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Can Science Tell Us Why?
The field of science is filled with questions. But are we asking the right ones?
The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
2025: Wealthtech that Helps Advisors Expand Their Business
Startups develop advanced AI and tech solutions for financial advisors, moving past simple automation to enhance business capabilities
Is Showering More Hygienic Than Bathing? What Does The Science Say?
As one Redditor recently put it: "Is showering more hygienic than bathing because you aren't sitting in a bunch of butthole and foot soup?"
How Australia Fights Scientific Misinformation
The Science Media Centre connects researchers and journalists.
Looking Back on 2025’s Most Memorable Political Style Moments
From our first glimpse at Rama Duwaji’s first-lady look to the stink over men in pink, fashion found its way into the political discourse in more ways than one this year.
IFLScience The Big Questions: Can Magic Be Used As A Tool In Science?
What do cybercrime, the placebo effect, and driving have in common? They can all be better understood with a bit of magic.
Vogue Business’s Top 10 Words of the Year
The terms that influenced and defined culture in 2025 across fashion, beauty, sustainability and tech.
The Most-Read Vogue Business Stories of 2025
Labubus, AI slop, exciting M&A deals and more designer debuts than ever before. Here’s what Vogue Business readers clicked on this year.
Curiosity Blog, Sols 4750-4762: See You on the Other Side of the Sun
Written by Lucy Thompson, Planetary Scientist and APXS team member, University of New Brunswick, Canada
Pennsylvania lawmakers introduce plan to look at concession prices at sports venues
'Call of Duty' co-creator Vince Zampella dies at 55 — 'his work helped shape modern interactive entertainment'
One of Zampella's crowning achievements was the creation of the Call of Duty franchise, which has sold more than half a billion games worldwide.
US signs new health deals with 9 African countries that mirror Trump's priorities
The U.S. government has signed health deals with at least nine African countries. These new deals reflect the Trump administration's priorities and its focus on mutual benefits.
Kalamazoo salon owner faces financial uncertainty after car crash damages business
WWMT-TV Newschannel 3 provides local news, weather forecasts, notices of events and entertainment programming for Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Battle Creek, South Haven, Paw Paw, Portage, Otsego, Texas Township, Oshtemo, Plainwell, Allegan, Holland, Saugatuck, Holland, Wayland, Kentwood, Middleville, Hastings, Marshall, Three Rivers, Sturgis, Constantine, Coldwater, Albion, Wyoming, Hudsonville, Allendale, Byron Center, Hudsonville, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Sparta, Rockford, Belding, Greenville, Ionia, Cedar Springs and their surrounding areas.
Bryan Cutler, former Pa. House speaker, tells Lancaster County GOP he won't run for reelection in 2026
State Rep. Bryan Cutler, a one-time speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and a 20-year veteran lawmaker who represents the southern half of Lancaster County, on Monday told party
Pillen halts freeze on Business Innovation Act funding
After a review of the program, Gov. Jim Pillen said he will ask the Legislature for an increase in funding for the Business Innovation Act, from $12 million this fiscal year, to $15 million next year.
Your 2026 predictions about women and the workplace
From the state of Fortune 500 leadership to an emerging "ambition gap" in the workplace.
Samsung Camera Assistant update adds multiple Pro mode features and more
Samsung has added several useful features, such as Pro mode presets, to One UI 8.5 with an updated Camera Assistant app.
D1 Training in Crystal Lake helps you work out like sports pros
Who was the best girls athlete on the Northshore for the week of Dec. 14-20? Vote now!
Vote for who you think was the best girls athlete on the Northshore last week.
138th Boonville-Oneida County Fair Features Nashville Star
The 138th annual Boonville-Oneida County Fair will take place from July 28 to Aug. 2, 2026.
These 50+ Houston scientists rank among world’s most cited
Fifty-one scientists and professors from Houston-area universities and institutions were named among the most cited in the world for their research in medicine, materials sciences and an array of other fields.
"Is it okay for video games to be this good?" - developers tell us their favourite games of the year
We ask the developers of some of this year's finest games what their personal favourites were for 2025.
Trump named Gov. Jeff Landry a special envoy to Greenland. Denmark isn’t happy about it.
The Danish foreign minister said he was summoning the U.S. ambassador to explain the move.
Resilient health: A new investment frontier
Resilient health is becoming a high‑growth frontier for capital: scalable, investible, risk-reducing, and aligned with global policy and market momentum.
Stanley Black & Decker to sell aerospace manufacturing business for $1.8B
The unit provides fasteners, fittings and other engineered components for the aerospace and defense industries.
The Best Video Games of 2025
Almost all of them are independently developed, which speaks to the state of the games industry
A look back at art and entertainment in 2025 in New Orleans.
A look back at the highs and lows in art and entertainment in New Orleans in 2025, from Super Bowl LIX to new comedy festivals and more.
