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Former NFL player sues Jefferson Health, claims surgery ‘ended his career'
A former NFL player filed a lawsuit against a Pennsylvania health care system over a surgery that he claims was "unnecessary" and "ended his career."
Clinton Policy Institute outlines maternal health solutions for states
Health Care Clinton Policy Institute outlines maternal health solutions for states It’s the first major report from the project, which launched in July to foster nonpartisan policies to improve the wellbeing of children and families. Stephanie Akin 10:00 AM, Oct 15, 2026 Dr. Jacob Lenz performs an ultrasound at the Oklahoma State University obstetrics and gynecology clinic in Tulsa, Okla., on Tuesday, July 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Mary Conlon) The Clinton Policy Institute is calling on states to lead efforts to curb maternal mortality, releasing a 61-page playbook Thursday highlighting successful policies that could be adopted nationwide. The playbook is the first major report from the Clinton Foundation’s project, which launched in July to foster nonpartisan state and local policies to improve the wellbeing of children and families. “Eighty percent of maternal deaths are preventable, and we know what works,” CPI Chair Jennifer Klein said. “The solutions are well established and evidence-based.” CPI’s mission is to convene political leaders from both parties, policy experts, state officials and other stakeholders to explore solutions to longstanding problems. “What we aim to do is bring together people who are deeply engaged, but may not be meeting together in the same room,” Klein said, noting that state policymakers might not always be aware of what their peers are doing in other states. In May, CPI brought together lawmakers from Virginia and Pennsylvania, two of the 14 states that have passed bipartisan maternal health “Momnibus” packages modeled after a comprehensive federal proposal that has repeatedly stalled, called the Black Maternal Health Momnibus Act. Other participants included Dr. Mona Hanna, founder of Rx Kids, a Michigan program that provides direct cash allowances to pregnant women and infants. Pennsylvania Rep. Morgan Cephas, who was part of the group, said she learned about funding opportunities she hadn’t come across during her decade in the Legislature. “As legislators we can issue grants, we can pass legislation, we can move policy, but we want to ensure that funding opportunities and programs that are tackling this issue are sustainable,” Cephas said. The playbook outlines broad areas where state policy can make a difference, such as allowing Medicaid to pay for doulas and remote patient monitoring, and using federal and private grant funding to pay for home visits to pregnant and postpartum women. For each category, it highlights innovative programs that can serve as models, with examples of specific actions state lawmakers and governors’ offices can take. Those include the Rx Kids model, which gets funding from the Michigan state budget; Pennsylvania’s Healthy Moms Vibrant Futures strategic action plan, emphasizing equity-centered maternal care, regional collaboration, Medicaid innovation, and workforce development that was launched this year with more than 160 stakeholders; and Kansas’s Bridging Plan, which reserves three slots and provides at least $26,000 in loan forgiveness for obstetric residents who commit to practicing in rural or underserved communities for 36 months. CPI emphasizes that its work is nonpartisan. Klein, the director of the White House Gender Policy Council under former President Joe Biden, acknowledged that CPI also takes positions on abortion, Medicaid funding, and the need to address the economic and social drivers of poor health, which might rankle some conservatives. “We don’t shy away from talking about those things that we think are part and parcel of the maternal health crisis in this country,” Klein said. “That said, there are so many policies that are both evidence-based and have been tried successfully in both red and blue states, and people can see that they can have real impact.” She pointed to the federal option to extend postpartum Medicaid coverage from 60 days to 12 months that was made available during the Biden administration and has since been adopted by every state but Arkansas. Other initiatives embraced across party lines include Medicaid coverage for midwives and doulas, as well as “bundled” payments for prenatal and postpartum care. That alternative payment model, pioneered in states such as Arkansas, Colorado and Tennessee, incentivizes fixed fees to cover all healthcare services associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Advocates say it promotes more coordination among caregivers, discourages unnecessary interventions, and expands postpartum support. In addition to maternal health, the initiative is also focused on addressing family economic security, children’s well-being, and democracy and civic resilience.
