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General contractor more than doubles Valley office space
Alston Construction doubles its Phoenix office space to 10,000 square feet in Tempe as major Arizona general contractors expand operations.
Arizona prison health care issue heads to U.S. Supreme Court
PHOENIX - Attorneys for inmates in Arizona prison are telling the U.S. Supreme Court it should reject a last-ditch bid by the state to delay wresting away control of its health care system. In a …
Three touchdowns for Bo Nix in Week 3
Bo Nix passed for two touchdowns and added a third on the ground during the team's comeback win over the Rams.
13th annual Diamondbacks, Dignity Health 5K raises cancer funds
Community members ran and walked three miles through downtown Phoenix and around Chase Field for the 13th annual Diamondbacks and Dignity Health 5K Race Against Cancer.
Phoenix Rising lacks energy in pivotal loss to Oakland
With just four games remaining on the USL Championship schedule and still sitting outside the playoff places, Phoenix Rising lost 3-0 on the road to Oakland Roots. It could have...
Nier: Automata director made the game he wanted to make and tried to stay hidden from Square Enix
In a new interview the eccentric Nier: Automata director Yoko Taro has said that the game turned out just how he wanted it, but he was also cautious to stay as far away from Square Enix as possible to…
Suns' Aggressive Offense Could Pay Off This Season
Jordan Ott’s high-octane system gains a massive athletic boost with Miles Bridges, leveraging rim-running and interior mismatches to stress defenses and create high-percentage scoring opportunities this season.
Debating How Damaging Phoenix Suns' 2026 Offseason Was
From polarizing extensions to a high-stakes trade for Miles Bridges, Brian Gregory’s latest roster gambles have experts questioning if Phoenix secured its future or surrendered its depth.
Phoenix data center project moves ahead
Another data center development appears to be moving ahead in Phoenix despite new zoning rules that had threatened the project.
Debating Whether Phoenix Suns Should Consider Trade for Kyrie Irving
A potential Dallas departure sparks questions about pairing the mercurial star with Devin Booker. Can Irving’s elite scoring outweigh his massive contract and significant injury history?
Revisiting Collin Gillespie’s Breakout Potential for Phoenix Suns
As Phoenix faces a crossroads, the sharpshooting guard must expand his offensive repertoire and seize a high-volume role to transform from a reliable starter into a legitimate star.
What is the Diamondbacks’ path to the 2026 MLB postseason?
PHOENIX – With just three games left in the 2026 MLB season, the Arizona Diamondbacks have created one final opportunity to make October. The D-backs enter the final weekend two games behind the Philadelphia Phillies for the National League’s final Wild Card spot.
Falcons soar over the Packers in dominant 35-14 win in Green Bay
The Falcons dominated the Packers on the national stage during Thursday Night Football. Quarterback Michael Penix Jr. returned to the lineup and led the team to a convincing 35-14 win in Green Bay
Striking a new chord: Tulsa Guitar Company expands
After 41 years of business, the Tulsa Guitar Company – formally known as Tulsa Band and Guitars founded in 1985 by Paul Felzke – is reaching another milestone in its
How Phoenix compares for AI automation risk: 20.7% of workers are vulnerable
Phoenix ranks 33rd in AI automation vulnerability, with 20.7% of workers at high risk, while San Jose leads metros at nearly 29%.
Angie Nixon’s campaign runs through the labor, Civil Rights movements
Nixon’s rise comes as Democrats, Black activists and legal scholars say the gains of the Civil Rights Movement are under attack.
Square Enix Shows Off Exclusive Sleeve For Dragon Quest XI S On Switch 2
Available with the "packaged version" in Japan
Falcons – Packers instant recap: Making the Lambeau leap
It started off bad, and after the first two weeks of the season, that led many of us to brace for the worst. Michael Penix Jr. threw an interception, the team allowed a quick scoring drive for the Packers, and trouble seemed to be on the horizon. Then the switch flipped, the Falcons discovered what […]
Hannah Einbinder, Susan Sarandon arrested in protest against Netanyahu
Hannah Einbinder and Susan Sarandon were arrested after protesting the arrival of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the United Nations in New York City. Cynthia Nixon, Elliot Page, Indya Moore, Mary Beth Barone, Caleb Hearon and Sarah Sherman were also at the demonstration.
