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Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27 | WBBM Newsradio 780 AM & 105.9 FM
Presley Gerber, son of Cindy Crawford, dies at 27, family representative says
Presley Gerber, the son of supermodel Cindy Crawford, has died at age 27.
Young people are not snowflakes, head of mental health review says
Speaking exclusively to the BBC, Prof Fonagy says being young is much harder now than it was.
Scientists want these 5 'maxxing' trends dead
The “-maxxing” trend promises that extreme optimization of your sleep, appearances, fitness, diet, or wellness routine will somehow unlock a better version of you. But when health advice becomes a competition to optimize every single thing, real science often gets lost. Our scientists break down the -maxxing trends they really want you to stop—and what the evidence actually says.
Trump decries Democrats as 'communists,' even as he looks to impress China's communist leader
President Donald Trump says that communism is the greatest threat the U.S. has ever faced | 100.1 FM and AM 1020 KDKA
Trump decries Democrats as 'communists,' even as he looks to impress China's communist leader
President Donald Trump says that communism is the greatest threat the U.S. has ever faced.
Don’t be surprised by this, says Joe Schad
Dolphins knew what was coming, says Joe Schad
Anomaly Craft Brewing no anomaly in Williamsport brewery scene
Williamsport, Pa. — After the first few weeks open for business in Williamsport, Anomaly Craft Brewing owner Nicholas Oliver says staff there already feels like part of the community.
Hideo Kojima Says Sony Dropped PHYSINT During a Zoom Call and Gave No Reason
In a new interview with IGN, Hideo Kojima says PlayStation ended its involvement in PHYSINT during a Zoom call in June. He says Sony gave no reason, though he also admits he didn't ask many questions during the meeting, and that Sony hasn't been in touch since. Kojima stressed the two are "not in...
Ben Affleck Almost Cast Ex-Wife Jennifer Garner in His Netflix Film ‘Animals’: ‘She Was Like, “We Don’t Want to Do That”’
Ben Affleck says he almost cast his ex-wife Jennifer Garner in his Netflix thriller "Animals," but knew it'd come with "baggage."
Tory Lanez Says He's Going on Tour While Behind Bars
Each show is being described as a "listening experience."
Ukrainian President Zelenskyy says he spoke with President Trump
In a social media post, Zelenskyy said the meeting "could change a lot" and that he and Trump "got through a lot" during their discussion.
Making the most of scientific research
Only a fraction of research findings make it into the public realm — a huge loss of scientific knowledge that could be used more widely, says a U of A researcher who is leading an effort to create an open data-sharing platform to help further exploration and discoveries in spinal cord injury research.
NSF Over Billion Behind on Grants; IES Says Will Give Funds
As the fiscal year’s end looms Sept. 30, the National Science Foundation has awarded significantly fewer grants than usual, and a judge has ordered an update from the Institute of Education Sciences on its research funding progress.
Do Pimple Patches Actually Work? Here’s What The Science Says
Pimple patches are commonly reached for to treat an angry-looking spot. But do they work? You’re standing in the skincare […]
Trump says he will form AI Force to be led by ‘czar’
President Donald Trump announced Saturday that he is forming an “AI Force” and will soon name an artificial intelligence “czar” to lead the effort.
Alan Ritchson says “Reacher” planned a white supremacist storyline until ‘someone got re-elected’
The star of the hit Amazon series says there were plans at one point to adapt Lee Child’s second ‘Reacher’ novel, ‘Die Trying.’
Alan Ritchson says ‘Reacher’ planned a white supremacist storyline until ‘someone got re-elected’
Alan Ritchson says there were plans at one point to adapt Lee Child’s second ‘Jack Reacher’ novel, ‘Die Trying,’ in which the protagonist battles a white supremacist militia, ‘until someone got re-elected.’
Union calls for halt to graded Ofsted inspections over health concerns
The National Association of Head Teachers says inspections in England may pose a "risk to life" for school leaders.
Nate Scheelhaase reflects on his debut as Rams’ offensive coordinator
The Rams didn’t play the way they hoped, but Nate Scheelhaase says the communication was just what the staff wanted.
Man says Pontiac mental healthcare facility saved his life: 'I probably wouldn't be here'
A Pontiac man says a walk-in mental health facility helped pull him back — and he wants others to know they don't have to face their struggles alone.
Pulisic on ‘difficult 2026’ as Saelemaekers says Milan ‘enjoyed ourselves’
Christian Pulisic admits he had a ‘very difficult’ 2026 for Milan and the USMNT, but broke his goal drought after nine months, while Alexis Saelemaekers said they ‘enjoyed themselves’ against ...
