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Freiburg announce contract extension for Ginter
SC Freiburg have announced that Matthias Ginter has signed a new contract with the club.The Breisgau outfit confirmed on Tuesday that the 32-year-old centre-back will continue his spell in Freiburg, w...
Star Wars: Galactic Racer launches on Amazon Luna as part of Prime subscription
"Luna players can jump into the single-player campaign the moment it launches without needing to own a console or wait for a lengthy download"
Supermassive Games suffers layoffs as more than 70 developers seem to have left the company this week
According to a LinkedIn post by Supermassive's IT and facilities director, over 70 developers have been laid off as of this week.
Meditation is ideal for baseball’s grind. Why do many players remain skeptical?
Even as players embrace once-radical ideas, the concept of meditation can still clash with the culture of the sport.
Before Saying Yes to the Medical Test, Know the Risks and Benefits
Tests like full-body scans marketed directly to consumers are pitched as a way to detect diseases early and establish a baseline of health markers. But there are financial, physical, and psychological risks to all medical tests — and in some cases, not getting a test could be better for your health.
Gas stoves put restaurant cooks’ health at risk, new study finds
Dangerous amounts of heat and air pollution swirl in most commercial kitchens — even when the stoves are off. Switching to electric appliances helps…
"This is Call of Duty's definitive extraction shooter experience" - Infinity Ward details the new DMZ mode in Modern Warfare 4
Infinity Ward has unveiled ambitious plans for Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4's extraction mode, DMZ.
Can you live longer for $5,500? Longevity clinics are the buzzy new trend at nonprofit hospitals
Longevity clinics promise personalized health advice and cutting-edge tests. Now major hospitals are entering the business, at costs reaching $45,000 a year.
Science Just Revealed the Worst Way to Eat a Meal (And You Probably Do It Every Day)
Eating the exact same meal alone is less healthy than eating it with other people, new research warns.
Doctor: Before flu season arrives, make one health care decision that can save time and money
Nationally, up to 57 million people could get the flu this winter. As many as 25 million could seek medical care, 800,000 could be hospitalized and 81,000 could lose their lives.
NBA 2K25 servers to shut down on December 31, single-player story mode will become unplayable
Decision to sunset 2K25 follows 2K's trajectory of delisting NBA games over the course of two years
Escape From Tarkov’s New PvE Update Officially Makes the Game Easier for Newbies
Exfil Brothers rewards veterans for helping newcomers
Mamdani Backs Bill to Let Consumers Sue Over Unfair Business Practices
The proposed New York City legislation would also allow nonprofits, including tenants’ unions, to sue companies directly rather than relying on agency enforcement.
Keeping up with the Bolsonaros: Flávio’s surprise first-round election win heralds rise of a political dynasty
Four members of disgraced ex-president Jair Bolsonaro’s family have been elected to office, most notably his wife and son Flávio, who won the first round of voting to be Brazil’s new president
Business Buzz: Platinum Fitness Performance & Wellness Center
Business: Platinum Fitness Performance & Wellness Center Address: 8 Pecks Lane Owner: Randy Lockwood What is your business background? “I’ve had [a place] in Milford … and then D...
JJ Redick is impressed with how fit Luka Doncic is
The days of Luka Doncic seeming to be overweight and out of shape may be over.
The Canada Super60 turned cricket into a joke. It does the sport no favours
Absurdly short boundaries, a six every other ball - what we saw in Vancouver was just not cricket
DAI acquires 31 home health and hospice agencies from HCA in 'unique opportunity'
Faith-based not-for-profit organization Deaconess Associations Incorporated (DAI) has finalized the acquisition of 31 home health and hospice agencies across eight states from HCA Healthcare.
The politics of losing sleep
There is still a class divide when it comes to work that tramples over your body clock
Connections: Sports Edition today: Hints and answers for Oct. 6, 2026, puzzle No. 743
Welcome to Connections: Sports Edition Coach — a spot to gather clues and discuss (and share) scores.