Layoffs and business closures loom as tens of thousands of skill games become illegal
Joe Rocca’s business effectively ended Wednesday as the enforcement of Pennsylvania’s skill games ban began. Rocca, owner of Rite Touch Distribution...
As measles surges, Pennsylvania doctors are seeing what the virus can do to kids
The virus is proving it can attack multiple organs, including the gut, liver, lungs and brain, even in children who were previously healthy.
Ex-employee shot at Mahaffey-area septic service business to 'send a message,' PSP alleges
Pennsylvania State Police say a Mahaffey man is facing attempted homicide charges, accused of firing more than two dozen shots at multiple businesses, including
Skill games become illegal in PA, small business workers lose their jobs: ‘It’s awful’
The last day of legality arrived Tuesday for an estimated 70,000 so-called “skill games” that were pulling in money at clubs and small businesses across Pennsylvania.
Public hearing on Women's Health in Rural Pennsylvania
Center for Rural PA | Hearing Room 1, NOB | Watch Live
What do data centers do and why PA politicians keep talking about them?
Data centers have become a major issue in Pennsylvania politics. Here's what they are, what they're used for and where they're located across PA.
Newcomer faces incumbent Zimmerman in 99th House District
Republican Dave Zimmerman has represented the 99th District in the Pennsylvania House for 12 years. This year, 23-year-old Democrat Ethan Gabrick, a teacher’s aide, hopes to take over as an
Insurance pro challenges Smith-Wade-El in 49th House District
Four years after his election to the Pennsylvania House, Lancaster Democrat Izzy Smith-Wade-El again faces a Republican challenger in Millersville Borough resident Vanessa Acosta.
36th House District race among Pennsylvania\'s most competitive
Democrat James Malone did the unthinkable last year when he won a state Senate seat in a bright red district against an established Republican candidate.
Fixer in lucrative NCAA basketball betting scheme sentenced to 6 years in prison
Prosecutors in Pennsylvania have announced that a man involved in rigging college basketball games has been sentenced to six years in prison
Pennsylvania health officials investigating reported measles-related death
The Pennsylvania Department of Health is investigating a reported measles-associated death announced by the Franklin County Coroner on Tuesday.
Pennsylvania at the center of US measles outbreaks
Presented by Coalition to Strengthen America’s Healthcare{beacon} Healthcare Healthcare PRESENTED BY The Big Story Pennsylvania at the center of U.S. measles outbreaks Pennsylvan…
Pennsylvania health officials report a sixth measles-related death
Pennsylvania is at the center of the nation’s largest measles outbreak in three decades, with a sixth measles-related death reported as cases continue to surge. NBC News’ Erika Edwards shares the latest developments in the outbreak and what to know about vaccinations.
Michael Jordan jersey sets $14 million record for basketball memorabilia
Pennsylvania-based Hunt Auctions announced the private treaty sale Monday and identified the buyer as Miami real estate executive Ron Firman.
With measles spreading in Lancaster County, could mumps and rubella be next?
With the number of measles cases escalating by the day in Pennsylvania, people may wonder will the other two diseases covered by the MMR vaccine – mumps and rubella –
Pennsylvania reports sixth death of year in disease outbreak
Pennsylvania reported its sixth measles-associated death this year after a 39-year-old woman with a recent measles diagnosis died in Franklin County.
6th measles-related death reported in Pennsylvania; health officials say
Pennsylvania is in the midst of its worst measles outbreak in decades, and the numbers continue to climb.
39-year-old unvaccinated woman becomes 6th measles death in Pennsylvania
As of Friday, state health officials reported 1,136 cases across 41 counties.
Franklin County coroner announces measles-associated death, state Health Dept. still investigating
If confirmed, it would mark the sixth measles-associated death in Pennsylvania this year. That’s the most in a single year since 1991, when there was an outbreak in Philadelphia.
