the ballot — but especially in the U.S. Senate race.
Elon Musk splits with longtime business confidante, co-parent ‘with no warning’
Shivon Zilis, the mother of four children with Musk, said their breakup was sudden but wished him the best.
Timberfest Brings Two Days of Family Fun and Entertainment to Downtown Sheridan
The 42nd annual Timberfest is underway in downtown Sheridan, with two days of activities planned around the Grant County Courthouse Square Friday and Saturday. The annual Grant County festival began Friday, October 2nd, with arts and crafts vendors, amusement rides, a petting zoo and pony […]
Local girl overcomes health challenges, chosen to encourage runners at Columbus Marathon
The 7-year-old and former patient at Nationwide Children's Hospital was selected as a Mile Champion to inspire runners as the run over 26 miles through Columbus.
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science And Technology (SEHK:1956) Jumped 7%, Is It Fully Priced?
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology (SEHK:1956) drew attention after a sharp 7.4% gain in the latest session, a move that contrasts with its weaker performance over the past month and past three months. The sharp move in Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology comes after a tougher stretch, with the share price return down 7.49% over the past month and 22.93% over the past quarter, contributing to a 38.63% year to date share price decline from the current HK$68.55...
14 Jefferson County restaurants fail health inspections in September
Fourteen Jefferson County food establishments, led by Yasmins Food Mart in Fairfield at a 73, failed September health inspections with scores below 85.
Timberfest Brings Two Days of Family Fun and Entertainment to Downtown Sheridan
The 42nd annual Timberfest is underway in downtown Sheridan, with two days of activities planned around the Grant County Courthouse Square Friday and Saturday. The annual Grant County festival began Friday, October 2nd, with arts and crafts vendors, amusement rides, a petting zoo and pony […]
Midwest Access: The Iceberg Theory and Mental Health with Tim Volz Part II
Have you ever heard of the iceberg theory? Find out what it means for your mental health and why what you see on the surface isn't always the whole story with Tim Volz. Part II
Mondavi sets trio of shows in early October
The Mondavi Center will be busy during the coming week, hosting three performances in Jackson Hall.
Mars’ North Polar Ice Is Much Cleaner Than Scientists Thought
Beneath the dusty surface of Mars’ north pole, scientists have uncovered surprisingly clean layers of ice that may preserve a hidden record of the planet’s dramatic climate history. Earth maintains a relatively steady posture in space thanks to the gravitational anchor of a massive moon. Mars lacks that stability. Tugged only by two tiny moons,
Texas Tenors set to open Entertainment Series at the Whatley Center on October 20
September 29, 2026 Three powerhouse voices spanning country, classical, Broadway and pop will take the Whatley Center stage when The Texas Tenors perform Tuesday, Oct. 20, at 7:30 p.m. The Texas Tenors — JC Fisher, Marcus Collins and John Hagen — first gained national attention as finalists on NBC’s America’s Got Talent in 2009. Since then,…
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. 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Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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