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After redistricting, a Black community in Louisiana faces a future without a champion in Congress
Scotlandville is a predominantly Black community in Louisiana, that's facing challenges in its political representation. Residents fear losing a representative who understands their struggles.
How a controversial camera system is monitoring mental health patients
The Lampard Inquiry started back in September 2024 and I remember going to the first hearing in Chelmsford. Subscribe The bereaved families made placards of their loved ones, they stood outside in silence and then laid flowers to mark the moment. Now, two years on, in a process meant to last another two years, there’s been a development. Last week, we were told the chair, Baroness Lampard, pictured below, could be looking at making interim recommendations. Throughout the process, she has remarked that although this inquiry is looking at almost 2,000 people who were under the care of Essex mental health services from 2000-2023 when they died, the findings could have national implications for other trusts. ‘Records 24 hours a day in patient’s bedroom’ So why has this happened? One system that the inquiry is going to take a closer look at is a controversial monitoring system called Oxevision. It monitors some vital signs of patients remotely by using a camera placed in a room. It’s used by 40% of NHS mental health trusts. But campaigners, particularly the group Stop Oxevision, have asked for this technology to be removed from mental health wards as soon as possible. I spoke to a member, Hat Porter, today and they described to me what they thought this technology did and explained their concerns: “It records 24 hours a day and it’s located in a patient’s bedroom, which is obviously somewhere you’d usually expect to be a private place. “Our concerns are that the use of the technology has been has been kind of implemented as a substitute for proper in-person support, that it’s kind of over relied on and that there’s a lot of misunderstandings and that the presence of a camera, which has often been used without people’s consent, sometimes without even their knowledge, that that has a really big impact on privacy, dignity and human rights.” ‘Not sufficient’ I put it to them that the company behind Oxevision would dispute their claims about consent and in videos I’ve seen online from NHS trusts, they make it clear that the technology is complementary to trained staff and not a replacement. [ ](https://channel4news.substack.com/p/the-nottingham-inquiry-what-lessons) [ How the Nottingham inquiry shines a spotlight on other key mental health care failings ](https://channel4news.substack.com/p/the-nottingham-inquiry-what-lessons) Victoria Macdonald · Feb 12 [ Read full story ](https://channel4news.substack.com/p/the-nottingham-inquiry-what-lessons) A team of lawyers has been working on the inquiry and with bereaved family members who have concerns about this technology. I spoke to solicitor Priya Singh, from Hodge Jones & Allen, who made the point that questions usually asked by nurses would be missing from using devices like this. “It’s not sufficient to say, oh, the patient is moving around. Somebody must go in and say, are you okay? Are you distressed? Do you want help? Is there anything I can do? Share Channel 4 News “How are you spending your time? So I think a lot of our families cannot see the function of it when ultimately the patient should only really be observed when they’ve been prescribed to be observed, they can be observed more, but that more should really be happening face to face.” The Chair will hear evidence over the next two weeks and then a decision made after that, which could have national impact if she does decide this technology should be investigated or even removed. The Department of Health and Social Care said: “The Government is committed to ensuring that lessons are learned from the Lampard Inquiry to improve patient safety. “We are confident that the Inquiry will play an important role in identifying wider learnings for the health system following the tragic events in Essex and will contribute to improvements in patient safety.” We approached LIO Health, which runs Oxevision, for comment. Subscribe Share Channel 4 News Leave a comment
Five Plays: NC State First Quarter
Louisville lost another football game on Saturday. They also lost another game that they should have won. Penalties had been a major issue for this team, but they replaced that issue with turnovers this time around. But the biggest issue remains, and that issue is blown coverages by the secondary. For the second straight week, […]
Saquon Barkley injury update is encouraging news for Eagles
The Philadelphia Eagles may not be forced to compete without their star running back for long.
NWA C-Suite: Brad Sikorski
In addition to promoting the organization’s mission and advocating for affordable housing solutions in Northwest Arkansas, Sikorski has spearheaded the construction of McAuley Place in Bentonville. The project will provide...
NWA C-Suite: Brad Sikorski
In addition to promoting the organization’s mission and advocating for affordable housing solutions in Northwest Arkansas, Sikorski has spearheaded the construction of McAuley Place in Bentonville. The project will provide...
Doctors Should Keep an Eye on Your Mix of Medication. If They Don’t, You Should.
By Paula Span | KFF Health News Medications can snowball as we age. Pill organizers pile up. Prescriptions that are no longer necessary can mix with other drugs to create concerning side effects. “Once you get to six or seven prescription medications, you get a nearly 100% chance of some sort of ...
