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How Healthy Are Persimmons?
Persimmons come in many varieties, all with several healthy nutrients. A dietitian explains their benefits and what you may expect when you eat one.
Thursday injury report for the Browns Week 3 matchup
The Browns are looking healthy heading into Week 3 against the Panthers.
Browns get linebacker help in new 2027 NFL Mock Draft
Kyngstonn Viliamu-Asa lands with the Browns in a new 2027 NFL Mock Draft.
Browns Breakout Rookie Made NFL History in Week 2
The Cleveland Browns have gotten two very explosive plays from rookie Denzel Boston. In fact, it as announced that he made some history. The post Browns Breakout Rookie Made NFL History in Week 2 appeared first on HEAVY.
Browns land QB and edge help in Sports Illustrated's in new mock draft
The Browns get a new quarterback and someone to go after the opposing one in a new 2027 NFL Mock Draft.
Trump urges Supreme Court to restart deportations to countries with poor human rights records
President Donald Trump’s administration urged the Supreme Court on Thursday to allow it to remove migrants to countries other than their homeland without giving them an opportunity to raise human rights concerns.
Nations League: Muriqi header sinks Republic of Ireland
Follow live text commentary, score updates and match stats as the Republic of Ireland travel to Kosovo in the Nations League
This weekend: The Phantom of the Opera, Dinosaurs in the Desert, FoodieLand, and more!
The weekend is here! Check out these fun events happening around the Valley from September 25 through the 27.
Empty stadium 'not something we've focused on'
Northern Ireland manager Michael O'Neill believes the near-empty stadium in Friday's Nations League game will impact hosts Georgia more than his own side.
Dems shamed as DHS brings ICE shooting reciepts after politician called ICE officers ‘liars with masks’
The Department of Homeland Security accused Democrats and media of spreading lies about the ICE shooting in Austin as protests erupted citywide.
Melania Trump hosts China’s first lady
WASHINGTON (AP) — Melania Trump and Peng Liyuan on Thursday toured one of the largest Asian art museums in the United States, celebrating cultural ties between the U.S. and China during a high-profile diplomatic visit to Washington. Leaving their husbands behind at the White House, the first ladies visited the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian […]
US cybersecurity agency releases election infrastructure plan
NEW YORK (AP) — The nation’s cybersecurity agency on Thursday released an election infrastructure security plan 40 days before November’s midterms, laying out potential threats to election systems and listing services it would offer to election officials to protect the vote. The plan, which Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin had originally promised to release by […]
How to watch Guyer vs Wakeland high school football
You can watch Guyer football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Wakeland.
Cleveland Christmas Connection returns with 500 exhibitors at I-X Center
The Cleveland Christmas Connection celebrates its 40th year at the I-X Center Nov. 20-22, featuring 500+ exhibitors, celebrity appearances, and free admission for military and first responders on Sunday.
Red Sox and Guardians play to determine series winner
Both the Boston Red Sox and the Cleveland Guardians are looking for a series win with a victory on Thursday.
Centennial Building auction stays on track, but its fate could hinge on repayment
Millennia Cos., the building's owner, still has time to get a loan approved and satisfy its creditors, but for now, the auction is still on.
Ireland XI vs Kosovo – Predicted lineup and team news
The Republic of Ireland will take on Kosovo in their first UEFA Nations League B fixture on Thursday, travelling away as they aim to begin their latest campaign with a positive result.Ireland arrive i...
Kosova vs Ireland – Match preview and team news
Ireland is set to face Kosovo in their opening UEFA Nations League B match on Thursday, away from home as they look to start their new campaign on a positive note.Kosova vs Ireland – Match preview ...
Browns kicker named AFC special teams player of week
Cleveland Browns kicker Andre Szmyt was honored for his Week 2 performance against Tampa Bay.
Carolina Panthers vs. Cleveland Browns Week 3 TV Map
See which cities get to watch the Panthers vs. Browns game on television this week.
