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Military Science and the Intellectual Foundations of War
Military science is not guesswork; it is the study of war built by soldiers, historians, statesmen, and theorists over centuries of conflict.
Authorities investigate giant ‘8647’ markings on National Mall
A judge ruled this month that the numbers on their own, which the Trump administration has called a threat against the president, constitute free speech.
US Small Business Administration approves Economic Injury Disaster Loan after snowstorm
Rhode Island Gov. Dan McKee announced the U.S. Small Business Administration has approved an Economic Injury Disaster Loan declaration for the state.
Opinion | Dennison: I’ll fight for responsible spending, reducing unnecessary regulations and help small business and more if elected
Like many Coloradans, I’ve grown increasingly frustrated watching Washington become more focused on partisan gamesmanship than solving real problems. Families, workers, retirees and small business owners across Colorado are facing challenges that politicians love to...
Opinion | Dennison: I’ll fight for responsible spending, reducing unnecessary regulations and help small business and more if elected
Like many Coloradans, I’ve grown increasingly frustrated watching Washington become more focused on partisan gamesmanship than solving real problems. Families, workers, retirees and small business owners across Colorado are facing challenges that politicians love to...
White House polices hitting small business contractors hard, Senator says
Sen. Ed Markey (D-Mass.), ranking member of the small business committee, found more than 6,500 small firms have left the federal market in the last 15 months.
NFIB Members Bring Small Business Agenda Directly to Washington Policymakers
Small business owners met with Administration and Congressional leaders during 2026 NFIB Fly-In
District 1 Supports Small Businesses with Live Music Summer Series
To kick off Pride Month, District 1 Councilmember Dr. Sukh Kaur filed a Council Consideration Request (CCR) today to designate a portion of North Main Avenue as “Erica Andrews Memorial Way” to honor the life and legacy of the internationally-renowned transgender performer.
Applications are now open for Hatch Bloomington Loves Local
Bloomington small businesses can now apply for a share of $100,000 through Hatch Bloomington Loves Local, a special 2026 edition of the City’s annual Hatch Bloomington program.
Long Beach awards $54M in small business contracts
The biggest U.S. container port leveraged a program to award $54.4 million in materials and services contracts to small businesses. The post Long Beach awards $54M in small business contracts appeared...
Middle TN hemp business to close and relocate out-of-state due to new state regulations taking effect in summer 2026
“Sadly, these laws feel like they were designed to stamp out small, family-owned businesses like ours,” the business said.
Cambridge Local first to host second annual 617 Day small business summit
The event, hosted in Somerville, will include a networking breakfast, followed by three panels featuring local business owners.
Small business owners receive early look at $14M recovery grant program across Asheville
Small business owners recovering from the impacts of Helene are getting an early look at the application process for a grant program set to provide more than $1
Huge ‘8647’ etched into grass on the National Mall, aerial images show
The numbers “8647” — a phrase generally used to signal opposition to President Donald Trump — appeared etched into the grass on the National Mall on Thursday, days before massive crowds are expected in the area for a UFC match on Trump’s birthday on Sunday.
Small Town Politics: Ray City councilwoman questions mayor’s utility billing practices
In a public memo to WALB, a Ray City Councilwoman questioned the Mayor's practices when it comes to city utilities.
Plumas Bank named 1st AD small business of the year
The Office of Assemblymember Heather Hadwick announces May was National Small Business Month, and Hadwick recognized Plumas Bank as the 1st Assembly
These Are the Lowest Prices Ever on AirPods Pro 3 and AirPods Max 2
Yesterday we began tracking a new record low price on the AirPods Pro 3 on Amazon, and they're still available for $179.00 today, down from $249.00. This beats the previous Amazon low price by $20. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
NFIB Florida Executive Director Reacts to May’s Small Business Optimism Index
Main Street pulls back on hiring.
How Vancouver is winning over small businesses
New funding, partnerships and city support are making the once-sleepy suburb more attractive.
NFIB: SQ 832 will destroy small-business jobs, raise prices
According to the National Federation of Independent Business, SQ 832's substantial increase in labor costs would force many employers to raise prices,…
What AI-herding scientists can learn from watching ‘sheepdog YouTube’
Controlling a small group of “noisy” sheep holds hints for computer algorithms
What Lyndon B. Johnson’s Toothbrushes Show Us About Public Health Today
The most effective public health tools are often small, writes Jean Paul Laurent.