Senate clears bipartisan bills on aviation worker mental health
Sen. Tammy Duckworth says pilots and other workers need to be able “to take care of themselves without fearing for their job security.”
Democrats expand target list as polls point in their favor
Democrats are expanding the number of Republican-held House seats they hope to flip in November as polling moves in their favor ahead of the midterm elections. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee announced Monday that it added six candidates to its “Red to Blue” program, bringing the total to 46. The program provides candidates with strategic […]
Houston high school football: Week 6 takeaways and top performers
Landen Williams-Callis is passing Texas high school football legends, Friendswood is off to its best start in 16 years, Bridgeland is surging toward another district title run.
Breaking down Bills problems after Week 4; concern or overreaction?
Should the Bills be concerned with these developments or is concern now an overreaction?
Banijay Entertainment Unites US Operations With Banijay America Following All3Media Merger
Ben Samek will serve as the CEO of this division, which will now house Turnkey Studio Services
Banijay Entertainment Unites US Operations With Banijay America Following All3Media Merger
Ben Samek will serve as the CEO of this division, which will now house Turnkey Studio Services
A Health Influencer Claims He Has Been Drinking Radioactive Water For 250 Days Straight, To A Frightening 13.5 Thousand Likes
If you don't know why this is a bad idea, let us tell you about radiation, Radithor, or the tragic case of Eben Byers.
Some Democrats don’t expect to fill a Supreme Court vacancy under Trump
Democrats need a net gain of four seats to capture the Senate. If so, they’d control what happens in a vacancy, as Justice Samuel Alito admits he’s thought about retirement.
Justin Bibb’s new Blue Cities/Red States coalition seeks the ‘radical center’
Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb is launching Blue Cities/Red States, a 15-mayor coalition aimed at showing Democrats can govern effectively even when Republicans control their statehouses.
Harris County judge candidates find common ground on flooding, Houston Health, at Sunday forum
Democratic candidate Letitia Plummer and Republican candidate Orlando Sanchez shared the stage at a forum organized by The Metropolitan Organization on Sunday, October 4.
Mauricio Pochettino praises Cavan Sullivan after landmark goal against Mexico
U.S. Men's National Team boss Mauricio Pochettino has given his thoughts on Cavan Sullivan after he became the youngest goalscorer in team history against Mexico
Dennis Hastert, speaker disgraced by sex abuse, dies at 84
Dennis Hastert, whose rise to U.S. House speaker in 1999 was as unexpected as the criminal conviction that sullied his reputation and sent him to prison years later, has died.
Utah plows ahead with more health AI pilots for prescriptions, women’s health
Utah plans to allow an AI product to evaluate patients and write new drug prescriptions without prior human review.
Holiday magic returns with sugar sparkle at holiday event
Holiday magic is getting a storybook twist when Quantum House brings back Sugar Plum Dreams.
How a 'superwoman' who plays pro tackle football has built a flag football powerhouse
During the fall, Rachel Karos coaches Willowbrook flag football. Come spring, she is a professional tackle football player in the WNFC.
‘Primetime’: Is catching predators justice or just entertainment?
Rating: ★★★½ Starring Robert Pattinson, Skyler Gisondo, Merritt Wever Directed by Lance Oppenheim Rated R Release Date: Sept. 25, 2026 A man waits unknowingly inside a sting house. His eyes draw up to the sound of curtains ruffling as Chris Hansen (Robert Pattinson), host of Dateline NBC’s “To Catch a Predator,” enters flamboyantly. Hansen descends...
Former White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt lands her next gig as Fox News contributor
Leavitt follows Kayleigh McEnany, the former press secretary who joined Fox in 2021.
Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez looks for political lifeline in snap election
Embattled Socialist leader aims to capitalise on housing crisis to remain in power
Small Businesses Skip the Cross-Border Plumbing Big Companies Can’t Escape
Conventional wisdom says large corporations should dominate cross-border payments. They have global banks, treasury teams, negotiated FX rates,
Former Trump press secretary Karoline Leavitt joins Fox News
Karoline Leavitt, the tenacious former Trump White House press secretary, is joining Fox News as a contributor. The network announced Monday that Leavitt, 29, known for her rapid-fire defense of
Barcelona superstar set for salary raise as per prior agreement
Lamine Yamal’s start to the new season has been astonishing, and the player is operating at a level that any normal teenager should not even be able to dream of.He is, at this point, one of the best...
Former press secretary Karoline Leavitt lands her next gig: Fox News contributor
Former White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt is joining Fox News as an on-air contributor starting November 1.
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died. The Kendall County, Illinois, coroner said
Karoline Leavitt joining Fox News as on-air contributor
Former White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt will become an on-air Fox News contributor next month, weeks after stepping down from her prior role to spend more time focusing on her family.
