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Detroit Lions Could Get Unexpected Advantage vs. Panthers
Rain could impact Lions-Panthers on Sunday Night Football, but Jake Bates and Detroit's physical style could give the Lions an unexpected advantage.
Thursday Night Lights: Eastwood vs. Pebble Hills
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) — High school football action starts on Thursday, Oct. 1 and KTSM+ is the place to watch our Thursday Night Lights game! EP Broadcast Company will be livestreaming the Eastwood vs. Pebble Hills game on KTSM+, set to kick off at 7 p.m., with color commentary provided by Mando “The Monster” […]
Health law programs expand clinics, research and student opportunities
Health law programs across the country continue to expand opportunities for students through innovative clinics, interdisciplinary partnerships, new research initiatives and experiential learning programs. Here are a few developments and news from some law school health law programs. These schools earned a spot in our Health Law Honor Roll.
SpyGlass Pharma Acquires Advanced Vision Science, Securing Commercial IOL Supply, Accelerating Lens Portfolio Expansion
IRVINE, Calif.—SpyGlass Pharma, Inc. (Nasdaq: SGP), a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on transforming treatment paradigms for patients with chronic eye conditions, has announced the acquisition of all the outstanding shares of common stock of Advanced Vision Science, Inc. (AVS), an ophthalmic medical device company and manufacturer of intraocular lenses (IOLs) and lens materials, for approximately $13 million in cash. This acquisition secures scalable commercial IOL supply and accelerates lens portfolio expansion capability for SpyGlass Pharma, the announcement noted.
Columbia Health expands annual flu fair outreach to additional locations and day
Columbia Health expanded its annual flu fair this year, adding a second vaccination location and an extra day. Eligible affiliates have one day left of the four-day fair to stop by and get vaccinated.
Zay Flowers a full participant at practice
Ravens WR Zay Flowers on track to play in Week 4 after full practice
Centre County Teen Expanding Food Truck Business to Brick-and-Mortar Cafe
At just 16-years-old, Alexa Cowher has owned and operated Joelle's Sips and Bites, an Aaronsburg-based food trailer, since June. Cowher serves everything
HHS awards nearly $250M in addiction treatment, overdose prevention grants
The U.S. | Projects supported include those to strengthen mental health support in schools, expand trauma treatment for families and children and more.
Microbiome testing company Tiny Health clinches $33M to scale research, enterprise partnerships
Tiny Health, a microbiome testing company, has clinched $33 million in an oversubscribed series B round. | Alongside the funding news, Tiny announced the launch of a $5 million Microbiome Research Program to enable researchers, clinicians and scientific partners to investigate important intervention strategies in microbiome health.
Drake Maye a full participant at practice
Patriots QB Drake Maye fully participates in practice for second straight day
Local teen goes viral for trashcan cleaning business
YOUNGSVILLE, La. (KLFY) — A young entrepreneur in Youngsville has expanded his trash can cleaning business across Acadiana after overcoming online bullying. Ryder Royal, who launched the vent…
Memorial Health begins $350 million expansion, closes Mets Road
Memorial Health will close Mets Road starting Monday, Oct. 5, as construction begins on a $350 million patient tower.
Keon Coleman back on practice field
Bills WR Keon Coleman a limited participant at practice Thursday
Historic grocery business to close Little Chute location
The company calls it a tough decision, saying the older store would need major updates to compete with the large chains.
Intermountain Health to Open Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice in Billings
Dr. Julianna Papez to join new practice as Medical Director for OB-GYN care Intermountain Health is expanding obstetrics and gynecology services to help meet the growing needs of women and families across the region. In October, Intermountain Health will open a new OB-GYN practice in Billings. “Opening this practice marks an important st...