New webinar series aims to boost western Mass. business
Western Massachusetts nonprofit organization Living Local 413 has launched “The Local Hour,” a new weekly online gathering designed to foster open conversations among the region’s business co…
Introducing: The Seiko Panda Watch That Stole The Show In 2024 Is Finally Here
One of the standout creations from Seiko's 2024 power design project—an irresistibly charming chronograph designed to look like an actual panda—has officially entered production.
Global experts call for coordinated action on digital health risks
The way digital technologies are currently built and governed creates real risks to health worldwide, alongside genuine benefits, according to a new three paper Series authored by 13 global experts, published in The Lancet.
Trump says Super Pac will pay for taxpayer-funded ads that sparked outcry
President’s U-turn comes after Democrats and Republicans condemned use of tax dollars for pro-Trump ads
GTA 6 Could Finally Fix Gaming's Huge Drug Problem
Just because you can doesn’t mean you should
Countries race to provide oral health care for all in 100-Day Sprint across Asia
Twenty Asian countries and areas across the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions vowed to strengthen essential oral health benefits as part of a “100-Day Sprint” initiative, during the 16th Asian Chief Dental Officers Meeting held from 27 to 29 September in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. The meeting marked the midpoint of the 100-day sprint bolstering support for countries to develop essential oral health benefit packages that can be integrated into national universal health coverage plans. Convened by the two WHO regional offices and the Malaysian Ministry of Health as the Secretariat, the meeting brought together national oral health leaders from 20 Asian countries, staff from all levels of WHO, WHO collaborating centres and other development partners. Participating countries and areas included: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong (SAR) China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Participants reviewed progress and refined proposals using the WHO Service Package Delivery and Implementation (SPDI) Platform. Countries conducted bottleneck analyses across four key areas: service delivery, workforce, access to essential medicines and health products, and health financing. They identified practical actions to address implementation challenges and refined proposed revisions to their national oral health benefit packages. “There is no health without oral health. Through the 100-Day Sprint, countries are advancing the implementation of the Western Pacific regional implementation plan on oral health and strengthening progress towards universal health coverage,” noted WHO Regional Director for the Western Pacific Dr Saia Ma'u Piukala. Participants identified bottlenecks and proposed workable solutions to strengthen access to essential oral health care through primary health care, sharing experiences and discussing how best to translate policy commitments into feasible and sustainable action at the country level. Malaysian Minister of Health Datuk Seri Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad highlighted the importance of prevention and primary health-care approaches to improve oral health: “Oral diseases can have lifelong consequences, yet many are preventable. By integrating essential oral health care into primary health care and promoting prevention in schools and communities, we can improve oral health across the life course.”The WHO team led by Dr Huong Tran, Director of the Division of Health Promotion, Disease Prevention and Control of the WHO Western Pacific Region and national oral health leads from over 20 Asian countries visited the SK Pekan Putatan School, Sabah for school oral health programme including flouride mouth rinsing. © WHO / V. ChaudharyDr Huong Tran, Director of the Division of Health Promotion, Disease Prevention and Control for the WHO Western Pacific Region, emphasized key collaborative roles WHO can play. “Oral diseases are the most common noncommunicable diseases, yet many can be prevented and treated through essential oral health services delivered at the primary health-care level,” she said. “By sharing experiences and using WHO tools such as the SPDI Platform, countries are accelerating progress towards universal health coverage for oral health.” “Integrating oral health into broader health services is essential for reducing inequities, expanding access and recognizing oral health as an integral component of overall health and well-being. The 100-Day Sprint provides an important opportunity to translate this commitment into practical action and ensure that quality oral health services reach all people, especially those most in need,” said Dr Suman Rijal, Director of the WHO South-East Asia regional Department of Healthier Populations and Noncommunicable Diseases. As host of the meeting, Malaysia showcased ongoing efforts to strengthen oral health care through primary health care and prevention-focused approaches, while providing a platform for countries across the two WHO regions to exchange experiences and accelerate progress towards universal health coverage for oral health. “WHO is encouraged by Malaysia's leadership in addressing the burden of oral diseases and advancing universal health coverage for oral health through practical, country-led action,” said Dr Rabi Abeyasinghe, WHO Representative to Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore. Countries will continue to refine and figure costs for national oral health benefits during the remaining sessions of the 100 days. These efforts support implementation of the WHO Global strategy and action plan on oral health 2023–2030, while also helping to expand access to essential oral health services through stronger and more equitable health systems across the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions.______________For more information, or to arrange media interviews, contact: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific: wprocom@who.int WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia: SEMediaRelations@who.int
2026 Best Companies to Work for: 10. Cobalt Benefits Group: Business NH Magazine
Third-party administrator specializing in self-funded employee health plans and parent company of Great Bay Administrators.