Debating Just How Disappointing Phoenix Suns' Last Era Was
From championship favorites to a first-round sweep, Phoenix’s star-studded experiment backfired spectacularly. High costs and chemistry issues now cement this era as a historic cautionary tale.
Police arrest actors, politicians protesting against Netanyahu outside UN
Police arrested at least 30 people including actors and politicians as they protested outside United Nations headquarters on Thursday against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ahead of his speech at the General Assembly.
New Stetson Univ. poll casts doubt on blue wave in Florida
Republicans are over 50% in this dataset.
Finix Enables Businesses to Deploy Custom Apps on Payment Terminals
SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 24, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Finix, the full-stack payment processor enabling businesses to accept and send payments online...
Behrens uses better nutrition choices to elevate health in others
Cherokee Nation citizen Amber Behrens is using her nutritional knowledge to help people lead healthier lives.
Falcons Roundtable: Can Michael Penix Save Atlanta's Offense Against Packers?
The Atlanta Falcons face the Green Bay Packers on Thursday Night Football as Michael Penix Jr. returns from his ACL injury. Our Falcons Roundtable breaks down Atlanta's 0-2 start, Penix's expectations, Green Bay's weaknesses, bold predictions and Week 3 score picks.
Review: DRAGON QUEST XI S: Echoes Of An Elusive Age - Definitive Edition (Switch 2) - Square Enix Needs To Get With The Upgrade Path Program
Well, at least it looks a little nicer
China warns Arizona not to develop political ties with Taiwan
The warning came in multiple letters obtained by KJZZ from China's L.A. consulate asking Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs to protest the opening of the Taipei Cultural and Economic Office in Phoenix.
These Phoenix-area restaurants miss the mark on health scores this week
A Little Caesars in Mesa and SoCal Fish Taco Company in Gilbert are among Valley restaurants on this week's Dirty Dining. Jason Barry reports.
These Phoenix-area restaurants miss the mark on health scores this week
A Little Caesars in Mesa and SoCal Fish Taco Company in Gilbert are among Valley restaurants on this week's Dirty Dining. Jason Barry reports.
These Phoenix-area restaurants miss the mark on health scores this week
A Little Caesars in Mesa and SoCal Fish Taco Company in Gilbert are among Valley restaurants on this week's Dirty Dining. Jason Barry reports.
These Phoenix-area restaurants miss the mark on health scores this week
A Little Caesars in Mesa and SoCal Fish Taco Company in Gilbert are among Valley restaurants on this week's Dirty Dining. Jason Barry reports.
These Phoenix-area restaurants miss the mark on health scores this week
A Little Caesars in Mesa and SoCal Fish Taco Company in Gilbert are among Valley restaurants on this week's Dirty Dining. Jason Barry reports.
Do the Falcons Have the Worst QB Room?