Op-ed: City Council small business hearing was political theater
Instead of addressing the city’s well-documented small business challenges, the Council chose to stage a spectacle about federal lending policy it cannot change.
164th Shelby County Fair brings the fun and entertainment to the Shelby County Fairgrounds
Keith Kaiser finds out about the big charm of a small county fair.
New Business Spotlight: Riverside Coffee
New small businesses are emerging with innovative ideas and a passion for excellence. This column highlights their unique offerings and inspiring stories, showcasing the creativity and resilience of entrepreneurs shaping our communities. Jonathan Palk, managing associate for Peachtree Planning, is highlighting local businesses through in-person podcasts. “The purpose of the podcast is to share stories […]
Summer Solstice Celebration entertains folks at Mallory Square
Every evening in Key West, locals and visitors gather at the waterfront Mallory Square for the world-famous Sunset Celebration, to immerse in a magical convergence of performers, artisans, and local
Blount County business development focuses on small businesses, community growth
Tennessee being a business-friendly state has led to investment from Memphis to Chattanooga, Knoxville and the Tri-Cities.
Town of Paradise launches 'Businesses Summits' to support local businesses, boost economy
In an effort to bolster the local economy and support small businesses, the Town of Paradise, in collaboration with the Paradise Ridge Chamber of Commerce and o
Small Business Reality Check: Strategies for Resilience
The second half of 2026 presents both challenges and opportunities for small business owners. Those who focus on their people, reduce complexity, and stay proactive about risk will be best positioned to succeed.
Small Business Focus: Organized by Katie: Bringing real-life order to Arlington homes
Starting a business often begins with recognizing a need, and for professional organizer Kathryn “Katie” Kersavage, that need was closer than she realized. Kersavage officially launched Organized by Katie in March 2026, turning more than 15 years of informal experience helping friends and family declutter into a professional service designed for real life. Based in
Small business optimism falls to lowest level since October 2024
Market Domination host Josh Lipton welcomes NFIB Research Center Executive Director Holly Wade to discuss the latest NFIB Small Business Optimism Index, which fell to its lowest level since October 2024 as inflation concerns continue to weigh on business owners. The decline effectively erases much of the optimism gained following President Trump's return to office.
NFIB Maryland State Director Reacts to May’s Small Business Optimism Index
Main Street pulls back on hiring.
Back to Business Program expands with increase to grant amounts
We designed the Back to Business Program to help small business owners recover from unexpected costs to repair and prevent vandalism and property damage. To meet the needs of businesses, we expanded the program to increase the grant amounts business owners can receive. Applications are open through December 2026, or until funds run out. Changes to […]
Roundup: Small business owners / Elevated car prices / Teacher bonuses
Content creators: Some 73% of small business owners now identify as creators, showing how entrepreneurship is increasingly tied to content creation. These owners are building businesses through social media, audience engagement and personal branding alongside traditional operations. Overall, this reflects a shift where being a “creator” is becoming a core part of running a small […]
The Dinosaur-killing Asteroid May Have Fueled Life Underground for 8 Million Years
Scientists found evidence that Chicxulub remained hydrothermally active four times longer than earlier estimates.
Dillard family’s ‘long game’ approach pays off in retail business
Little Rock-based Dillard's Inc., the operator of 272 department stores in 30 states, began in 1938 when founder William Thomas Dillard borrowed $8,000 from his father to open a small store in Nashville in Howard County.
More than a Perk: 401(k)s are a Benefit Small Business Leaders Can’t Afford to Ignore
Two leaders discuss how automation, transparency, and smarter pricing for 401(k) plans are changing the game for employers looking for a competitive advantage.
The Biggest Problem Facing Small Businesses Right Now Just Hit a 53-Year High
Due to high supply costs and global energy concerns, small business owners aren't expressing optimism about the state of the economy.
Inflation and volatility have business owners feeling more pessimistic
In May, more small businesses said they planned to raise prices in the next three months, the NFIB says.
Feds move to formally allow sports "trading" on prediction markets
The CFTC moved Wednesday to formalize rules allowing prediction markets to offer the equivalent of sports betting nationwide.
Federal small business loans open to local victims of drought
The U.S. Small Business Administration announced low-interest loans to small businesses and nonprofits affected by the drought that began April 28.