New Franklin County Jail mental health program remains full with waitlist
The jail-based restoration program serves inmates who have been found unfit to stand trial.
Visalia flexes its fitness, business competition - The Sun-Gazette Newspaper
VISALIA – From fitness to business, Visalia continues to be a place for some healthy competition.
Cargill’s earnings slump 52% with high cattle costs, cocoa loss
Cargill Inc.’s fiscal first-quarter earnings fell by more than half as the largest private company in the U.S. was pressured by higher costs for cattle and cocoa despite also benefiting
Cresset Aims for $13.1B Trust Business with NAT Deal
Cresset would fold its existing $5.5 billion trust division into the $7.7 billion NAT platform while continuing to grow through clients, acquisitions.
Legends Radio spotlights JB Berkow’s lifelong art passion
JB Berkow is the founder of Benzaiten Center for Creative Arts in Lake Worth Beach. LEGENDS RADIO / COURTESY PHOTO This week's Legends Radio Local Artist Spotlight shines on accomplished artist and passionate advocate for the arts, JB Berkow. For more than five decades, JB Berkow has dedicated her life not only to creating art but also to making sure art has a place to thrive. Her work has been exhibited throughout the country in galleries, museums, and universities, and is held in permanent collections, including the Vatican’s Contemporary Art Collection in Italy, Boston University, and Palm Beach International Airport. Her passion for supporting other artists began early. At age 26, Berkow founded Touchstone Gallery in Washington, D.C., which became a highly successful cooperative gallery. She later brought that same entrepreneurial spirit to South Florida, founding Frenchman’s Art Gallery and Studios in Juno Beach in 1995. She opened Rosetta Stone Fine Art Gallery in 2003. In 2015, JB took her commitment to arts education even further by founding the nonprofit Benzaiten Center for Creative Arts. The 15,000-square-foot facility in Lake Worth Beach is home to Florida’s largest publicly accessible glassblowing hot shop and offers instruction in glassblowing, fusing, flameworking, and glass casting. The center also provides free classes to approximately 1,000 underserved children and young adults with disabilities each year. Its “Fragments Reimagined” art therapy program for veterans with PTSD recently received a $100,000 Impact 100 grant. In addition to her work as an artist and advocate, Berkow has authored four books, including Shades of Love and What They Didn’t Teach You in Art School. For JB, art has always been about more than creating something beautiful. It’s about opening doors, inspiring others, and making creativity an important part of life.That is why JB Berkow is in this week’s Legends Radio Local Artist Spotlight.
Trinity Health improves to 1.1% operating margin in FY2026
Trinity Health grew its operating income from a narrow loss to a $281.1 million gain (1.1% operating margin) in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, a performance improvement the large nonprofit at | The 91-hospital system credited volume gains and greater rates for its 5.2% operating revenue growth and expense management, including a reduction in full-time equivalents and checked cost growth "well below the medical rate of inflation."
GTA 6 devs tried "not to jump on the bandwagon" of passing trends and instead created their "own slanted, overblown versions"
Grand Theft Auto 6 developers knew development would take "years and years," so avoiding trends was important in making the game "feel vital" come launch.
Did New Science Board Just Shift BioCryst's (BCRX) Investment Narrative?
BioCryst Pharmaceuticals recently formed a seven-member Scientific Advisory Board made up of experienced rare disease and drug development leaders to guide its research, clinical plans and regulatory approach. The depth of this board, spanning big pharma R&D, AI driven drug discovery and rare disease commercialization, directly targets BioCryst’s execution risk as it builds a broader pipeline beyond its current portfolio. We will now examine how BioCryst Pharmaceuticals’ investment narrative...