Former Trump press secretary Karoline Leavitt joins Fox News
Leavitt joins a long line of former White House secretaries who have made the jump to TV news punditry.
How former Cyclones performed in Week 4 of the NFL
Ten former Cyclones made appearances in Week 4 of the NFL and played a combined 543 snaps on offense, defense and special teams. Breece Hall – New York Jets Hall did not play against the Chicago Bears due to a quad injury sustained during the Lions game in week three. Jake Hummel – Houston Texans Hummel […]
Healthy aging should be measured by what we can keep doing
Healthy aging is about personal goals. Learn how to stay active and independent at an upcoming Tallahassee event.
Former press secretary Karoline Leavitt lands her next gig: Fox News contributor
Former White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt is joining Fox News as an on-air contributor starting Nov. 1.
Former press secretary Karoline Leavitt lands her next gig: Fox News contributor
Former White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt is joining Fox News as an on-air contributor starting November 1 | WWJ Newsradio 950
Davids Fights Washington Healthcare Cuts with Plan to Lower Costs, Protect Kansas Hospitals
WASHINGTON, D.C. — Today, U.S. Representative Sharice Davids (KS-03) introduced a comprehensive package of healthcare legislation that directly counters Washington’s recent healthcare rollbacks, which are increasing monthly costs and closing rural hospitals. Davids’ efforts would protect Kansas families from rising medical costs, block new federal red tape, and keep local hospitals and health clinics open.
Dennis Hastert, House speaker sullied by abuse case, dies at 84
Dennis Hastert, whose rise to US House speaker in 1996 was as unexpected as the criminal conviction that sullied his reputation and sent him to prison years later, has died. He was 84.
Windows 11 26H2 brings a hidden performance boost — and may slash RAM usage
Windows 11 26H2 quietly brings several performance improvements, including a Low Latency Profile that makes common tasks feel faster. Some users are also reporting lower RAM usage after the update, although Microsoft has not confirmed that 26H2 itself is responsible.
Seedy K’s Pigskin Palaver: House of Cards & Much Mo’
Ah yes, October; the pigskin campaign is morphing more fully developed. And, fully enveloping. This week, there’s a football game on every single night. Not just the more traditional Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday. Because Draft Kings and Fan Duel and The World Wide Leader need content, we get Southern Miss and Troy on Tuesday, […]
Governor Ivey Proclaims Alabama Girls in Sports Day -
MONTGOMERY – Governor Kay Ivey on Monday proclaimed Saturday, October 10, 2026, as Alabama Girls in Sports Day, recognizing the female athletes throughout the state and reaffirming Alabama’s commitment to ensuring women and girls have the right to participate, compete … Continued
Chevron elevates CFO to head oil and gas operations
HOUSTON, Oct 5 (Reuters) - Chevron Chief Financial Officer Eimear Bonner will become president of the US oil producer's oil, products and gas business, the company said on Monday.
Former House Speaker Dennis Hastert dies at age 84
The Kendall County, Illinois, coroner said Monday that Hastert died of natural causes over the weekend
Should Aging Be Called a Disease? Scientists Are Rethinking What It Means to Grow Older
What if the next big target in medicine is getting older itself? Researchers are taking that possibility seriously, with new tools, new clinics, and growing FDA attention. Instead of waiting for diabe...
Padres Are Facing A New Unstoppable Star For Milwaukee
The San Diego Padres ran into a buzzsaw named Jackson Chourio, and what he's doing isn't exactly new.
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, the nation’s longest-serving Republican House speaker, whose own political legacy was forever fouled by allegations that he molested high school
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died.
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died.
CeeDee Lamb’s late TD caps a wild Cowboys rally to beat winless Texans 34-30
The Cowboys star receiver had a career day in Houston.
Top crypto group to pour millions into bipartisan slate of House races after key legislation stalls
WASHINGTON (AP) — A top cryptocurrency campaign organization is unveiling a bipartisan list of House members that it will support in the November midterms, as o
Spain’s New Protest Movement Is Putting Class Center Stage
The occupation of Madrid’s Puerta del Sol by housing protesters has brought back memories of the anti-austerity revolt that began in 2011. But where the Indignados used generic populist language, this...
Some mental health providers hoping to serve Lane County's Oregon Health Plan members say they’re facing barriers
Aspire is one of a few healthcare providers in Lane County that told KLCC they want to – but haven’t been able to – get a contract with Lane County's Medicaid insurer Trillium. That’s left Aspire without access to its target population, and other providers considering scaling back their services.