Another limited practice for Nico Collins
Texans WR Nico Collins a limited participant in back-to-back days
NCAA reduces NIT field to 24 teams
While one postseason college basketball tournament expands, another is contracting. The NCAA announced on Thursday it will reduce the NIT field to 24 teams for 2027, down from the 32-team format it has used for most of its modern history. The move coincides with the NCAA Tournament’s expansion to 76 teams, up from the 68-team…
NCMIC names Dickinson executive vice president of enterprise growth
NCMIC has promoted Tony Dickinson to executive vice president of enterprise growth, where he will lead the Clive-based company’s strategy to diversify its business and identify new growth opportunities. Dickinson will continue serving as president of NCMIC Finance Corp. and supporting the NCMIC Insurance Agency. The company said in a news release Dickinson will explore…
Jakobi Meyers a limited participant Thursday
Jaguars WR Jakobi Meyers continues to be listed as limited because of injury
‘It’s very sad’: Spurs’ Wembanyama rules out sports betting endorsements
Spurs star says it is ‘very sad’ to see NBA players promote gambling companies and insists money no longer drives his sponsorship decisions
Willis ownership shifting with addition of Sewell family as new partner
Willis Automotive and the Sewell Family of Companies today announced a new partnership that will see Willis Chairman Rich Willis sell the company to current CEO Jason Willis and Collin Sewell of the Sewell Family. Jason Willis will continue to serve as president of Willis Automotive and remain an owner alongside Sewell. Rich Willis, chairman…
Real Madrid boss Mourinho labels Cristiano Ronaldo comments ‘fake’
Real Madrid head coach José Mourinho has moved to distance himself from any and all comments regarding the situation of Cristiano Ronaldo at present.This of course comes amid a controversy-filled las...
Keenan Allen listed as limited again
Colts WR Keenan Allen a limited participant Thursday because of groin issue
Wichita candle business owner indicted Covid-era loan fraud
Grand jury accuses Wichita woman of submitting false information to obtain pandemic-era small business loans
This week in science: Loud birds, eating with company, and asteroid samples
NPR's Short Wave podcast talks about really loud birds, the benefits of eating with company and what asteroid samples could tell us about the early Earth.
New Jersey Politics (Episode 530)
This week on New Jersey Politics with Laura Jones, Assemblywoman Marisa Sweeney discusses her bill requiring AI companion apps to repeatedly disclose they are
Land Title president buys FirstBank’s 1031 exchange business, launches new Colorado company
Land Title President John Freyer acquired FirstBank’s 1031 exchange operation in a seven-figure deal to launch Vaulted Escrow & Exchange.
Ex-CEO Devin Nunes opens wine business in Pismo Beach
Devin Nunes transitioned from CEO of Trump Media to launching Nunes Wine Company, specializing in Portuguese and Bordeaux wines.
Lions Welcome Key Figure Back to Practice
The Detroit Lions were back on the practice field on Thursday as they continue preparations to face the Carolina Panthers on Sunday evening, in which they’ll look to improve their record to 3-1.Detroit, who remains shorthanded with several key players still missing because of injury, did get a bit of good news with regard to […] The post Lions Welcome Key Figure Back to Practice appeared first on HEAVY.
Wilson Sonsini Advises SpyGlass Pharma on Acquisition of Advanced Vision Science
On October 1, 2026, SpyGlass Pharma, a late-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to transforming the treatment paradigm for patients living with chronic eye conditions, announced the acquisition…
How AI Scales Your Cyber Risk
Companies are faster than ever. With AI tools, cyber attackers are, too. Here are the cybersecurity risks, with solutions for businesses.
Modine Completes Spin-off and Combination of its Performance Technologies Business with Gentherm
/PRNewswire/ -- Modine (NYSE: MOD) ("Modine" or the "Company") today announced the completion of the previously announced spin-off of its Performance...