Business owners prepare for looming PA skill games deadline
LANCASTER COUNTY, Pa. (WHTM) — The clock is ticking, and when Wednesday rolls around, skill games across Pennsylvania will go dark. If bars, convenience stores, and non-profits haven’t …
Sixth person who had measles has died in Pennsylvania, local coroner says
The state is experiencing the nation’s worst ongoing measles outbreak, the first in the U.S. to top more than 1,000 cases since 1991.
‘This is not what we expected’: Latino voters were key to Trump’s win in a swing Pennsylvania district. Now some say the economy is ‘worse’
In a key congressional district, frustration over gas and grocery prices is testing Republican efforts to retain Latino voters ahead of the midterms.
Penn State, Pa. Dept. of Ag say Animal Diagnostic Lab expansion will protect farming, public health
Penn State broke ground on a $65 million expansion of its Animal Diagnostic Lab Monday, a project Pennsylvania's secretary of agriculture said will help the state continue to protect farming and public health.
Gov. Josh Shapiro lured companies like Chobani and Burlington with state incentives. Will it pay off for Pa.?
The administration has spent an average of $121.8 million per year on deals meant to create jobs in Pennsylvania.
Commentary: Pennsylvania's GOP members of Congress are failing us on measles.
Tragically, more than 1,000 people in Pennsylvania have been infected with measles in 2026, now associated with 198 hospitalizations and five deaths. In neighboring New York, Gov. Kathy Hochul just declared a statewide health emergency as cases surge in rural counties. Yet of Pennsylvania’s 1,078 cases in 41 counties (as of last Thursday), less than […]
A Spanish-language radio show overflows with voters' frustration in Pennsylvania battleground
Victor Martinez, who runs a Spanish-language radio station in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, talks about voters’ frustration with everyday realities like higher fuel prices and inflation ahead of next month’s closely contested midterm election
A Spanish-language radio show overflows with voters' frustration in Pennsylvania battleground
Victor Martinez, who runs a Spanish-language radio station in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, talks about voters' frustration with everyday realities like higher fuel prices and inflation ahead of next month’s closely contested midterm election.
A Spanish-language radio show overflows with voters' frustration in Pennsylvania battleground
Victor Martinez, who runs a Spanish-language radio station in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, talks about voters' frustration with everyday realities like higher fuel prices and inflation ahead of next month’s closely contested midterm election.
A Spanish-language radio show overflows with voters' frustration in Pennsylvania battleground
Victor Martinez, who runs a Spanish-language radio station in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, talks about voters' frustration with everyday realities like higher fuel prices and inflation ahead of next month’s closely contested midterm election.
A Spanish-language radio show overflows with voters' frustration in Pennsylvania battleground
Victor Martinez, who runs a Spanish-language radio station in Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, talks about voters' frustration with everyday realities like higher fuel prices and inflation ahead of next month’s closely contested midterm election
Dual tropical storms hit both US coasts with floods and outages
More than 440,000 homes and businesses from Pennsylvania to Florida are without power and flood threats are rising at both ends of the country as the U.S. deals with a
How John Fetterman spends his time comes under more scrutiny as he weighs future in the Senate
The Pennsylvania Democrat has been labeled an absentee senator for years. As he floats the possibility of running again, what has he actually done?
In Pittsburgh, Medicare Advantage shopping can be a trial. AI to the rescue?
If there was ever a job tailor-made for artificial intelligence, choosing a Medicare Advantage plan is it. Seniors in Western Pennsylvania have a blizzard...
Election 2026: The bipartisan politics of data center opposition
As the midterm elections approach, many residents fighting data centers in Northeast Pennsylvania are skeptical of politicians from both parties.
New statewide data shows youth mental health is improving and students feel safer in Pa. schools
HARRISBURG — A statewide survey of more than 267,000 Pennsylvania students shows that investments under the Shapiro-Davis administration in youth...