Aaron Sorkin Confesses David Fincher Was His First Choice to Direct ‘The Social Reckoning’
Aaron Sorkin says he was his second choice to helm "The Social Reckoning" and hoped to reunite with "Social Network" director David Fincher.
Robert Kraft set a ‘powerful example’ with Macklemore ban, political analyst says
‘Fox News Sunday’ panelists discuss the Michigan U.S. Senate race, the controversy involving Ed Sheeran and Macklemore and the future of the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.
Lesley-Anne Down says Burt Reynolds was obsessed with 3 things: ‘He wanted that extra… four inches or so’
The pair starred together in the 1980 heist movie “Rough Cut.”
GOP Rep. Salazar says she spoke with Trump and he is ‘very receptive’ to her warning about Hispanic voters
GOP Rep. Maria Elvira Salazar Sunday said that President Donald Trump was “very receptive” to her warning that Hispanic voters feel “betrayed” by his immigration agenda ahead of the midterm elections.
Jensen Huang: AI CEOs have 'ulterior reasons' in doomsday warnings
Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang says current regulations are enough to ensure AI is safe — and profitable.
How to Navigate Social Media’s Data Evolution as a Small Business Owner
As the digital media landscape evolves rapidly, small business owners need to stay informed and learn how to leverage emerging platforms to reach their audience. Max McCoy, a paid Media Specialist for Circulus Digital Media, says Meta’s recent algorithm adjustments have changed how it gathers user data. He says Meta increasingly relies on first-party data, […]
Reporting From Alaska- Sullivan injects Fairbanks Memorial Hospital into partisan politics
HOSPITAL CAMPAIGN: The tiny print on some new ads for Sen. Dan Sullivan featuring numerous shots of Fairbanks Memorial Hospital, says that Steve Frank is not speaking for the hospital foundation when he speaks about the hospital. But most people won’t read or notice the fine print. Frank is the tr
Trump tech advisor to AI labs: 'If you can't control it, don't do it'
AI companies have called for more regulation of their own products to ensure safety. Trump's tech advisor says they can slow down whenever the want.
Ms. Rachel Says Ed Sheeran Caved Over Macklemore Exit
The children's educator says Sheeran failed a moral test after venues reportedly threatened to block Loop Tour dates featuring Macklemore.
Health officials: Measles exposure reported at three sites across Flathead Co.
The Flathead City-County Health Department (FCCHD) says a person with measles visited several public places in Flathead County while they were infectious.
Box Office: \'Resident Evil\' tops box office with franchise best debut of $60 million
Zach Cregger’s “Resident Evil” is giving the North American box office a boost in its first weekend. Sony Pictures says Sunday that the film has earned an estimated $60 million
USA loss a game Ireland 'should have won'
Ireland head coach Scott Bemand says their defeat against USA in the WXV Global Series opener at Tallaght Stadium was "a game we should have won".
California High-Speed Rail watchdog says cash crisis could mean even shorter Central Valley segment
The California High-Speed Rail project is expected to run out of funding by December 2027, and it could mean an even shorter first segment through the Central Valley than what lawmakers and project officials had been planning, according to the project's government watchdog.
Top Senate Republican says 'we need to do more' on economy, affordability
John Barrasso, the influential No. 2 Senate Republican, said his party needs to "do more" on the economy as November's midterm elections approach.
Italy to ban veils in schools, limit foreign students per class, Giorgia Meloni says
The integration of migrants, particularly those from Muslim-majority countries, remains contentious in Italian politics and society.
Trump says his planned arch would become a 'military complex' able to host drones and snipers
Trump has also been calling the new White House ballroom a “military complex” and arguing it is necessary for national security purposes.
Fed's Kashkari says inflation is still too high across US economy, in Fox News interview
Minneapolis Federal Reserve President Neel Kashkari said on Sunday that inflation is too high across all sectors of the US economy, not just in rising oil prices.
Fable Has Survived A Decade Of Development Because It's Seen As 'Vital' By Xbox, Says Director
The contract was first signed for it in 2017
Trump says his proposed arch will include a military complex housing drones and snipers
The announcement marks the second time the president has tied a controversial construction project to national security.
Shaheen says funding healthcare is not 'an issue of resources'
Answering a voter’s question, Democratic 1st District congressional candidate Stefany Shaheen said she believes Medicare for All is the best way to make health care affordable. She said the federal government should focus its efforts on making the policy a reality.
Andrew Copp Puts Red Wings Roster on Notice
Andrew Copp says only a small group of Red Wings forwards have cemented roles as competition intensifies throughout training camp.
Blizzard developer says World of Warcraft: Forever's beta numbers are the "craziest" he's seen in 17 years
World of Warcraft: Forever's beta was overwhelmed by players this week, with a Blizzard developer calling the numbers the biggest he's seen in 17 years.