Chig Okonkwo listed as limited again
Commanders TE Chig Okonkwo a limited participant for second straight practice
#9OT high school football week 6 schedule
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) — Week 6 of high school football in the Borderland is gearing up, and KTSM 9 News’ 9 Overtime show is ready to bring you all the action! On Thursday, Oct. 1, the El Paso Broadcast Company will livestream the Eastwood vs. Pebble Hills game for Thursday Night Lights, scheduled to […]
RCX SPORTS AND U.S. BANK ANNOUNCE PARTNERSHIP ACROSS 10 NFL FLAG REGIONAL TOURNAMENTS
Partnership expands the bank's support for the next generation of flag football athletes RCX Sports, the official operator of NFL FLAG, and U.S. Bank announced...
Cosmos Health's Brands Reach More Than 40 Countries Across Europe, the Middle East, North America and Asia, Addressing Global Markets Estimated at Approximately $946 Billion
The portfolio comprises more than 15 proprietary brands and product lines and 10 branded generics across five product categories, sold in more than 40 countries through pharmacies, hospitals, retail chains and e-commerce. It is manufactured at GMP-certified facilities in Europe and the United States and supported by the Company's services in contract manufacturing, pharmaceutical distribution, telehealth and research and development.
Victor Wembanyama says it’s ‘very sad’ to see NBA players ‘promote’ prediction markets
“Honestly, I think it’s very sad to see some players promote it,” Wembanyama said when asked if he'd ever partner with a betting company.
Healey asks Trump administration to speed up review of planned gas expansion in latest sign of shifting energy politics
As Healey hunts for ways to bring down soaring costs and campaigns for reelection in a race defined by the affordability crisis gripping the state, the governor sees an opportunity to appeal to the Trump administration to bring more gas into the state.
WTA Unveils 2027 Calendar With Pay Milestone
The WTA has unveiled its 2027 calendar, pairing a historic pay milestone with a lighter load for its top players. It will span 55 events across 26 countries and territories and build toward the WTA Finals in its new home of Charlotte, North Carolina. Announced on Thursday, the calendar adds a new WTA 250 tournament …
Politics doesn't always 'reward what it should': Brian Brenberg
'The Big Money Show' panelists analyze economic data, GDP growth and President Donald Trump's manufacturing push in Texas.
Steve Oberman Joins SoundCheck Capital As SVP, Business Development
Former Tixr, See Tickets and Flavorus executive Steve Oberman joins SoundCheck Capital, a specialty finance company providing revenue-based financing to the
Yale physicist will use Moore Foundation award to expand tabletop neutrino research
David Moore, associate professor of physics, has been named a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Experimental Physics Investigator.
The rise of AI suspicion
As images, videos and text generated by artificial intelligence become more common online, people are increasingly being asked to make difficult judgments: Is this real? Was it made by a person? Can it be trusted? Those questions are no longer limited to computer scientists or technology companies. They now shape how people encounter news, social media, art and books.
Rotary club hosts oktoberfest fun for families and friends
The Rotary Club of Bonita Naples is hosting Oktoberfest 2026: Prost with a Purpose on October 10 at Riptide Brewing Company in Bonita Springs, combining authentic German festivities with community fundraising to support local initiatives.
Erik Bright Joins PMK Entertainment in Executive VP Role
"Erik brings an exceptional combination of creative vision, deep industry relationships and strategic communications expertise to PMK," said company CEO Cindi Berger.
Lions vs. Panthers: ‘Before the Roar’ preview podcast
Detroit Lions vs. Carolina Panthers Week 4 preview: ‘Before the Roar’ breaks down the matchup and biggest storylines.
Sanford Black Hills welcomes new women’s health clinician at Haines Ave. Clinic
Sanford Black Hills has expanded its regional healthcare team with the addition of Miranda Pray-Dede, M.D., who is now offering specialized women’s health services at the Sanford Health Haines Ave. Clinic in Rapid City. Dr. Pray-Dede brings more than two decades of dedicated medical experience to patients across the Black Hills region.
Koning Health Announces Agreement with HealthTrust Performance Group, Expanding Access to Advanced Breast CT Technology
/PRNewswire/ -- Koning Health, global leader in breast computed tomography (CT) technology, today announced a new agreement with HealthTrust Performance...