Trump urges Sen. John Fetterman to switch parties and become a Republican
President Donald Trump is openly encouraging Democratic Sen. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania to switch parties and become a Republican | Newsradio 1140 WRVA
Trump urges Sen. John Fetterman to switch parties and become a Republican
President Donald Trump is openly encouraging Democratic Sen. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania to switch parties and become a Republican.
Trump urges Sen. John Fetterman to switch parties and become a Republican
President Donald Trump is openly encouraging Democratic Sen. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania to switch parties and become a Republican.
Trump urges Sen. John Fetterman to switch parties and become a Republican
President Donald Trump is openly encouraging Democratic Sen. John Fetterman of Pennsylvania to switch parties and become a Republican.
Wisconsin measles cases climb to 263, no source of outbreak confirmed
Wisconsin has reported the fourth-most measles cases in 2026, after Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Utah.
FBI arrests key suspect in major hack of agents’ data
The FBI arrested a man in Pennsylvania who officials say helped orchestrate a recent damaging hack that exposed sensitive data of current and former FBI personnel, according to two sources familiar with the matter.
Two 4-H State Council members begin next chapter at Penn State
Two members of the 2026 Pennsylvania 4-H State Council are attending Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences this fall as first-year students.
Allegheny County Health Department confirms second case of measles
ACHD confirmed the two cases within the county are connected because both people went to the same school.
Science center receives grant to build Easton’s first ‘green parking lot’
A space behind the Nurture Nature Center, a downtown Easton community science education center, will become the city’s first “green” parking lot after the center received a $350,000 state grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. The project will transform the paved area behind the center into a green space that provides...
WVU Health System welcomes five new hospitals
Five Pennsylvania hospitals joined the WVU Health System on October 1. The system has committed $800 million over five years to modernize the hospitals and expand care.
Garrity missed crucial opportunities during debate, political experts say
Pennsylvania Treasurer Stacy Garrity missed opportunities to defend her ties to President Donald Trump and deliver stronger attacks on Gov. Josh Shapiro during Wednesday night’s gubernatorial debate, according to five
Health officials report 74 new measles cases in Pennsylvania
Five people have died in the state.
SC ranks second in measles cases as health officials urge vaccination
South Carolina ranks second in the nation for reported measles cases, with 670 known cases so far this year, according to the CDC. Pennsylvania ranks first. Three states have reported more than 500 cases, the agency says.
Pa. election 2026: Where Josh Shapiro and Stacy Garrity stand on health care, abortion, trans rights and more
Pennsylvania’s governor will face a challenging health care environment next year as hundreds of thousands lose coverage.
WATCH LIVE: Shapiro, Garrity to engage in Pa. governor\'s debate
The two major-party candidates for governor of Pennsylvania will meet in Harrisburg tonight for the only scheduled debate in this year's general election.
Study finds gambling disorder diagnoses rose in states with legal sports betting
A new study found that diagnosed gambling disorders increased 61% in states that have legalized sports betting, including Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
Pa. is getting at least $516M from a Meta settlement. It could spark a political fight.
The settlement says the attorney general controls the money, but Pennsylvania’s fiscal code says it should go into the General Fund.
Lawmakers withdraw request to delay skill game crackdown
Harrisburg, Pa. — Four state lawmakers, including Sen. Gene Yaw, have withdrawn their request asking the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to delay enforcement against skill game machines until February.
Lawmakers withdraw request to delay skill game crackdown
Harrisburg, Pa. — Four state lawmakers, including Sen. Gene Yaw, have withdrawn their request asking the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to delay enforcement against skill game machines until February.
Measles cases near 3,900 nationwide
Pennsylvania's outbreak has topped 1,000 cases, and New York has declared a state of emergency.
Measles cases near 3,900 nationwide
Pennsylvania's outbreak has topped 1,000 cases, and New York has declared a state of emergency.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Concerns over water amid push to build Constitution Pipeline
The project is a 125-mile, 30-inch natural gas pipeline designed to run from Pennsylvania’s fracking fields through New York counties to connect with regional networks.