If Michael Penix doesn’t give Atlanta a spark throwing to small receivers, it’s going to be ugly all year
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Dual Destinies VR announced for Quest, Meta VR Glasses
AMATA Games, under licensing from Capcom, has announced Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Dual Destinies VR for Quest and the newly announced Meta VR Glasses. It will launch in 2027 with English…
Hands-on science can be cool
After spending many long days conducting experiments to find a new way to combat bacterial infections in crops, Misha Hegde and Mia Soleil Maurer have been rewarded with international recognition and access to top research facilities. But these are not typical scientists. They are 16-year-old German high school students.“Our supervisor told us that in order to start a project, you need to begin with either a question or a problem,” says Misha, adding that she and Mia had read about antibiotic resistance in certain plants being treated for bacterial infections. “We found out that antibiotics overuse is very common in agriculture,” explains Mia. “Our aim was to create an alternative to antibiotics and to try to raise awareness of the problem of overusing antibiotics.”Their subsequent research has focused on harnessing bacteriophages, the natural predators of bacteria, to eliminate pathogens threatening food crops treated with antibiotics. At the Schuldorf Bergstraße Jugend forscht MakerLab in Seeheim-Jugenheim, located in the German state of Hesse, they discovered a novel phage that infects the Rhizobium rhizogenes bacterium, which causes the hairy root disease that can reduce yields of tomatoes, carrots, soya beans and other food staples.The students believe their method could curb antibiotic use, while protecting plants from infections without disturbing the natural soil microbiome. “The application of phages is host-specific, so they would only kill the targeted pathogen or disease-causing bacteria,” explains Mia. It may also offer environmental benefits, since applying antibiotics can contaminate groundwater.Getting to this point has not been easy. The childhood friends admit to feeling frustrated when their trials did not yield the expected results. “We spent six months on our first experiment, just doing the same thing over and over and over again, to the point where we thought, is it even worth it? Why are we doing this?” Misha says. “You just need to be brave enough to take that first step and keep going.”The benefits of inquiry-based learningTheir determination has paid off. In 2025, the pair won first prize in biology at Jugend forscht, Germany’s national competition for young people interested in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. They were also among the winners of the German Research Foundation Europa-Preis, which is awarded to selected national winners at Jugend forscht, and took third place in the 2025 European Union Contest for Young Scientists.The Jugend forscht Foundation opens doors for young people to connect with scientists as well as industry professionals. Jessica Bönsch, executive director of the Foundation, sees Misha and Mia as prime examples of how young people can develop a deeper understanding of science through their own research projects. “The experience of working on your own research question is very important,” she explains, adding that “inquiry-based learning engages with real-life problems in a way that can be more motivating than traditional classroom teaching.”The Jugend forscht Foundation offers financial support through sponsor pools in Germany’s federal states. Some projects are developed in cooperation with student research centres, university labs or informal collaborative learning areas called makerspaces. Other activities start as hands-on “garage projects” and can grow within the Jugend forscht network and infrastructure.The Jugend forscht Foundation is also a partner of Science Comes to Town, an EU initiative to strengthen public awareness about science and create bridges between researchers and communities. The EU-financed project involves universities, research institutions and other stakeholders in three host cities — Brest (France), Kiel (Germany) and Split (Croatia).“It's so important for people not to live in a bubble, because I think science can be very scary if you misunderstand it,” Mia says of SCTT. The initiative’s aim of raising awareness about science is “absolutely amazing,” Misha adds. “I think it's the best way to kind of make science digestible for the public. In a world where misinformation in science is getting more radical, more dangerous, becoming more of a threat to the trust in scientific infrastructure and foundations, we need such programmes.”Misha and Mia also believe that SCTT can help break down gender stereotypes in science by encouraging young women to study and pursue careers in scientific fields. Both students have benefited from female mentors and encouragement they had when they were much younger. Mia’s love of science began with a class trip to a lab, while Misha — with a smile on her face — says she wanted to study history until “a teacher kind of coerced me into joining a school science club.”Recognition beyond EuropeIn May, Misha and Mia were among the finalists at the Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair held in Phoenix, Arizona, and involving nearly 1,700 pre-university students from over 60 countries. “It was very crazy because there were so many people and so many teenagers interested in science,” Mia recalls. The event was also challenging. “It was eight hours of continuously presenting your project,” adds Misha.Attending the fair was a chance for the young women to see first-hand the value of international collaboration as well as how research cultures differ. “America is a bit more willing to take risks, and I think that's something we can learn about here in Europe,” Misha explains. However, she continues, “I think Europe has the talent, has the innovation and has the resources” to be competitive.Misha and Mia plan to continue their phage experiments in the new school year, inspired by the project’s hands-on nature and the support they receive from their supervisors. They have also attracted the interest of professional scientists and received invitations to leading research facilities, including the Centre for Synthetic Microbiology, jointly run by the University of Marburg and the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Germany. “It is so cool that we can do something to try to move the world in our school and at this age,” Mia says.After completing secondary school, Mia plans to study microbiology and pursue a career in medical research, focusing on Ebola and other infectious diseases. “This has been my dream for so long,” she says. Her friend Misha is interested in biological research with a focus on medicine. “I've gotten addicted to the process of going to the lab, planning out experiments, then failing, trying again,” Misha says. “I think there's just so much to be discovered, so much to be done.”The students' names and photos were published with the permission of their parents.Science|Business, which connects policymakers, academics and industry through its news reporting, analysis and events, is an SCTT partner.
Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney: Dual Destinies VR Announced For Meta VR Glasses & Quest
A new VR release in Capcom's visual novel adventure series brings courtroom drama to Meta VR Glasses and Quest in 2027.
Meta Announces 'VR Glasses' Next-Gen XR Headset, Priced at $1,300
Meta today unveiled its long-awaited next-gen mixed reality headset: Meta VR Glasses. Previously known under the codename ‘Project Phoenix’, Meta VR Glasses was announced today, but isn’t launching just yet; the compute puck-tethered device is slated to go one sale sometime in Spring 2027, priced at $1,300. While we’re still waiting on a precise release […]
No designation for Michael Penix Jr. in Week 3
Falcons QB Michael Penix Jr. a full participant again and set to play
Arizona Diamondbacks Missed Chance To Embrace Their Past and Future
Nostalgia is a hell of a drug. But when does nostalgia become more than just idly idealizing your past? When is it such a powerful pull that you simply can’t...
Watch the Meta Connect 2026 Keynote Right Here
Meta’s annual XR and AI focused Connect conference kicks off today. The biggest news is expected in the opening keynote, where the company is expected to reveal its ‘Phoenix’ MR headset and latest smartglasses. Watch the Meta Connect Keynote on September 23rd at 4PM PT Your timezone here Meta is playing it close to the […]
Phoenix Suns Star Dillon Brooks Receiving Due Recognition
Landing at #76 on ESPN’s top 100, the polarizing wing is silencing critics through defensive grit and culture-shifting leadership as Phoenix prepares for a high-stakes playoff push.
Trump call for supporters to cheat undermines fraud claims
Richard M. Nixon famously declared, 'I am not a crook.' Donald J. Trump, his approval rating slumping toward Nixonian levels, is urging his backers to act like crooks in November's election.
Penix Must Fix The Falcons’ Historic Offensive Slump
After a 34-3 loss to Carolina, the Falcons turn to Michael Penix Jr. to end a period of offensive ineptitude that spans nearly five decades.
Devin Booker's Possible Regression Isn’t Concern for Phoenix Suns
Skeptics question Devin Booker’s superstar trajectory as Phoenix faces looming roster uncertainties, testing whether the franchise cornerstone can overcome a lackluster national ranking to silence his doubters.
How can the Diamondbacks still make the 2026 MLB postseason?
PHOENIX – With six games remaining, the Diamondbacks are still alive in the NL Wild Card race, but barely. Arizona sits four games behind Philadelphia for the third National League Wild Card spot.
Syracuse athletic department hires Cleveland Cavaliers exec to boost business
Chris Presson will run the business side of the Syracuse athletic department for Bryan Blair.
Phoenix Suns 2026-27 Player Profile: Haywood Highsmith
After a savvy salary cap maneuver, the versatile sharpshooter battles for a roster spot, offering elite defensive length and lethal floor spacing for a deep Phoenix rotation.
A year of wellness: Stilwell center a healthy hit
Since opening a year ago, the Cherokee Nation’s $21 million wellness center in Stilwell, Oklahoma, is paying off for more than 6,700 members.
Jessica Shepard's breakout season with the Dallas Wings doesn't surprise her
Shepard is a first-time All-Star and sudden triple-double machine, tied with career WNBA leader Alyssa Thomas of Phoenix for the most this season with five while helping the Wings reach the playoffs.
Micron 2 GB GDDR7 Memory Chips Reach End Of Life, Leaving RTX 50 Series Fully Dependent On Samsung And SK Hynix
Micron halts production of 2 GB GDDR7 memory chips, impacting RTX 50 GPU availability; 3 GB modules deemed largely ineffective.
Phoenix Suns 2026-27 Player Profile: Koby Brea
The former Kentucky marksman enters a pivotal developmental year on a two-way deal, battling defensive concerns and limited shot creation to secure his long-term future in Phoenix.