The first early vote numbers are in—and there are reasons for Democrats to feel bullish
Could Congress Reshape the Next Round of Conference Realignment?
The Protect College Sports Act could limit the growth of the wealthiest conferences while making successful Mountain West programs more attractive for future expansion. By Roger A. Holien | Mountain West Connection College football realignment has largely been driven by television contracts, conference revenue, and schools seeking greater national exposure. Now, Congress could influence what […]
Lions injury updates: Defensive end D.J. Wonnum returns to practice
Only one player on the Detroit Lions' active roster wasn't at practice Thursday, Oct. 1, ahead of their game against the Carolina Panthers.
Twelve South launches tiny new 'Airfly Drive' wireless CarPlay adapter
Twelve South, the company behind a range of premium Apple accessories, has launched a notable expansion of its Airfly brand....
💸 Official: Messi buys a club in Spain
CD Eldense officially announced the acquisition of the club by Leo Messi, marking the beginning of a historic and exciting milestone for the century-old Spanish institution. A project of growth and id...
Entertainment Stocks To Add to Your Watchlist
Warner Bros. Discovery, Walt Disney, Verizon Communications, Take-Two Interactive Software, and Spotify Technology are the five Entertainment stocks to watch today, according to MarketBeat's stock screener tool. Entertainment stocks are shares of publicly traded companies involved in producing, dis
Auro Hotels takes over management of Hyatt Place Greenville Downtown
Auro Hotels has added the Hyatt Place Greenville Downtown to its hotel portfolio in Greenville, the company announced Oct. 1.
Japanese Charts: Fire Emblem Sales Plummet, But It's Still Enough To Stay On The Podium
Quiet week, eh?
Sandow Birk’s San Francisco show takes on Trump and U.S. history
Sandow Birk’s work spans 35 years of painting, prints and political satire, including new Trump-inspired pieces.
FDA puts aging on its regulatory science agenda
At ARDD 2026, senior FDA officials sketch how a therapy targeting aging might one day reach approval, revealing that longevity is a priority.
Manufacturing Depends on Logistics to Keep Supply Chain Moving
When JBE Inc. opened in Hartsville in 1982, the “old school manufacturing company” was mainly working with metal — clinging it, grinding it, whatever the manufacturing companies the subcontractor served needed. More than 40 years later, the...
Ed Helms Stars In 'The Streak' For Lion Forge Entertainment
Ed Helms toplines 'The Streak,' a sports comedy from Steve Byrne that marks Oscar winner Lion Forge Entertainment's expansion into live-action.
New Spartanburg behavioral health center to expand youth’s access to mental health care
Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System announced the opening of a new Adolescent Behavioral Health Unit to help expand access to youth mental health care.
A Drug Extended Lifespan in 3 Very Different Species by More Than 25% Longer in a New Longevity Study
Directly activating a cellular energy sensor extended lifespan across three very different organisms.
Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation announces Sports, Democracy, and Civic Health Initiative
The Reimagining Democracy Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation has announced an expanded initiative examining how professional sports and fandom can strengthen civic health and democratic life in the United States. Led by Tova Wang, Director of Research Projects in Democratic Practice at the Ash Center, the Sports, Democracy and Civic Health program brings together scholars, election officials, democracy advocates, professional sports organizations, leagues, athletes, and civic organizations. The initiative will explore how the shared identity and sense of belonging fostered by sports can build trust, reduce polarization, encourage civic participation, and strengthen connections across differences.
Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation announces Sports, Democracy, and Civic Health Initiative
The Reimagining Democracy Program at Harvard Kennedy School’s Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation has announced an expanded initiative examining how professional sports and fandom can strengthen civic health and democratic life in the United States. Led by Tova Wang, Director of Research Projects in Democratic Practice at the Ash Center, the Sports, Democracy and Civic Health program brings together scholars, election officials, democracy advocates, professional sports organizations, leagues, athletes, and civic organizations. The initiative will explore how the shared identity and sense of belonging fostered by sports can build trust, reduce polarization, encourage civic participation, and strengthen connections across differences.