Young voters struggle to afford housing. But they don't expect help from political candidates
Pennsylvania's competitive U.S. House districts showcase how housing affordability challenges for young voters may play into control of the next Congress.
Health officials warn of possible measles exposure at McCandless Target
An ambitious financial experiment tried to support struggling rural hospitals in Pa. for years. Did it work?
The Pennsylvania Rural Health Model ran from 2019 through 2024 at 18 hospitals across the commonwealth.
Dave McCormick dreams of strengthening science, but Trump is researchers’ worst nightmare
The Pennsylvania senator’s gentle advocacy for NIH funding has had little apparent impact on the president he wholeheartedly supports.
Pennsylvania passes 1,000 measles cases as PA health secretary says CDC is minimizing five measles associated deaths
Pennsylvania Health Secretary Dr. Debra Bogen visited a Pittsburgh pharmacy to raise awareness about respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19 and the flu, while addressing the state's rising measles cases.
Pennsylvania's measles outbreak is the largest in decades in the U.S.
There have been 1,004 cases, including 198 hospitalizations and five deaths, Pennsylvania state officials said.
Pennsylvania's measles outbreak is the largest in decades in the U.S.
There have been 1,004 cases, including 198 hospitalizations and five deaths, Pennsylvania state officials said.
Northeastern Pennsylvania schools embrace the Science of Reading
Amid a nationwide decline in literacy, teachers across Pennsylvania — including educators in Northeastern Pennsylvania — are rewriting the rules on reading.
Northeastern Pennsylvania schools embrace the Science of Reading
Amid a nationwide decline in literacy, teachers across Pennsylvania — including educators in Northeastern Pennsylvania — are rewriting the rules on reading.
Police urge Pennsylvania businesses to remove skill games as legal deadline approaches
Months after a justice ruled that skill games are legally slot machines, a deadline is fast approaching for the machines to be removed.
Pennsylvania lawmakers, advocates to introduce universal health care legislation
Pa. lawmakers, advocates to introduce universal health care legislation
Buck Motorsports Park & Entertainment Complex
The Buck Motorsports Park is a motorsports entertainment facility located in Quarryville (Buck), Pennsylvania.
THIS WEEK: “Sick of It! Fix Health Care Now” Bus Tour Kicks Off With Stops in Maine, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
Rep. Maggie Goodlander (D-NH-02), PA Lt. Gov. Austin Davis Will Headline “Sick of It! Fix Health Care Now” Events in Five States Watch All Bus Tour Stops Live Here. Washington,...
U.S. treasury secretary to speak at Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry dinner
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent will be one of the guest speakers during the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry's annual dinner Monday.
Sunday Puzzle: 'In' at the Finish
NPR's Ayesha Rascoe plays the puzzle along with Weekend Edition Puzzlemaster Will Shortz and WVIA listener Mary Ann Paulukonis of Pittston, Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania health officials brace themselves as measles outbreak expected to spread
Most counties don’t have their own health agencies, and some specific population groups have low vaccination rates
State survey: 76% of Pa. students report good mental health
The 2025 Pennsylvania Youth Survey found 76% of students reported good overall mental health and 83% felt safe at school, state officials said.
Pennsylvania nears 1,000 measles cases, state health department reports
Pennsylvania’s reported measles cases are almost at 1,000 for 2026, days after its health department confirmed the figure had passed 900. “977 measles cases have been confirmed across 39 coun…
House Health Panel Backs Kratom Sales Rules for Adults 21 and Older
A Pennsylvania House committee voted unanimously for a bill allowing registered retailers to sell natural kratom to adults 21 and older…
State legislators discuss Pennsylvania’s business needs during event in Schuylkill
Pennsylvania’s manufacturing businesses are being hampered by federal tariffs, high energy costs, excessive state regulations and a shortage of skilled laborers, state legislators said Friday during a roundtable discussion hosted by a…
More Americans are concerned about political corruption
89% of Americans believe government corruption is widespread, a Gallup poll found.