Stellar Blade CEO Brushes Off Complaints About Sequel's Protagonist
CEO Hyung-tae Kim stated that while Evie is 'younger' and 'smaller in size' compared to Stellar Blade's protagonist, the outfits in the sequel will be 'even more appealing' for fans
Essentia Health-Fargo offers new minimally invasive procedure for uterine fibroids
Essentia Health-Fargo is now offering a minimally invasive, non-hormonal procedure to treat symptomatic uterine fibroids, which are non-cancerous growths in the uterus, offering women a uterine-sparing alternative to hysterectomy.
73 Percent of Small Business Owners Now Identify as 'Creators'—and It's Changing How They Operate
A new study from Constant Contact surveyed more than 5,000 small business owners. A key trend that emerged? Content creation.
Health insurance for many Oregonians could get a lot more expensive next year
Health insurers are seeking double-digit rate hikes for Oregonians who buy their own coverage and workers at small businesses.
Neo-Nazi lost in east Germany, but extremism remains threat
A neo-Nazi candidate surprisingly lost by small margin in a local election in the eastern state of Saxony. Many are relieved, yet concern remains.
7 ways small businesses can support the LGBTQ+ community year-round
QuickBooks reports that small businesses should support the LGBTQ+ community year-round with inclusive practices, charitable donations, and volunteering initiatives.
Meta layoffs hit managers, software engineers as AI spending soars
The two groups made up more than half of Meta's layoffs in California and Washington state. Meta is embracing small teams and AI tools internally.
Dan Oborn hosts roundtable with Omaha small business owners
The handful of business owners said inflation was the common theme hurting their businesses because of increases input costs.
Despite hot jobs report, small businesses pull back on hiring amid cost concerns
Small business owners appear to be pulling back on hiring plans, despite the government's release of a hotter-than-expected jobs report just days ago.
NEW NFIB SURVEY: Small Businesses Report Reduced Optimism
Main Street pulls back on hiring
Democratic National Committee: Local small businesses continue to suffer under Trump and his cost-spiking Republicans, forcing them to raise prices on families and cut jobs for workers
According to new data released today by The National Federation of Independent Business, small businesses throughout America continue to suffer under Donald Trump and his cost-spiking Republicans. With everything — from food and utilities to gas and building materials — becoming more...
Small Business Index Slips Below its Historic Average
NFIB Montana comment on May 2026 SBET
More Small Businesses Are Increasing Prices—Here’s How Accounting Software Can Help
Inflation continues to affect prices, with a net 36% of small business owners reporting raising average selling prices in May—the highest reading since March 2023, according to National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) data published on June 9. If you’re considering raising prices for yo
Chase Offers Small Businesses More Credit Insights
Chase has introduced new tools for small business in its Chase for Business mobile and online hub. The updates, announced Tuesday (June 9), include the
iOS 27 adds unique new setting to personalize your iPhone’s Lock Screen
iOS 27 adds many new features, including a unique clock setting to personalize your iPhone’s Lock Screen even more.
Small Business Index Slips Below its Historic Average
NFIB California comment on May 2026 SBET Report
Mejia Appointed to U.S. House of Representative Committee on Small Business
Today, upon the recommendation of the U.S. House Democratic Sterling and Policy Committee, Congresswoman Analilia Mejia (NJ-11) was appointed to the U.S. House of Representative Committee on Small Business. This is her second committee assignment in addition to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security. Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries said, “Throughout her entire[...]
Small Business Optimism Index Dips Below Historic Average
NFIB Oregon comment on June 2026 SBET
Social Security retirement trust fund will run dry in 2032 unless Congress acts
Tens of millions of retirees and other Americans could see smaller monthly Social Security checks in six years if lawmakers don’t act to shore up the program’s finances, according to an annual report released Tuesday by Social Security’s trustees.
Mejia named to Small Business Committee, her second committee seat
Rep. Analilia Mejia (D-Glen Ridge) received a second committee assignment today, taking a seat on the House Small Business Committee. Mejia, who won a
NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue Marks 200th Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
New York, NY – NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue announced a major milestone in its cardiovascular program: the completion of its 200th minimally invasive
iOS 27 features we didn't see on stage
While iOS 27 isn't bringing major changes, it's still got many small features that could improve everyday usage for iPhone users.
SBIR Advance: $675,000 in state matching grants advance 7 innovative small businesses
MADISON – Seven small businesses in Wisconsin will receive up to $675,000 to commercialize their innovations, thanks to the SBIR Advance program’s latest round of funding. The state matching grant program provides assistance to companies in the process of completing a project...