Milestone integration for Goshen Health in century long history
WSBT CBS 22 provides news, sports, entertainment and public interest programs to the South Bend, Indiana area including Mishawaka, Notre Dame, Granger, Osceola, Elkhart, Jimtown, Dunlap, New Carlisle, Goshen, Middlebury, Bristol, New Paris, Nappanee, Howe, Lagrange, Topeka, Bourbon, Milford, Syracuse, North Webster, Warsaw, Bremen, Plymouth, Walkerton, Argos, Tippecanoe, Culver, Grovertown, Delong, Rochester, Akron, Winamac, North Judson, LaPorte, North Liberty, Wakarusa, Lapaz, Millersburg, Knox, and Michigan City, Indiana – and these areas of Michigan: St. Joseph, Benton Harbor, Buchanan, Niles, Three Oaks, New Buffalo, Harbert, Bridgeman, Stevensville, Watervliet, Berrien Springs, Dowagiac, Marcellus, Cassopolis, Decatur, Vandalia, Constantine, White Pigeon, Galien and Edwardsburg.
Cabinetworks Group expands employee access to health care with third on-site clinic
/PRNewswire/ -- Cabinetworks Group, the country's largest privately owned cabinet manufacturer, recently expanded employee access to health care with the...
Microsoft makes Windows settings backup the default in 26H2
Annual update installed. You're up to date, so nothing seems to have changed. Wait a minute...
Free Play Days – FARCRY 6, Assassin's Creed Odyssey, Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora, Skull and Bones, The Crew Motorfest
This weekend, Polterguys: Possession Party is available this weekend for XBOX Game Pass members, while WWE 2K26 and Wildgate are free for all. Jump in!
Kato Elected Science Council Head on Shift to Public Corporation
Tokyo, Oct. 1 (Jiji Press)--The Science Council of Japan elected Kazuto Kato, professor emeritus at the Univer…
Josephine Vaccarello Named President of MSG Entertainment
MSG Entertainment has promoted Josephine Vaccarello to President, after previously serving as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Live. She will now additionally oversee the Company’s entertainment and sports bookings as well the productions business.
Lightbeam Health Solutions and ChartSpan Partner to Unify Device-Based and Deviceless Remote Patient Monitoring Within Value-Based Care
/PRNewswire/ -- Lightbeam Health Solutions, the proven AI-enabled solutions and services leader helping healthcare organizations succeed in value-based care,...
Emergent Names Tom Shelburne Head of Business Development, North America
Five-time Emmy Award winner to bring company’s browser-native broadcast graphics to market
Q and A: Steve Spinks, CEO of The Spinx Company
Spinx CEO Steve Spinks discusses the company’s growth, fresh food strategy, customer experience and vision for expansion across the Carolinas.
Accenture finishes year with $85 billion of new business, says CEO Julie Sweet
Accenture CEO Julie Sweet joins 'Squawk on the Street' to discuss on company earnings, the adoption of AI, and more.
Trimble still evaluating possible transport tech business sale
Trimble continues to weigh a possible sale of its transportation technology business after potential buyers approached the company with acquisition interest.
Thomson Reuters and KKR complete joint venture for Global Print Business
/PRNewswire/ -- Thomson Reuters Corporation (TSX/Nasdaq: TRI), a global content and technology company, today announced that it has closed on its previously...
Certilman Balin adds attorneys, healthcare practice
Certilman Balin Adler & Hyman has expanded by adding attorneys from Cooperman Lester Miller Gruber Kraus and establishing a new healthcare practice. The practice will advise healthcare providers and organizations on legal matters, enhancing the firm's multidisciplinary services across the region.
Axa XL launches dedicated excess and surplus insurer
Bermuda-headquartered Axa XL has launched Axa XL Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Company, an entity dedicated to wholesale broker partnerships, Reinsurance News reported. It will begin underwriting…
Lions Miss Out on Joey Porter Jr.