Trump says planned arch will be ‘military complex’ for drones, snipers
The president’s new claims about the triumphal arch come as veterans groups, historic preservationists and others attempt to stop the project.
'They didn't want me, I didn't want them:' Florida's Jon Sumrall says he had no interest in Auburn job after Gators' win over Tigers
Ed Sheeran says situation in Gaza is 'catastrophic and unjustifiable' as he opens concert
Sheeran said he wants his music and shows to be about unity and humanity, not politics.
Trump says his planned arch would become a 'military complex' able to host drones and snipers
President Donald Trump says the massive arch he wants to build between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington National Cemetery would become a “top grade military complex” able to host drones and snipers while storing ammunition | TALK 980am
Trump says his planned arch would become a 'military complex' able to host drones and snipers
President Donald Trump says the massive arch he wants to build between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington National Cemetery would become a “top grade military complex” able to host drones and snipers while storing ammunition | Newsradio 1140 WRVA
Trump says his planned arch would become a 'military complex' able to host drones and snipers
President Donald Trump says the massive arch he wants to build between the Lincoln Memorial and Arlington National Cemetery would become a “top grade military complex” able to host drones and snipers while storing ammunition | WWL
Scalpers List Steam Frame Reservations at $1,700+ on eBay, Community Fights Back
Scalpers have apparently started listing Steam Frame reservations on eBay within hours of Valve sending its first reservation emails. Per IGN, listings for the 256 GB kit start around $1,700 versus Valve's $1,059, while 1 TB kits are listed at roughly $2,000 versus $1,299. IGN says at least some...
Trump says proposed DC arch will double as military complex
President Donald Trump on Sunday provided a new reason behind his proposal to build a 250-foot triumphal arch directly across Arlington National Cemetery, saying the structure would double as a “top grade Military Complex.”
Skinny dip event now a 'celebration of life'
Organiser Jax Higginson says the 14th annual event is boosting body confidence and mental health.
North East charity skinny dip grown into "celebration of life"
Organiser Jax Higginson says the 14th annual event is boosting body confidence and mental health.
Rising gas prices frustrate voters. Trump says it’s an ‘inexpensive price to pay’ for the Iran war
Voters across the nation say skyrocketing gas prices are causing financial hardships for their families.
Rising gas prices frustrate voters. Trump says it's an 'inexpensive price to pay' for the Iran war
Voters across the nation say skyrocketing gas prices are causing financial hardships for their families.
Rising gas prices frustrate voters. Trump says it's an 'inexpensive price to pay' for the Iran war
Voters across the nation say skyrocketing gas prices are causing financial hardships for their families.
Moving to Spain made me realize I don't want the American dream
Kevin Schreck says his quality of life is better in Valencia, Spain. Housing is affordable, and he is less worried about medical bills.
Jelly Roll says he’s prepared to give up music career for different calling
Jelly Roll said he has achieved everything he wanted in music and is seeking spiritual guidance about what comes next.
Here's how a KPMG FDE uses AI to work with clients
Justin Johnsen, now a forward deployed engineer at KPMG, has been at the firm for six years. He says a lot has changed in the past year.
Exeter pay tribute to former coach and keeper Miller
Exeter City manager Matt Taylor says he admires the way his side played in the aftermath of the death of Kevin Miller.
Next month’s budget made harder by Trump’s war with Iran, says UK minister
Bridget Phillipson says Burnham’s past criticisms of US president not an issue as PM prepares to meet Trump at UN
Scotland must show more belief
Evie Gallagher says Scotland must believe they belong amongst the world's best if they are to compete against the top international sides. The number eight scored both of Scotland's tries against New Zealand but the Black Ferns were a class apart as they ran in 10 tries for a 66-14 victory at Hive Stadium. It was a second straight defeat for the Scots in the WXV Global Series following last weekend's defeat to Canada.
Farage says he wants to ‘hijack’ Trump’s ICE czar to help secure UK border
Reform leader also tells US event Europe should have ‘more sensible view’ of president’s administration
A win for Celtic ‘changes the game’ says Broony
Former Celtic skipper Scott Brown believes that a win for his old side against bitter rivals The Rangers this afternoon ‘changes the game’ for Martin O’Neill’s side after a tough week…13th S...
Defender Ng predicts big wins to come for Cardiff
Cardiff City defender Perry Ng says he expects the club to "batter some teams" moving forward as the Bluebirds finally put an end to their winless run.
Glendale man needed psychiatric care and ended up in jail instead, family says
A Glendale woman says her brother ended up in jail after she spent months trying to get him treatment for a mental health crisis.