Michael Penix Jr. named starting quarterback
Falcons QB Michael Penix Jr. cleared to play and set to start
Examining What Phoenix Suns Look Like With Different 2017 Draft
Derrick White’s defensive brilliance and versatile playmaking could have revolutionized Devin Booker’s backcourt, potentially steering Phoenix toward the 2021 title instead of years of draft-day regret.
Xulon Press announces a new work where theology and science meet, The Dimensional Universe: Quantum Ontology, Dynamics and Patterns of Duality from author Jack K. Mayfield.
Phoenix, AZ, Sept. 21, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Xulon Press announces the release of The Dimensional Universe: Quantum Ontology, Dynamics and Pa...
Denver Defense Carried Broncos Until Bo Nix Arrived
The Denver Broncos didn't play a great game against Jacksonville, but they did get a one thanks to their defense.
Made in Arizona: Cactus Corn bets on partnerships, tourism for sustained growth
Phoenix-based popcorn brand Cactus Corn expands beyond Chase Field with retail partnerships and corporate gifting to diversify revenue streams.
Bryan Avila avoids comment on claim Trump’s ‘gone too far’ on deportations
Avila faces repeated questions over Trump, deportations and Donalds’ positions.
Proteus Labs Partners with Avantis Education to Add Mixed Reality Science Experiments to ClassVR Xcelerate
Avantis Education has added Proteus Labs’ virtual science labs to ClassVR Xcelerate and its EduverseSTEM education platform | XR News from Auganix.com
Phoenix Suns 2026-27 Player Profile: Khaman Maluach
After a tantalizing Summer League, the Duke product enters a pivotal sophomore campaign. Discover how his floor-spacing potential and defensive growth could propel him into the starting lineup.
Devin Booker Reaffirms Long-Term Commitment to Phoenix Suns
Amid rising league-wide volatility, the four-time All-Star embraces a dual role as franchise lifer and veteran mentor, intent on recruiting elite talent to spark a championship resurgence.
Jarrett Stidham reacts to report that Broncos considered Drew Brees
After the Broncos lost Bo Nix to a broken ankle, two assistant coaches considered Drew Brees an option. This was Jarrett Stidham's reaction.
Capcom celebrates 25th anniversary of the Ace Attorney franchise with new art
Capcom has decided to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the acclaimed Ace Attorney franchise ahead of its official anniversary date which is 12th October. The new artwork, which you can view down…
Legendary Phoenix Suns Coach Names Shawn Marion for Major Honor
Mike D’Antoni insists the "seven seconds or less" era's success demands Shawn Marion’s Hall of Fame induction, cementing the versatile forward's legacy as a defensive powerhouse.
Lennar snags 444 lots near TSMC for $60M
Lennar Corp. has secured 444 lots near the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.'s $265 billion development in north Phoenix.
Yankees’ ace just crashed the Cy Young race
The Yankees got walked off in Phoenix on Friday. Cam Schlittler was not the reason why. He gave them six […]
Valley organizations team up to provide hot food, health care
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city, including HIV testing and health education.
Valley organizations team up to provide hot food, health care
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city, including HIV testing and health education.
D-backs anthem trumpeter makes AMAZING recovery after horn malfunction
PHOENIX -- During their run to the World Series championship in 2001, the Diamondbacks believed trumpeter Dr. Jesse McGuire was regarded by the organization as a good-luck charm when he performed the national anthem. McGuire performed the anthem numerous times during that postseason, including before Game 7. And every five
Phoenix groups team up to bring health care, hot meals to those in need
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city.
Body camera video released of fatal Phoenix shooting of 20-year-old man in mental health crisis
Phoenix police released body-camera footage showing a fatal encounter with a 20-year-old man whose family says was experiencing a mental health crisis.
Phoenix Suns Insider Provides More Insight on Duop Reath Signing
Discover how a clever contract technicality allowed Phoenix to secure the versatile big man with little risk, bolstering frontcourt depth while preserving crucial roster flexibility.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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