Boise Metro Chamber names finalists for 2026 Small Business and Excellence Awards
The Boise Metro Chamber has announced finalists for its annual Small Business and Chamber Excellence Awards, with winners to be recognized at a luncheon June 23 at Boise Centre East. The event begins with a trade show reception at 11 a.m., followed by the awards program at noon. The ceremony will also include induction of
23 student researchers receive 2026 NSF fellowships - College of Arts and Sciences
The National Science Foundation awarded work in STEM-related fields such as artificial intelligence, biomedical engineering and marine ecology.
NFIB small business optimism index falls in May 2026
Soaring fuel prices are driving inflation fears among small business owners, who are pulling back on hiring and capital spending plans
These underwater 'living pink rocks' help store carbon: Scientists just found four new species
Rhodoliths may look like small rocks on the seafloor, but they are actually living algae that create habitats for marine life and contribute to long-term carbon storage. A new study found that the deeper, ...
Watch Oura Ring 5 is 40% Smaller and Has New Health Features
Oura Ring 5 is here, 40% smaller — closer to the size of a wedding band — and has some brand new health features. Mark Gurman explores how the Oura Ring has evolved, generation by generation
Coca-Cola and Notre Dame bring poverty alleviation efforts to host cities during the FIFA World Cup 2026
When the FIFA World Cup 2026 games kick off this week, bringing global attention to cities across North America, communities from Boston and Miami to Toronto, Dallas and Los Angeles will come together for one of the world’s largest sporting events. In these same cities, the University of Notre Dame’s Urban Poverty and Business Initiative (UPBI), a program aimed at helping underrepresented populations create and grow independent businesses, is working with local partners to strengthen small business ecosystems throughout a total of 59 cities, including a strategic activation in 13 soccer host cities.
KC small businesses part of national growth trend
Kansas City is part of a national entrepreneurial hot streak, where Americans are starting businesses at a record pace.
SBA visits Pennsylvania’s 2026 Small Business Person of the Year
Gale Ferranto, of Buona Foods in Chester County, received the award.
U.S. Small-Business Confidence Ticked Down in May
The National Federation of Independent Business said that its small-business optimism index fell 0.6 points to 95.3 in May, remaining below its 52-year average of 98.0.
US small business sentiment falls in May as inflation worries mount
U.S. small-business sentiment fell in May and the share of owners planning to raise prices over the next three months increased to the highest level in nearly four years, suggesting inflation could remain elevated for a while.
US Small-Business Optimism Falls to Lowest Since October 2024
An index of US small business optimism fell in May to the lowest level since October 2024, erasing almost all of the gains seen since President Donald Trump was elected for a second term.
EY's AI leader says companies are too focused on AI cost-cutting
Dan Diasio, EY's global consulting AI leader, said that leaders are leaning into an area with the "smallest level of return."
Ohio Small Business Job Openings Decline in May
NFIB’s May Jobs Report shows little change in the employment market as the Small Business Employment Index remained essentially flat.
Small Businesses Outgrow Domestic Payments as Global Sourcing Spreads
An entire generation of American small- to medium-sized businesses (SMBs) have been conducting multinational operations without multinational
The radiologist shortage is real but smaller and more local than believed: Report
Approximately 1,470 of active radiologist openings have been sitting unfilled for over two months or more, concentrated in certain states.
Fort Worth Chamber Opens Applications for 2026 Small Business of the Year Awards
The Fort Worth Chamber is now accepting applications for its 2026 Small Business of the Year Awards. Presented by Bank of Texas, these annual awa
Business says over $500 in damages caused after several vandalize 'Southie Pride' sign
The owner of a small business in Boston said over $500 in damages was caused after a pro-LGBTQ sign was damaged during the city's Pride weekend.
Oregon Releases Provisional 2027 Health Insurance Prices, And They’re Not Pretty
Even after years of cost hikes, insurers of individual and small group plans want to raise prices in the state by a whopping 17% on average.
European Region’s smallest countries lead with commitment to stronger, more sustainable health workforce
Health ministers and senior representatives from the WHO European Region’s small countries have committed to urgent action to strengthen and sustain the health and care workforce, adopting the Riga Outcome Statement at the 12th High-level Meeting of the WHO Small Countries Initiative (SCI) in Riga, Latvia, on 4–5 June 2026.
iOS 27 Tidbits: Share a Phone Number on Two iPhones, Independent Alarm Volume, Faster AirPlay and More
At the WWDC 2026 keynote, Apple detailed iOS 27 changes like a new version of Siri with a dedicated Siri app and Apple Intelligence features across multiple apps, but there are dozens of smaller but still important changes that Apple didn't have time to go through. Apple shared an image summarizing some of the bug fixes and optimizations it made in iOS 27, iPadOS 27, and macOS 27, and there are some interesting changes.