Multi-Stage Boss Fights Are the Worst Video Game Mechanic of All Time
Control Resonant is the most recent offender
Samsung's Galaxy SmartTag 3 works with way more Android phones than anyone realized
No longer exclusive to Galaxy and iOS devices.
Kasson-based non-profit hosting mental health fair, documentary screenings today
The fair will take place at Austin High School.
Don’t pay full price for a winter jacket. We found the best deals on Backcountry’s sale (ending tonight!)
We sifted through hundreds of winter boots, jackets and outdoor gear to find the top 12 deals in Backcountry’s sale
Is It Smart To Buy Science Applications International Corporation (NASDAQ:SAIC) Before It Goes Ex-Dividend?
Regular readers will know that we love our dividends at Simply Wall St, which is why it's exciting to see Science...
Overwatch Season 5 skins and Mythics Revealed by Blizzard
Get ready for a spooky season in Overwatch
Green party of England and Wales facing ostracism over ‘Zionism is racism’ vote
European Green party says motion goes against its policy, with German Green co-leader calling it ‘intolerable and unacceptable’
Zack Polanski may rue lack of leadership when Greens needed him to act
Party’s leader was absent when members voted to adopt policy stating that Zionism was a type of racism
Overwatch’s Latest China Exclusive Has Fans Ready To Crash Out: ‘I Still Don’t Know How People Defend Blizzard For This’
Shion, Kiriko, Reaper, and more are the latest heroes to reap the benefits of Blizzard and NetEase’s partnership, but only in China
Gatorade maker recalls 122,000 cases of popular sports drink across 37 US states
PepsiCo initiated class II recall of 28oz bottles last month over ‘undeclared’ yellow dyes, FDA notice says
The Resurrection of Gio Reyna
Once a promising prodigy, 23-year-old Gio Reyna has turned a turbulent USMNT career marked by controversy into an opportunity for mentorship. No player has benefited more from the start of the 2030 cy...
Doyon Foundation Selects New Executive Director
Doyon Foundation selected Geraldine “Geri” Simon, a Doyon, Limited shareholder from Allakaket, as the nonprofit’s Executive Director.
Start Using Amazon Business and Save 35% on Your First Order This Prime Day
Business owners can really benefit from setting up an Amazon Business account during Prime Day.
Massachusetts Governor Urges No Vote on Cannabis Prohibition Measure
Gov. Maura Healey said she opposes Question 8, a ballot measure that aims to wipe out the state’s adult-use legalization laws.
Now Open! APSA Teaching & Learning Conference Awards and Travel Grants | Deadline: November 16, 2026 -
Now Open! Apply for TLC Travel Grants & Awards Michael Brintnall Teaching and Learning Award APSA Award for Teaching Innovation | Travel Grants Deadline: November 16, 2026, 11:59PM ET Join political science teacher-scholars and students [...]
Now Open! APSA Teaching & Learning Conference Awards and Travel Grants | Deadline: November 16, 2026 -
Now Open! Apply for TLC Travel Grants & Awards Michael Brintnall Teaching and Learning Award APSA Award for Teaching Innovation | Travel Grants Deadline: November 16, 2026, 11:59PM ET Join political science teacher-scholars and students [...]
Google's Mysterious New Fitbit Just Got a Lot More Real
The Fitbit Edge has a screen and a similar collection of sensors to the company's recent screenless wearable, according to new leaks.
Ninja Theory begins laying off staff, according to employee posts
Ninja Theory has begun laying off employees.
Planet Fitness acquires Bakersfield’s Body Xchange Health Club locations
Body Xchange Health Clubs announced that they have been acquired by Planet Fitness.The announcement was posted on their social media pages.The company said that
CD Projekt Promises 'The Witcher 3' Remaster Fixes as Some Players Struggle
An upcoming patch will target performance issues
Greater Fort Worth Association of REALTORS: The Aging Homeowner is Becoming a Business Issue
Learn about aging as a homeowner in this sponsored article by Greater Fort Worth Association of REALTORS.