How big is Pennsylvania's measles outbreak?
News of a fifth measles death in Pennsylvania underscores a longstanding issue about the disease. The full scope of the outbreak — in the state and in the country — isn’t known or even knowable.
Affordability is on voters’ minds in Pa. swing districts as the cost of gas and groceries skyrockets
The cost of living is the rise as the war in Iran continues. That could hurt Trump-aligned incumbents in key Pennsylvania swing districts.
50 children in our area hit by cars every year; toxic pond water in Centennial Park; ‘gas station heroin’; plus other stories with Vanderbilt Health sources
In a news report following a Murfreesboro child who was killed by an automobile, reporter Amber Jayanth from WSMV Channel 4 News cited statistics gathered at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt about pediatric pedestrian injuries. Trauma registry data from Monroe Carell indicates that about 50 children per year on average are treated after being hit by a car. William Schaffner, MD, Professor of Preventive Medicine, was quoted by several news outlets about public health issues, including: CNN (mRNA flu vaccine); ABC News and the American Journal of Managed Care (Pennsylvania measles outbreak); News Channel 5 (blue-green algae in the pond at Centennial Park, which can release toxins that make people and pets sick). WSMV Channel 4 News interviewed Saumya Aujla, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, about the health risks of kratom, sometimes called “gas station heroin,” and why Tennessee banned the drug. WTVF News Channel 5 interviewed Brianna Smith, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology at Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt for a piece on Childhood Cancer Awareness Month. Prevention interviewed Mitchell Gigandet, MD, Assistant Professor in the Neuro-Sleep Division, for a story about MDPI research on caffeine that used EEG imaging to see how the drug impacts sleep. It was found that caffeine may make sleep less restorative even when you fall asleep normally and stay in bed for eight hours. The Wall Street Journal reporter Laura Landro interviewed Joseph Schlesinger, MD, Professor of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, for a story about ICU alarms keeping patients from getting sleep and creating alarm fatigue for nurses. Billboard reporter Melinda Newman interviewed country star Dasha about her upcoming vocal surgery at Vanderbilt Health. The story was picked up by numerous print and radio outlets including People.
Pennsylvania health workers bring vaccines to communities amid measles outbreak
Pennsylvania is seeing its worst measles outbreak since 1991 as health workers bring MMR vaccines to community clinics.
Five Pennsylvania hospitals join West Virginia University Health System
Butler Memorial Hospital, Clarion Hospital, Frick Hospital, Latrobe Hospital, and Westmoreland Hospital, as well as affiliated physician practices and outpatient facilities, moved from their previous operator Independence Health System to WVU Medicine this month.
Hershey Entertainment & Resorts to Open Mellow Mushroom in Hershey in Fall 2027
Hershey Entertainment & Resorts (HE&R) today announced it will bring Mellow Mushroom to Hershey, Pennsylvania, marking the stone-baked pizza brand’s first location in the state. Mellow Mushroom is slated to open in fall 2027 at 337 West Chocolate Avenue, in the heart of downtown Hershey. The 8,000-square-foot restaurant will be owned and operated by HE&R. […]
5 western Pennsylvania hospitals officially join West Virginia University Health System
Five western Pennsylvania hospitals and their affiliated physician practices and outpatient facilities began operating today under the umbrella of the West Virginia University Health System. Butler Memorial Hospital, Clarion Hospital, Frick Hospital, Latrobe Hospital and Westmoreland Hospital officially joined the new health system as of Oct. 1, after previously operating
How Is The Federal Government Counting Measles Deaths?
Recently Secretary of HHS Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., changed how the federal government tracks deaths in its official measles tally, after Pennsylvania reported four deaths. This Policy Watch reviews the two roles, strengths, and weaknesses of the two public health surveillance systems at the center of this change: the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS).
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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