Savannah parents, coaches push for more youth sports access with mall revamp
Concept drawing sparks conversation about lack of accessible facilities for young athletes in Savannah
Opinion | Michigan’s PreK for All program helps our state’s small businesses thrive
Every parent deserves the opportunity to work, every child deserves the support to learn and grow, and Michigan’s small business community depends on a strong, resilient workforce.
Apple Intelligence Can Change Your Passwords for You When You Get Hacked
Agentic AI and security are normally at odds, but this Apple Intelligence feature could be a lifesaver.
DC Wrap: Iran and Israel exchange fire; Blanche formally nominated for AG
A look at the day's biggest stories in national politics
Trump formally nominates his former personal lawyer Todd Blanche to serve as attorney general
President Donald Trump has formally tapped acting Attorney General Todd Blanche to take on the top law enforcement job on a more permanent basis, sending his nomination to the Senate on Monday.
We can create the future of science right now
Paul Litvak is the founder and Executive Director of the Robyn Dawes Institute and a Visiting Scholar at UC Berkeley. He has a PhD in Behavioral Decision Research from Carnegie Mellon where he studied emotions and the sunk cost bias. Over 15 years in industry, he solved a wide range of challenging technical problems. At Meta he created models optimizing the ad review process. At Google he ran experiments to measure social influence. At Airbnb, he was a product manager leading machine learning teams optimizing search ranking and price suggestions. He also co-founded and led product at Rhythmic Health, a venture-backed biosensing startup, creating an accurate low cost system using a color changing strip and a smart phone to measure salivary lactate. The bottleneck At this point, it is uncontroversial to say that science needs to stop using the PDF article as the unit of knowledge and currency. The unbearable slowness of scientific publishing, the profit motive and margins: I’m not saying anything new. The PDF also sucks because it’s hard to extract structured information, which makes it hard to do evidence synthesis. As a result, we do much less evidence synthesis than is needed. And evidence synthesis ultimately undergirds most policy and medical decision-making. I can see second-by-second real-time odds for any sporting or newsworthy event, but a school board can’t see the best evidence on whether their 8th graders should be taught algebra. As a society, we don’t treat this as an important problem. Again, not controversial. Not only is the problem well understood, but the solution has already been laid out. What we need is AI-assisted living evidence synthesis - (1) an open knowledge graph of atomic claims, (2) claims linked to evidence, (3) assessment and synthesis of each piece of evidence, and (4) continuous updating with new data. What few realize (yet) is that the technical capacity to build this vision for a significant portion of science already exists. Not only that, scientists and startup teams are already building many of these components. I know this because I’ve been surveying the space and talking to many of the builders. There are some missing pieces: for example, evaluations of how well some of the components work. But at this point, most of what’s missing is a fully end-to-end working integration of all of these parts. In the rest of this essay, I’m going to lay out all the parts of a working living evidence layer for science and who is working on them, and propose concrete next steps for building this system. What’s now possible The diagram above outlines the components of a living evidence synthesis platform, including some of the teams working on each component1. Scientific PDFs are processed into claims with associated evidence. The evidence is subjected to a forensic audit, methodological evaluation and robustness and reproducibility checks. Finally it’s given a weight in a continuously updating synthesis. What follows is a description and status of each component and a few of the teams working on them. Document understanding The first thing you need to be able to do is turn an article into structured data. Mostly that means parsing PDFs. There are often multicolumn layouts that confuse non-specialized PDF to text processing libraries. For scientific papers, there is the added complexity of parsing formulas and tables and figures. This is a really hot area - there are startups offering APIs, and it seems like a new open source package gets posted to Github every few weeks. What follows isn’t exhaustive. A package called GROBID was the state of the art for a while, they didn’t update their package for nearly two years until very recently. In the meantime reducto.ai released an AI powered PDF extraction API, PaddleOCR became popular, IBM released a model called Docling, and both Mistral and Gemini created models and libraries. I also know of at least one other well-funded psychology research group working on a paper parser. By contrast, there are few open evals in this space, with no extensive evals for complex table comprehension in particular. Nonetheless, I’m confident this will be a solved problem soon, given the combination of LLM advances and developer interest. Hypothesis level extraction There has been increasing interest in comprehending the extracted text of papers and linking information to evidence for each hypothesis. A lot of work has already been done. Trialstreamer (Marshall et al. 2020) and RobotReviewer LIVE (Marshall et al. 2023) demonstrated automated