Ed Sheeran says situation in Gaza is \'catastrophic and unjustifiable\' as he opens concert
Ed Sheeran opened a concert in Philadelphia with comments about Gaza, saying what’s happening is “catastrophic and unjustifiable.” He said in the Saturday night performance at Lincoln Financial Field that
Ed Sheeran says situation in Gaza is \'catastrophic and unjustifiable\' as he opens solo concert
Ed Sheeran has opened a solo concert in Philadelphia with comments about Gaza, saying what’s happening is “catastrophic and unjustifiable.” He said in the Saturday night performance at Lincoln Financial
Ed Sheeran weeps on stage, says Israel's actions in Gaza 'unjustifiable' in emotional first speech since Macklemore fiasco
Body camera video released of fatal Phoenix shooting of 20-year-old man in mental health crisis
Phoenix police released body-camera footage showing a fatal encounter with a 20-year-old man whose family says was experiencing a mental health crisis.
Melissa Barrera Says Ed Sheeran Could Have Rebooked His Shows and “People Would Have Rallied Behind Him”
Melissa Barrera was fired from the Scream franchise in 2023 over social media posts criticizing Israel and praising Ed Sheeran’s decision to remove himself from the U.S. leg of his… The post Melissa B...
Andrew Copp Draws Line in Sand for Red Wings
Andrew Copp says the Detroit Red Wings cannot accept anything less than making the playoffs after years of falling short.
Sally Field says she doesn’t have ‘overt sexuality,’ so used this actress as inspiration for “Norma Rae”
The “Remarkably Bright Creatures” star said she typically played the tomboy in her early roles.
Carrot Top is ‘recovering’ after being hospitalized in Las Vegas, rep says
Carrot Top was hospitalized in Las Vegas on Friday and was ‘recovering’ on Saturday. His scheduled shows at the Luxor over the weekend were cancelled.
Trump says he’s creating an AI force and appointing a czar amid concerns over the rapidly developing technology
The announcement comes as researchers and industry leaders have called for a slowdown in the technology’s development, leading Trump to call the concerns a“hoax.”
Trump announces a new 'AI Force,' but says he will not 'stifle' AI
President Trump said he will not "hinder or stifle" AI development after some leaders of frontier AI labs called for the US government regulation.
Russian election observer loses consciousness during arrest by police, opposition party says
The three-day election, which began Friday and ends Sunday, features virtually no opposition and is all but certain to secure the Kremlin’s political dominance.
Do pimple patches actually work? Here's what the science says
You're standing in the skincare aisle and pimple patches are everywhere — clear ones, flesh-coloured ones, stars, hearts. They promise to flatten a pimple overnight. But do they work?
Sorkin says 'The Social Reckoning' was not not an easy green light
During an appearance on "The Interview" podcast, Director Aaron Sorkin called Meta "phenomenally powerful company with limitless resources."
Mowbray frustrated by 'patchy' Blackburn Rovers
Blackburn Rovers head coach Tony Mowbray says he is frustrated by the "patchy" form of his side.
Insomniac Says Marvel's Wolverine Uses No Generative AI After Fans Spot Strange Signs in-Game
Insomniac Games has stepped in to confirm Marvel's Wolverine contains no generative AI after a few bizarre in-game signs raised eyebrows on social media.
Collector says $130K in vintage collectibles stolen from Corona storage unit
A vintage collectibles dealer says approximately $130,000 worth of merchandise was stolen from a storage unit in Corona, dealing a major setback to his business.
Trump Says His Son Will Pay Back Russian Businessman for Wedding Party
The president said his eldest son, Donald Trump Jr., had decided to return the money, but defended the gift worth hundreds of thousands of dollars as “totally allowed.”
Sean Mannion spent extra time perfecting a minor offensive detail
Eagles OC Sean Mannion is emphasizing one of the smallest details in football, and Nick Sirianni says the work is paying off.
This Simple Snack Could Have Surprising Brain Health Benefits, New Study Says
Here’s what the researchers found.
Russia cannot sway French through 'intimidation', Le Pen says
Her comment comes after the Kremlin this week ordered the seizure of Russian subsidiaries of several major French businesses,
Lib Dems will be a firewall against Nigel Farage, Davey says
Lib Dem leader Ed Davey claimed the party was aiming to beat its 2024 record of 72 MPs in any snap election.
Christine Taylor breaks down the shockingly low pay for “Hey, Dude” cast
The actress says the Nickelodeon show didn’t make her rich.
Small boat arrivals are ‘wealthy men’ who do not deserve help, says Reform’s Danny Kruger
The fact that some migrants pay people smugglers thousands of pounds makes them well off, MP claims
MS NOW says journalists blocked from White House after Trump announces ban
The network said it “intends to take any and all steps necessary to defend our First Amendment rights” after Trump said he would block MS NOW, CNN and Politico.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. 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