2025 was a tumultuous year in New Orleans politics
2025 was full of historic events, including a deadly terrorist attack, a snowstorm and hosting Super Bowl LIX. But ironically enough, it was the inability of city government to perform seemingly simple duties, like following through on deals and staying on budget, that revealed the true dysfunction at City Hall.
Q&A: Ollie Gabriel, Wedgewood Entertainment District
Musician/entrepreneur behind upcoming businesses Aura Lounge, BHOPS Sports Zone discusses long-range vision for growth
San Mateo seeks to solidify local business
As San Mateo approves a three-year economic development plan, the City Council reiterated the need for diversifying its small business base — ensuring key establishments such as grocery stores and
Louisiana politicians in 2025 rolled back public health and environmental efforts
There are a range of issues facing Louisiana residents as 2025 draws to a close, from skyrocketing insurance costs, stronger storms, uncertainty over healthcare and limited resources for working families and people experiencing poverty.
This Louisiana 20 year old turned four years in a hospital into a business idea
Hunter Henry received a heart transplant in 2021. Four years later he owns his own business, inspired by his time eating hospital food.
Louisiana politicians in 2025 rolled back public health and environmental efforts
There are a range of issues facing Louisiana residents as 2025 draws to a close, from skyrocketing insurance costs, stronger storms, uncertainty over healthcare and limited resources for working families and people experiencing poverty.
Why Republicans Can’t Agree on Health Care
Lost amid the political implications of allowing certain Obamacare subsidies to expire is the fact that this is Year 17, and counting, of Republicans failing to agree among themselves on health care policy.
Small Business Support Hubs Spotlight: Battle Creek Food Reimagined
As a Small Business Support Hub and SmartZone, Battle Creek Food Reimagined provides support and a business ecosystem to empower Michigan’s food entrepreneurs
Jackson Rising sets example as it moves into Downtown building
Jackson Rising is the newest member of the Downtown Jackson community. Its goal is to promote rebirth of the central business district.
The Beloved Octopath Traveler series surpasses 6m lifetime sales, shortly after Octopath Traveler 0's launch
Official Octopath Traveler accounts have announced the series has surpassed 6m lifetime sales.
Christmas Candlelight Tour in Kirkwood celebrates magical holiday season [photos]
The Christmas season was celebrated in a magical way at the Gnome Countryside's Christmas Candlelight Tour in Kirkwood on Friday through Sunday evenings. Tours featured a bonfire, storytelling, songs, a
New LSU business school dean says students want to 'manage their own destiny'
"Also, if you think about modern-day students, they're always stimulated by technology, right? They've got earbuds in or are always doing something. So we have to rise to the occasion to get their attention in a meaningful way to be able to educate them."
What to watch for in WPIAL sports for Dec. 22, 2025: Norwin, Upper St. Clair set for rematch
Three days before the big man comes sliding down the chimney looking for a midnight snack, there are plenty of treats on a busy night of WPIAL girls section basketball Monday.
What to Stream: 'Stranger Things,' Jennifer Lawrence, 'Ne Zha II' and Kate Winslet
Jennifer Lawrence playing a new mother whose behavior becomes increasingly erratic in “Die My Love” and three more “Stranger Things” episodes are some of the new television, films, music and
Several Northeast Dallas businesses hit in smash-and-grab burglaries, owners say
Prairie Grove residents rally against proposed concrete plant amid health, environmental concerns
Tillamook businesses celebrate major sales boost on Small Business Saturday
Downtown Tillamook was buzzing on Black Friday, and again on November 29, as small businesses welcomed a steady stream of shoppers for the Tillamook Chamber’s annual Small Business Saturday event.
Analysis:Slow pace of Epstein disclosures sets off new storm to batter Trump
The Justice Department is denying accusations of a cover-up and of flouting a new law following its partial and extensively redacted releases of files on Jeffrey Epstein in an ever-deepening political storm President Donald Trump can’t shake.
San Francisco businesses, families throw out food due to PG&E power outage
Trump says he is naming Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry special envoy to Greenland
It wasn’t immediately clear what Landry’s responsibilities with the role would be.
Doctors warn of surging flu cases
Everest is a multi-million dollar business, complete with private chefs, espresso machines for some climbers
Colorado businesses push through power outages during holiday season
Many Colorado businesses tried to keep the doors open during the recent power shutoffs despite the drop in foot traffic. Now, they're hoping customers will return in greater numbers ahead of the coming Christmas holiday.
Get in the mood for an Adepta Sororitas Made to Order by replaying this Imperial Hymn
Sisters of Battle are set to ring in the new year.
OpenAI sees better margins on business sales, report says
As of October, OpenAI’s compute margins reached 70%, up from 52% at the end of 2024 and double the rate in January 2024, the Information reported,
Motorcycle group delivers holiday cheer to UVA Health Children’s
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va. (CBS19 NEWS) -- The holidays can be especially challenging for children and families spending the season in the hospital, but one motorcycle group is working to ensure no
Business Ins and Outs: Sushi place, Round the Clock, Honey Jam, Jimmy John's, Dunkin' and Tsunami Express opening
Business Ins and Outs: Sushi place, Round the Clock, Honey Jam, Jimmy John's, Dunkin' and Tsunami Express opening
Sudlersville man arrested for attempted arson of Ridgely business
The Office of the State Fire Marshal announced today they have arrested a 26-year-old Sudlersville man for attempted arson targeting a business in Ridgely.