extraction of trial population, intervention, and outcome at scale on clinical RCTs. PaperQA2 (Skarlinski et al. 2024) and Ai2 ScholarQA (2024) extended this to retrieval-augmented question answering with citation grounding. Elicit, Consensus, and SciSpace operationalized claim-level extraction for end users. OpenEval (Booeshaghi et al. 2026) is the most recent and most ambitious: 1.96 million atomic claims extracted from 16,087 eLife manuscripts using Claude Sonnet 4.5, grouped into ~299,000 results, with LLM evaluations showing 81% agreement with human peer review on a 2,487-paper subset. None of these solutions link claims to test-statistics, as you would need to evaluate randomized controlled trials. This is why I built the evidence.guide API - to extract hypotheses and associated test statistics from behavioral science papers. The best public eval of this kind of extraction I’m aware of comes from the recent SCORE project - they had humans code thousands of psychology papers to extract their claims by hand. It would be extremely helpful to the world if all scientific PDFs were available as structured open data. I’ve been working to make this happen, both directly at Berkeley and through coordination with large entities I can’t yet speak of; as hard as it is to do, I think it’s possible2. Forensic audit A lot of work has been done on forensic audit, but some gaps remain. Of course, for biology papers that rely on images for evidence, there are a variety of tools (notably Proofig and ImageTwin) to spot anomalies. These are still well short of what sleuths like Elizabeth Bik can do on her own, but these tools are constant companions among fraud analysts. There’s someone working on auditing Excel files for anomalies, and a number of teams are automating numerical checks like GRIM and SPRITE, including Scrutiny project, the INSPECT-SR team as well as statcheck. The regcheck team is building a way to use AI to compare preregistrations to analyses in papers, to ensure there aren’t significant deviations. Nonetheless, there are many other kinds of anomalies to screen for, both public and less publicly known. And there are no formal evals for anomaly detection that I’m aware of. Still, there’s a lot to draw from in this space and I’m pretty certain we will be able to scan papers for most kinds of obvious anomalies in the near future. Methodological review This area has been white hot, though I fear for many of the startups in this space, because this capability may become commoditized. There are at least six different AI peer review companies, including Refine.ink, Reviewer3, ReviewerZero.ai, Q.E.D. Science, Paper Wizard, and Isitcredible. Coarse (a pun on refine) was also recently created as an open source alternative. These systems provide qualitative feedback on the content of papers, spotting methodological weaknesses and mathematical errors. They seem to work pretty well, and many academics report bitterly that they exceed the average quality of typical peer reviewers. But there are few evals here either. What evals exist so far involve using LLM-as-judge (circularity problems abound) or comparing against human reviews of questionable quality. What you’d ideally want is an eval that measures capturing known errors in papers3. Reproducibility and robustness Another active area has been using AI agents to automate computational reproducibility4 and robustness5 checks in papers that report numerical results. For more recent papers where data and code are available, AI agents can see whether they can re-run the analyses and produce the numbers reported in the published paper. In addition to a handful of individual academics who have been experimenting using Claude Code for this, the Institute for Replication is a leading group working on building an end to end system. The evals related to this problem are the most mature, with CORE-Bench (Siegel, Kapoor, Narayanan 2024) and PaperBench (OpenAI 2025) available to benchmark agents on this task. There is also work on getting AI agents to test alternative ways of analyzing the data to ensure the results are robust to small analytic design choices. Synthesis This is the most underdeveloped area where significant investment is required. Although some automated evidence synthesis systems exist — for example, otto-sr is building an AI agent to write systematic reviews — none of these incorporate the full range of paper level signals to weight evidence appropriately. Nor is there anything like an eval or a gold standard for a good systematic review. Arguably Cochrane reviews are the closest we have to gold standard human systematic reviews, though I’ve heard academics in the know complain about their uneven quality. A key question for a synthesis platform is how to weight anomalies and methodological issues in assessing the quality of a piece of evidence. This is an unsolved problem and one I’m very keen to work on. Continuous updating There are many pieces of basic infrastructure available for monitoring for new research and initiating updates. OpenAlex is the current open citation graph. Retraction Watch integrated into Crossref in October 2023. Scite tracks how citations support, contrast, or mention prior claims. The Living Evidence Network demonstrated continuous-update workflows in clinical guidelines. Engineering this is a relatively straightforward task. When you look over this technical architecture and all the progress being made, it’s hard not to be optimistic that a living guide to scientific evidence will be built. The stakeholders are ready The social infrastructure for this is starting to coalesce — it’s