Joey Porter Jr. is officially off the market, but Lions fans shouldn’t panic. Brad Holmes passed on the blockbuster move, and Detroit may have a much bigger opportunity waiting before the trade deadline.
Mount Sinai and Hasso Plattner Institute Launch International Graduate Student Exchange Program to Advance Digital Health and AI Innovation
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering (HPI) are expanding their academic collaboration in digital health through the launch of a new graduate student exchange program offered through Mount Sinai’s Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.
Panthers vs Lions: Storylines
Breaking down all the major storylines to watch on Sunday between the Lions and Panthers
Reading Science Center to celebrate expanded exhibit space with free community event
New space offers more opportunities to explore, experiment and interact with science, officials said.
Panther Premier Print acquires longtime flag specialist Maximum Promotions
Sioux Falls-based Panther Premier Print has acquired longtime Sioux Falls-based Maximum Promotions, which specializes in flag and flagpole sales and service, along with custom applique banners.
Verana Health Introduces Significant Data and AI Enhancements to Support Ophthalmologic Research and Treatment Optimization
/PRNewswire/ -- Verana Health®, a digital health company dedicated to revolutionizing patient care and clinical research through real-world data (RWD),...
Elon Musk to return his attention to government, advise Pentagon on future of war
Musk will join Anduril founder Palmer Luckey and former House Speaker Newt Gingrich on a panel for what the Defense Department is calling Project Meridian.
Walgreens Expands Vaccine Access Through Seniors Day In-Store Clinics
Walk-in vaccinations and additional appointment availability offer seniors convenient options
90 Ideas in 90 Minutes: Blaire Massa
Measure belonging, not just outputCompanies are exceptionally good at measuring transactions. At Ballet Des Moines, we know exactly how many tickets we sell, how many students attend our programs, how many dollars we raise. But those numbers look backward, not forward. We wanted to find out whether people were going to come back. So we…
Health Ministers approve new regional strategy to prevent and control dengue and other arboviral diseases in the Americas
Washington, D.C., 1 October 2026 (PAHO) – Member States of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) approved a common regional framework aimed at strengthening surveillance, prevention, preparedness and integrated response to dengue and other arboviral diseases across the Americas over the next decade.
Online fraud looks like business as usual
Establishing a clear set of employee guidelines doesn’t have to be complicated.
Pray with the Pope | For mental health ministry
The Holy Father invites the faithful and people of good will to pray that the Church may become an open house, able to accompany without judging and without casting aside those who face difficulties with their mental health.
Agassi Sports Entertainment Forms Let's Play, LLC, With Goal of Building a Unified Global Club Network
Jonathan Fornaci Named President of Let's Play, LLCLAS VEGAS, NV / ACCESS Newswire / October 1, 2026 / (OTCID:AASP) ("ASE" or the "Company"), a sports, media, and technology platform focused on the global racket sports ecosystem and built around the iconic brands of Andre Agassi and Stefanie Graf, today announced the formation of Let's Play, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, as well as the appointment of Jonathan Fornaci as President of Let's Play, LLC. As the newly formed facilities division of A
A company built around Andre Agassi and Stefanie Graf plans one membership for club access worldwide.
Let's Play plans exclusive country licenses, anticipates hotel and resort partnerships and U.S. club acquisitions; Jonathan Fornaci was named president.
American Cancer Society and Baptist Health Announce Partnership to Expand Cancer Screening Efforts
September 30, 2026 — The American Cancer Society (ACS) is expanding its efforts to improve access to cancer screening and early detection in Southeast Florida through an exclusive partnership with Baptist Health. This effort focuses on breaking down barriers to screening, raising awareness about prevention, and helping more people access recommended cancer screening tests. “This […]
BTIG Research Cuts Flutter Entertainment (NYSE:FLUT) Price Target to $110.00
BTIG Research cut their price objective on Flutter Entertainment from $113.00 to $110.00 and set a "buy" rating for the company in a research report on Thursday.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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