Darling completes sale of sausage casings business to SARIA
Sale positions company for continued growth and value creation potential while optimizing portfolio and reducing debt.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden cancels health coverage for striking employees
Striking employees of the Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden are being removed from the nonprofit's healthcare plan, according to a letter from the garden. Lewis Ginter wrote to CBS 6: "The law does not require employers to continue paying wages or unaccrued benefits to striking workers who are not actively
The upcoming D&D interpretation of World of Warcraft sounds great, but don't expect it to work like the MMO does
World of Warcraft is being given the Dungeons & Dragons treatment in a massive new book. But D&D: WoW works quite differently to the MMO.
Angels To Face Decision On Ill-Fitting First Baseman
Nolan Schanuel’s elite contact skills contrast sharply with a glaring lack of power, forcing the Halos to weigh his high-floor production against more traditional middle-of-the-order threats.
Politics on Stage. Wonderful Life on Broadway. Jeremy O Harris to Mamdani: Call me. Stageworthy News of the Week.
On stage during the first week of October: Plays about the Epstein Files. Gun violence. Black women silenced. Complicity. Sexism. Homophobia. This seems an unusual burst of political theater even f…
Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez looks for political lifeline in snap election
Embattled Socialist leader aims to capitalise on housing crisis to remain in power
Claims that genAI speeds up PC ports of classic games are either "false" or missing the point, says Banjo Kazooie: Recompiled developer
A Banjo Kazooie: Recompiled developer has spoken out against the idea that generative AI allows for faster PC ports and, therefore, better preservation.
Fear is bigger than ever… and Zero Latency VR has the science to prove it
MELBOURNE, Australia — Zero Latency VR, the world’s largest and most innovative immersive VR network, is celebrating a double Halloween anniversary: three years since the launch of Outbreak, …
How will humans of the future be augmented? Six striking ideas from science fiction
From expanded vision to immortal bodies, these screen depictions have all stretched our understanding of what technology could do to humans.
Ninja Theory developers announce they are facing redundancy, as the studio starts laying off staff following widespread Xbox cuts
Ninja Theory staff on LinkedIn have shared either farewell messages or sombre posts on the ongoing redundancy process happening at Ninja Theory.
Offensive Line Looks Offensive: Spartans Rank Last in Sacks Allowed
From personnel shifts to coaching failures, a crumbling front wall has left the Spartans reeling as record-breaking sack numbers threaten to derail the Pat Fitzgerald era.
The Legend of Zelda: Master Collection Officially Announced
A partnership between Nintendo and Panini offers a new opportunity for collectors and fans.
Livelong Women’s Health Summit Builds Momentum for 2027 Expansion
The Livelong Women's Health Summit brought together consumers, clinicians, researchers, and health experts for conversations spanning menopause, strength and performance, brain health, nutrition, hormones, and the science of aging. The Health & Fitness Association (HFA) served as a sponsor for the event.
Nobody remembers your EBITDA at your funeral
David Mammano highlights the importance of balancing profit with purpose in business to build companies that employees, customers, and communities value.
Inspired By My Love Of STEM, I Collaborated With 22 Teens To Write A Kids Picture Book About Science
Teen STEM student Eliana Miao wrote a picture book about the microbiome and empathy titled "The Brave Fuzzy: A Microbiome Story"
Collective Ethics in an Autocratic Climate: M. Gessen Discusses the “Politics of the Past and Politics of the Future”
What are our ethical obligations as students living, learning, and creating a politics of the future at Haverford College? We must establish a clear set of ethical principles that we are unwilling …
Sony introduces AI upscaling to base PS5; Marvel's Wolverine and Ghost of Yōtei are first games to implement new tech
PlayStation Spectral Super Resolution (PSSR) remains exclusive to the PS5 Pro, which SIE says is the "gold standard"
Do More Steps Mean Better Mental Health For Teens?
By HealthDay Staff HealthDay ReporterMONDAY, Oct. 5, 2026 (HealthDay News) — A teenager's daily step count may improve more than their physical health — it may also help protect their mental health. Researchers tracked more than 5,500 adolescents (average age: 12), using Fitbits, brain scans and ...