not just a pie in the sky academic exercise to imagine this coming into existence. Institutions like the Center for Open Science, the Institute for Replication, the INSPECT-SR, the Living Evidence Network and more are all working on scaling work to improve research quality. Funders are also aligned. The Sloan Foundation has funded living evidence work through COS. Coefficient Giving supports the Institute for Replication and COS. The Astera Institute and the Institute for Progress have shown interest in this space. NIH has established an Office for Replication and Reproducibility. Although there are (very unfortunately) serious headwinds in science funding generally, there is an active group of funders interested in metascience. A brief word about what I’ve been doing at RDI. First, as a Visiting Scholar at Berkeley I’ve been actively figuring out how a non-profit and a public university can conduct and make public the results of large-scale academic article data mining. With some of the money I raised from donors, I commissioned a legal analysis of recent case law and publisher text data mining (TDM) agreements in order to understand whether a massive open data mining of academic articles is possible (with caveats, it is). I’ve also been working to bring together stakeholders in this space, and identify gaps. I’ve also been doing some software development in this space, with more to come. A pilot proposal The assumption undergirding all of this is that an AI, given all this information, would make the right judgment about a scientific claim with lots of conflicting evidence, weighing all the factors appropriately. That’s the hypothesis we need to test. Randomized control trial research is the best place to focus on first. RCTs are used to make many of the important decisions in society - from medical trials to public policy changes. And they use a relatively uniform set of inferential statistics with lots of known and available diagnostics. Behavioral science experiments, within the broader realm of RCTs, should be first used as a testbed whose results can be generalized. Because behavioral science is at the vanguard of open science practices, replications abound (there are thousands of them) to serve as ground truth training data. Key Hypothesis Therefore the pilot would test, in behavioral RCTs that have been replicated, whether the quality of evidence for a claim can be used to accurately predict whether that claim will replicate. Secondary Hypotheses Compared to claims that replicated, non-replicated claims demonstrate a greater share of forensic anomalies in their source literatures. Hypothesis level claim and statistic extraction is accurate enough to scale living evidence without onerous human review costs. Replication prediction is more accurate than prediction markets6 or journal prestige. If all the different quality signals we gather do accurately predict which studies will replicate, then we can use that model to score evidence to power the living evidence layer. Why this is informative regardless of outcome If the pilot succeeds, the architecture extends to medical RCTs (where Living Evidence already operates and integration is mostly about claim representation), then to slices of basic biology with stable replication structure. If it fails, the field learns which quality signals are load-bearing and which ones metascience has oversold. Either result is a contribution to knowing what the literature supports. Implications for funders Because this burgeoning ecosystem of builders already exists, a well-informed philanthropic or government funder could play a crucial catalyzing role in bringing this future about. They could play at least three roles: creating open structured datasets, publishing open benchmarks and incentivizing the solving of key technical challenges. First, open archives of papers that the government maintains, like PubMed, could be turned into structured data amenable to large scale metascience and claim aggregation. I know the US government already has an interest in doing this, though some key open questions remain unanswered. How do you determine the best models and systems for accurately extracting information from papers? How can you establish a robust way to allow researchers to flag errors and correct them? And finally, how do you create a legal regime in working with publishers to maximize the scope of available papers? For the latter, a university or a private philanthropy may be better positioned to make structured data publicly available under journal subscription terms or fair use. Philanthropists or government funders could also coordinate to create or commission benchmarks that evaluate whether important problems have been solved. For example, an open benchmark for claim extraction from a range of different scientific article types would be extremely helpful. Ensuring the underlying data are accurate is vital for creating these evaluations. I’ve discussed opportunistically using various human-created datasets for this purpose, but a consistent problem is that errors in human data make it difficult for them to serve as a gold standard. Finally, with structured data and benchmarks available, the government or private philanthropy could use them to incentivize groups to develop machine learning systems that meet these benchmarks. Prizes are one potentially valuable tool for this. For example, you could establish a prize for a system that accurately updates a living meta-analysis for a small set of claims. Prizes are particularly useful as signals of problem importance, and can help create vibrant ecosystems of public