Dennis Hastert, Powerful Politician Disgraced by Child Sexual Abuse, Dies
The longest-serving Republican speaker of the House admitted in 2016 to abusing teenage boys decades earlier. He was 84.
Jeffries says House Democrats aiming to repeat 2018 sweep by flipping Trump districts
The Democratic Party is working to expand the map by going on offense in Republican-held districts, while President Donald Trump hits the trail in a red-state sprint to boost voter enthusiasm and shore up support from his base.
Democrats project a party milestone in Congress: 100 women in the House
Democrats are projecting they could have as many as 113 women in their ranks next year.
Why the creative brain feeds on movement
Movement and creativity go hand in hand. Scientists are working to discover why
'Sabores of South Philly' offers personal look inside Latino-owned businesses of AEM
'Sabores of South Philly' is a marketing campaign launched this year by the Association of Mexican Business Owners, or AEM. The networking organization has over 70 members who are all entrepreneurs of Latino descent who own businesses throughout the city.
Bolsonaro and Lula head to a runoff in Brazil's presidential election
Sen. Flávio Bolsonaro, an ally of President Donald Trump, and Brazil’s incumbent President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva will face off in a runoff Oct. 25 for the top job of Latin America’s powerhouse economy after neither won a majority in Sunday's vote.
⚾️ Y! Sports AM: Magic in Milwaukee
Jackson Chourio played the hero on Sunday, lifting the Brewers to an epic victory.
Is it legal? Trump promises Medicare and ACA checks without Congress ahead of midterm elections
President Trump is promising $90 payments to more than 20 million Medicare seniors and $500 refunds to nearly 1 million ACA enrollees, bypassing Congress and raising legal questions from Democrats.
Colorado influencers cash in on campaign season
Paid political messaging is increasingly showing up in Colorado social media feeds, sometimes without voters knowing who paid for it.
Democrats release midterms ad featuring family of Epstein victim Virginia Giuffre
The campaign arm working to elect House Democrats released a political advertisement on Monday featuring the family of Virginia Giuffre, who was the first victim of Jeffrey Epstein to go public with allegations of abuse.
You should care about politics
Ever since America’s founding, the United States has been extremely politically charged. From the civil war in the 1860s, to the civil rights movements of the 1950s, America has always had politics at the root of economic, social and institutional change. So then why do Americans care so little about it? In 2024, about 63.9...
Scientists reveal what seven days of fasting does to the human body
Scientists found that prolonged fasting triggers major changes throughout the body, but many of the most interesting effects only appeared after about three days without food. The results suggest fasting may influence health in ways that go beyond weight loss and could eventually inspire treatments that mimic its effects.
New TV shows to watch this week: Tune in to 'Cupertino' on CBS, stream 'Carrie' on Prime Video and revisit 'The Haunting of Hill House' on Netflix
The new TV shows worth watching — from the HBO divorce drama "War" to Netflix's "East of Eden" adaptation and a seaside mystery starring Josh Hartnett.
MobileFuse Receives SBTi Validation for Its Science-Based Emissions Target
/PRNewswire/ -- MobileFuse, a leading advertising and technology platform, today announced that SBTi Services validated its science-based greenhouse gas...
Will Democrats’ midterm wave reach California’s Central Valley? Bernie Sanders rallies the vote
Bernie Sanders rallied hundreds in sweltering Bakersfield heat for Randy Villegas, a progressive long shot in one of the nation's most contested House races.
Anthropic AI agent uses human scientists as tools, emails 1,500 without instructions
ColonistOne, built on Claude Opus, autonomously contacted researchers to troubleshoot bugs and seek methods, raising concerns over academic spam and AI autonomy
What Holding Eye Contact While Someone Speaks Really Reveals About Your Psychology, According to Science
You are mid-conversation with a friend, nodding along, and suddenly you wonder: am I looking at them too much? Or not enough? Most of us treat eye contact like an automatic reflex – something we either do or don’t, without thinking twice. But researchers say the way you hold someone’s gaze while they speak is...
‘An anchor’: Oakshire fans celebrate, grieve as business prepares to shut down
Oakshire Public House has been a gathering space in the Whiteaker neighborhood since 2013 and holds many individual and community memories. Oakshire as a company is closing, but it plans to transition the Public House to a new company in the next two months, keeping the location open through the process.
Business confidence held in negative territory in September
Business confidence ticked upwards among Massachusetts employers in September but sentiment remained in negative territory and torn between the impacts of growth and rising costs.
Kingdom Hearts I-III for Switch 2 should've been a slam dunk, but some games need more work
The inconsistent port quality and issues hold some of these KH games back on Switch 2. Square Enix should've done more.