Students Compete In Science Poster Contest
NEWPORT CITY- Congratulations are in order for Jase Pion (Lowell), Jaxx Corsano (Newport City) and Alex Bathalon (Troy) for their winning posters at the annual North Country Science and Engineering
Hasselblad in 2025: Legendary Company Launches its Best Digital Camera Ever
Quality over quantity.
Collaboration drives Telluride Science
Collaboration sits at the heart of Telluride Science’s mission, uniting global thought leaders to solve societal and planetary challenges.
OpenAI Sees Better Margins on Business Sales, Report Says
OpenAI has squeezed better margins out of its enterprise business this year, as it races to maintain its pole position in artificial intelligence, according to a report in The Information.
Japanese slugger Munetaka Murakami signs with White Sox, CBS Sports confirms
Indie Game Awards disqualifies Game of the Year winner Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 for using AI
The Indie Game Awards has withdrawn two awards previously given to Clair Obscur: Expedition 33, not because of the deba…
Opinion | How to Reduce Surging Health Care Costs
Readers suggest ways to bring medical costs under control for average Americans. Also: Australia sets an example for the U.S. on gun laws.
GOTY Winner Clair Obscur Disqualified From Awards Show
One of the most critically adored games of 2025 has just been disqualified from an awards show due to its use of generative AI.
Homicide investigation underway after End Zone Sports Lounge shooting left one dead, one injured in Beaumont
Steam Drops Brand New Free Game With 100% Positive Rating
A brand new free game that has just launched on Steam this weekend has accrued 100% positive ratings.
Faith-based entertainment sees a revival in Hollywood. Defining what it is can be a challenge
At the movies this fall, Josh O’Connor plays a hot priest with a complicated past, Keanu Reeves is an angel who lost his wings and Elizabeth Olsen has a romantic
Ephrata theater celebrates 45 years with Sondheim, ‘1776,’ ‘Spider Woman,’ ‘Cinderella’
Whether you’re interested in classic or contemporary musicals from the American theater canon, edgy plays that seek to come to terms with uncomfortable parts of American history or theatrical revues,
Blood pressure medication for adults with blood pressure in Louisiana
Nearly half of U.S. adults — about 120 million people — have high blood pressure. That's approximately 119.9 million Americans.
New hires at Ochsner, Emergent Method, promotions at Pennington Biomedical, Zehnder Communications
Take a look at some of the recent promotions and new hires announced at south Louisiana businesses.
Hochul signs police mental health counseling law
NEW YORK – Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law the Lieutenant Joseph Banish Mental Health Act, establishing formal and confidential peer-to-peer support counseling but sets exceptions for the disclosure of communications that contain a threat of suicidal or an expression of suicidal ideation, a threat of bodily harm or death, an admission of criminal conduct, […]
NorthStars fall sports winners: SFIS in cross-country, St. Michael's in football among others
The first semester may have just ended for the high school calendar, but we’re not even to the halfway point of the 2025-26 prep sports season.
Christmas tree lot sells trees from Colorado, keeping business local and helping thin wildfire fuels
'I've lived it': Valeria Alarcón pushes for state funding for rural, tribal health councils
"As a woman of color, cancer survivor in this field of work, it feels like all of my life experiences are ... to inform the work that I do —
Jesuit and De La Salle play their usual pre-Christmas game, and defense makes the difference
De La Salle and Jesuit commonly play basketball against each other on the Saturday before Christmas, and in most seasons, that is the only matchup between the schools.
Sunday Preview – Lay Siege with Cataphractii Terminators
Everything available to pre-order next week.
Health officials warn of "toilet rats" following Washington flooding
According to an advisory, floodwaters can displace rodents, sweeping them through sewer systems and occasionally into homes.
10 greats set for enshrinement to Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame
Penn State interim head coach Terry Smith, an Aliquippa native, and professional wrestling champion and New Brighton native “The Franchise” Shane Douglas are two of a group of 10 athletic greats who will be celebrated with enshrinement into the Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame on June 13 at The Club at Shadow Lakes in Aliquippa.
Christmas tree lot sells trees from Colorado, keeping business local and helping thin wildfire fuels
A lot in Gunbarrel is selling trees from Colorado for Christmas, and you still have time to get a native tree for your celebration. The company says its work also helps reduce the risk of wildfires in the region.
ENTERTAINMENT: Museum sets sessions for kids; Steinway honors piano teacher
The Rogers Historical Museum and the Rogers Public Library are offering "Museum and Me," an hour-long, free, once-a-month program at the museum for children 3-5 that helps foster interest in history, reading and museums.