DCCC Jumps Into PA-01 Contest With Coordinated TV Ad For Harvie
How important is the 1st Congressional District race between Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick and Bucks County commissioner Bob Harvie to Democrats? For the first time in six years, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) is making an investment in PA-01 with a coordinated TV ad for the Harvie campaign. Entitled "A…
Heartland Catfish Unveils New Website
Heartland Catfish Company recently launched a new website in celebration of its 30th anniversary. The site has been refreshed to focus on retail and food service partnerships, give a detailed look at the company’s products and processes and emphasize consumer education about the benefits of U.S. Farm-Raised Catfish as a versatile and healthy protein source. […]
Senate-approved bills aim to ease burden on pilots amid mental health ‘stigma’
Culture of silence and fears of exclusion means aviation workers less likely to seek help for mental health issues
Here’s Exactly How Often to Eat Fish to Support Brain Health, According to a Dietitian
In TODAY.com’s Expert Tip of the Day, a dietitian shares how to get the brain-boosting benefits from eating fish regularly.
Tech billionaires are spending millions to reshape California’s Legislature
Tech billionaires funding PACs have enjoyed recent growth in personal and corporate wealth and are spending it to handpick the Legislature.
5 tax measures are on the California ballot. Here’s how to make sense of them all
California voters haven’t had to make so many decisions about tax policy at the ballot since 1994. Our analysis shows voters to reject new taxes.
Will Democrats’ midterm wave reach California’s Central Valley? Bernie Sanders rallies the vote
Bernie Sanders rallied hundreds in sweltering Bakersfield heat for Randy Villegas, a progressive long shot in one of the nation's most contested House races.
Democrats want to change the rules for recall elections. Voters get their say with Prop. 5
Democrats say the recall process has gotten out of hand and they want to drop the 'second question' to replace a politician.
Science Highlights Six Overlooked Pioneers Who Missed the Nobel Prize in Medicine
The international journal Science has spotlighted six groundbreaking achievements in the life sciences that never received Nobel Prize recognition.…
Keller on what happens when all politics is actually national
President Trump's Massachusetts numbers and what they mean for GOP candidates
‘An anchor’: Oakshire fans celebrate, grieve as business prepares to shut down
Oakshire Public House has been a gathering space in the Whiteaker neighborhood since 2013 and holds many individual and community memories. Oakshire as a company is closing, but it plans to transition the Public House to a new company in the next two months, keeping the location open through the process.
Arkansas will receive $10 million for maternal health
Olivia Walton announced her nonprofit will give $10M to Arkansas and $10M to Kentucky.
Universal Expands EMEA Retail and Partnerships for 'Shrek 5'
Universal builds excitement for 'Shrek 5's' summer 2027 release with new EMEA retail, events and partnerships. Donkey spin-off film set for 2028 release.
Millions return to The Witcher 3 as the Remastered game records another Steam personal best and sales skyrocket
CD Projekt Red's overhaul of The Witcher 3 is pulling players back in their millions, while also attracting plenty of new ones.
Jagex responds to use of generative AI in RuneScape trailer made by "trusted external partner"
Developer removes promotional material as it investigates situation, says it highlights "an issue with our own processes which we must address"
Obesity Startup Ilant Health Bets Its Revenue On Better Patient Outcomes
Founder Elina Onitskansky's Ilant Health has raised over $22 million to pair weight loss drugs with dietitians, behavioral health and peer support.
'Totally Spies!' Expands Licensing with Apparel and Jewelry Deals
Banijay Kids & Family announces new "Totally Spies!" licensing agreements spanning apparel, jewelry and publishing as the franchise marks 25 years.
Ace Combat 8 is far and away the series' biggest launch on Steam
Despite releasing in a busy period, Ace Combat 8: Wings of Theve has already set new records for the flight action series.
As Twin Cities suburbs grow more diverse, some old political patterns persist
City councils tend to be whiter than the places they represent. Some politicians and advocacy groups want that to change.
The 2026 Lookout List: Health and Wellness
Are you feeling centered? This is a place where we value having aligned chakras, purposeful movement, a good gym to frequent and a good dispensary to drop into (for those that partake). For our Health and Wellness category of the Lookout List, we asked you for the best spots to drop into for yoga, mindful moments, health food and more.
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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