Meet the Houston university professor who's also a club DJ
Alex La Rotta teaches history at the University of Houston and Houston City College while also spinning at area events and flying the flag for Latino and Chicano popular music.
Integral Ad Science to Provide Brand Safety and Suitability Measurement in ChatGPT Ads
NEW YORK, October 05, 2026--As artificial intelligence rapidly reshapes digital advertising, marketers face a critical new challenge: ensuring brand safety and suitability within dynamic, generative AI-native environments. Without independent verification, advertising in conversational channels risks creating a blind spot for enterprise brands seeking reliable media quality standards.
Should you be ‘poop maxxing,’ or ‘fiber maxxing’? Experts explain what’s healthy
Your feces can tell you a lot about your health
“We’re in the entertainment business. If someone uses Suno to write a lyric, it’s not a high crime or misdemeanour”: Joe Bonamassa has sympathy for up-and-coming artists using AI to get an edge
But AI ‘artists’ shouldn’t be in the same chart as humans, he says
Jobs in health care. Jobs for women. The US labour market is segmenting. Chernobyl’s radiation and Lenin’s love of literature.
Thank you for opening your Chartbook email. Elmer Bischoff, Two Figures at the Seashore, 1957 The only really dynamic job-creator in the US economy is health care: The largest crunch has come in Federal government, which has shed 2.7 m jobs. Source: tchouvkov on Twitter Tech is struggling. [ Joey Politano 🏳️🌈@JosephPolitano The US tech sector continues bleeding jobs in official data released today—overall, employment decreased by 17k last month and is down 69k over the last year That's nearly as bad as the worst of the 2024 tech-cession, and much worse than the 2022 boom or even pre-2020 norms 12:42 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 15.2K Views 15 Replies · 47 Reposts · 390 Likes ](https://x.com/JosephPolitano/status/2106001807847940232?s=20) The new jobs are all for women. [ Justin Wolfers@JustinWolfers I'm not sure who saw this coming, but so far nearly all the jobs created during the second Trump administration have gone to women. 1:09 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 33K Views 70 Replies · 146 Reposts · 644 Likes ](https://x.com/JustinWolfers/status/2106008723533533601?s=20) Meanwhile, real wages are being eaten up by modest over-target inflation. [ Heather Long@byHeatherLong The financial pain is real: Wage growth fell to 3% (y/y) in September. That's the lowest in 5 years. Wage growth: 3% Inflation: ~3.4% Inflation has eaten up all wage gains for the average worker since April. Many people are having to make hard choices about what to buy and what … 1:24 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 37K Views 24 Replies · 275 Reposts · 533 Likes ](https://x.com/byHeatherLong/status/2106012367712620728?s=20) HEY READERS, THANK YOU for opening the Chartbook email. I hope it brightens your day. I enjoy putting out the newsletter, but tbh, what keeps this flow going is the generosity of those readers who clicked the subscription button. If you are persuaded to click, please consider the annual subscription of $60. It is both better value for you and a much better deal for me, as it involves only one credit card charge. Why feed the payments companies if we don’t have to. Subscribe Elmer Bischoff, Bathers, 1960 Americans are disillusioned with higher ed. For contributing subscribers only. Subscribe Where the Chernobyl radiation went. h/t Simon Kuestenmacher aka simongerman600 How Lenin’s love of literature shaped the Russian Revolution - Tariq Ali This, then, was the intellectual atmosphere in which Lenin came of age. His father, a highly cultured conservative, was the chief inspector of schools in his region and much respected as an educationalist. At home, Shakespeare, Goethe and Pushkin, among others, were read aloud on Sunday afternoons. It was impossible for the Ulyanov family – “Lenin” was a pseudonym adopted to outwit the tsarist secret police – to escape high culture. At high school, Lenin fell in love with Latin. His headteacher had high hopes that he might become a philologist and Latin scholar. History willed otherwise, but Lenin’s passion for Latin, and taste for the classics, never left him. He read Virgil, Ovid, Horace and Juvenal in the original, as well as Roman senatorial orations. He devoured Goethe during his two decades in exile, reading and rereading Faust many times. Lenin put his knowledge of the classics to good use in the time leading up to the October revolution of 1917. In April of that year, he broke with Russian social-democratic orthodoxy and, in a set of radical theses, called for a socialist revolution in Russia. A number of his own close comrades denounced him. In a sharp riposte, Lenin quoted Mephistopheles from Goethe’s masterwork: “Theory, my friend, is grey, but green is the eternal tree of life.” Source: The Guardian Elmer Bischoff, The River, 1953 If you’ve scrolled this far, you know you want to click: Subscribe
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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