and private research—see, for example the role the government played in kickstarting the current work on nuclear fusion. Conclusion The drawbacks of the current scientific publishing system are known. Scientists agree, metascientists agree, philanthropists agree: the published PDF plus citation graph isn’t the right substrate for maintaining a representation of the evidence base in science. The pieces needed to build the alternative either already exist or are rapidly taking shape. The community is forming around exactly this problem, with concrete partnerships and shared infrastructure. A pilot should start on behavioral science RCTs because that’s the slice of empirical science most amenable to legibility, where replication ground truth is richest, and where the failure modes are best documented. What’s been missing is the galvanizing mission to assemble these pieces into something that works. That’s what I’m proposing to build. *** 1 I have a broader field map that I’ll release publicly soon. This is me, building in public! 2 If this is something that you are excited about, please reach out and talk to me. 3 More on this very soon too! 4 This tests whether, given the code and the data, you can get the same statistics as reported in the published paper. 5 This tests whether the results are the same as a paper’s given alternative analytical decisions in conducting the analysis (like outlier omission). Closely related is the idea of a “multiverse” where you come up with many different ways of answering the same underlying research question with the same data, and test whether the results hold in all those alternative methods. There’s been work on the latter as well. 6 Some of the replications, e.g. those from the SCORE project, had paired the experiments with forecasts from prediction markets. So we get to look at this for free.
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What It Takes To Be A Top Tier Entertainment Lawyer in 2026
Share I’ve recently run several popular posts breaking down data related to sought after legal jobs. General Counsel Big Law Appellate Attorney Here is another in this series. Two Lawyers, One Elite Market Entertainment law can sound like a single professional category. In practice, the lawyers who reach the top of the Hollywood market often look quite different from one another. Consider two attorneys from the 2025 top-entertainment-law universe. Lesley Freeman represents one route: the company-side entertainment lawyer. She is chief legal officer of AGBO, where she oversees company-wide business and legal affairs across film, television, video game and interactive experiences, and technological innovation, after senior legal roles at MGM, Amazon MGM Studios, HBO, and O’Melveny. Daniel Petrocelli represents another route: the outside-counsel trial lawyer. He is chair of O’Melveny’s trial practice and a vice chair of the firm, with a national litigation practice that includes entertainment, sports, and media disputes. Their careers differ by platform, role, practice area, and professional identity. One sits inside an entertainment company; the other practices from a major law firm. One is associated with corporate and governance work; the other with litigation. Yet both fall within the same publicly recognized top tier of Hollywood lawyers. That contrast points to the article’s central question. If there is no single mold for a top entertainment lawyer, are the paths simply idiosyncratic, or do they follow recurring patterns? The data suggest the latter. The attorneys recognized on The Hollywood Reporter and Variety’s 2025 top-attorney lists do not follow one career template, but their paths are not random. They cluster around several defined routes: entertainment-focused private practice, company-side or operator experience, corporate and finance conversion, litigation conversion, public-service-to-litigation pathways, and smaller specialized lanes in labor, employment, and celebrity family law. Across those routes, the recurring ingredients are platform strength, educational capital or Los Angeles market proximity, long career tenure, specialized practice identity, and entertainment-industry fluency. The article examines five dimensions of the top-attorney sample: route into entertainment law, firm or organizational platform, education pipeline, seniority, and practice specialization. Data and Methodology The dataset includes 103 attorneys drawn from The Hollywood Reporter and Variety’s 2025 lists of top entertainment or Hollywood attorneys. For each attorney, the dataset tracks current organization, law school, J.D. year where available, first-known bar admission year, practice area, prior roles, platform type, and route into entertainment law. The sample is best understood as a recognized-attorney dataset, not a census of all entertainment lawyers. It captures lawyers who reached public top-tier recognition in 2025, rather than every lawyer practicing in the entertainment sector. Multiple but Defined Routes Into Entertainment Law The first question is how these lawyers entered the entertainment-law market. Because every attorney in the dataset is entertainment-related by definition, the key distinction is not whether they practice entertainment law. It is how they got there. The largest group followed what might be called the entertainment private-practice route. These attorneys appear to have built their practices around entertainment, media, talent, music, rights, production, intellectual property, or adjacent industry work relatively early. That route accounts for 40 of the 103 attorneys in the sample, or 38.8%.