Guardians’ Parker Messick in Impressive Franchise Territory
Parker Messick is among the Cleveland Guardians franchise leaders in innings pitched by a rookie.
Melania Trump’s Busy Schedule: A New Show, a Foster-Care Bill and Reading Executive Orders
In a burst of activity this week, the enigmatic first lady told Americans what she has been up to after a quiet summer. Her activities have included filming a new documentary series about her life.
We need more American scientists and engineers
During the American Revolution, an aging Benjamin Franklin looked towards the future with both optimism and melancholy.
Trump's focus on noncitizen voting has led to 160 arrests. That shows it's rare, experts say
The Trump administration's whole-of-government effort to find and prosecute noncitizens illegally on state voter rolls has resulted in about 1,600 voter fraud cases that have led to 160 arrests, Homeland Security Investigations senior official Matthew Millhollin said in a press briefing Tuesday.
Guardians reach 2 million fans again. Here’s what drove business.
The Guardians saw gains in group and premium sales, corporate partnerships and TV advertising during another strong season at Progressive Field.
BMAC windows reflect refugees’ perspectives on migration and home
BRATTLEBORO — What do the concepts of “migration” and “home” mean to people forced to flee a beloved homeland, only to encounter new perils in the country where they land?
Carson Valley Health Becomes Cleveland Clinic Connected Member
Collaboration expands access to clinical expertise, education and best practices to support high-quality care in Carson Valley, Nev., and surrounding areas
Melania Trump launches new Imperia women’s initiative
Its member include CEOs, founders, innovators and entrepreneurs
Cleveland launches Community Crisis Response Bureau
Cleveland is launching a Community Response Bureau for unarmed community crisis responses for behavioral health and substance use emergencies.
ICE shooting renews questions over equipping officers with body cameras
Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin said every ICE field officer will have a body camera by the end of September.
Guardians beat Red Sox, 3-2, helping them atop AL Central
Nathaniel Lowe had a tiebreaking sacrifice fly off reliever Erik Miller in the ninth inning, and the Cleveland Guardians maintained their slim first-place lead in the AL Central with a 3-2 victory over the Boston Red Sox on Tuesday night.
Health wearables can help track trends, but doctors warn against relying on them alone
Doctors say health wearables are useful for tracking trends over time, but warn against using them to diagnose conditions or panic over individual readings.
University Hospitals creates new role to expand venture investing
University Hospitals named Melissa Cohen to a new role overseeing venture investments and business development.
This week's top high school football games
A look at two of this week's top high school football games: Hart plays Saugus in a key Foothill League game; Crenshaw takes on unbeaten Cleveland.
Major Downtown Cleveland development lands an anchor tenant for its office space
The general contractor for the $120 million, mixed-use development will take up about 7,100 square feet of space with a new office.
Kelly keen to kick on in Nations League campaign
Northern Ireland midfielder is hoping to build on a promising start to his international career during the upcoming Nations League campaign.
Browns QB Trade Could Help Giants After Jaxson Dart Injury
The Cleveland Browns have a four-man quarterback room, and with the Giants desperate after the Jaxson Dart injury, a trade could be in order. The post Browns QB Trade Could Help Giants After Jaxson Dart Injury appeared first on HEAVY.
‘A Whole Lotta Politics’ — Rapper Quavo Reads Between the Lines While Backing Shedeur Sanders Over Deshaun Watson for Browns’ QB1
The Cleveland Browns spent an entire offseason putting Deshaun Watson and Shedeur Sanders through a quarterback competition before ultimately handing Watson the job. Quavo does not sound convinced that the decision was based entirely on football.
Knicks’ path to a repeat runs straight through Cleveland
The Knicks will not get to ease into the part of the schedule that matters. The NBA has them visiting […]
Syracuse athletic department hires Cleveland Cavaliers exec to boost business
Chris Presson will run the business side of the Syracuse athletic department for Bryan Blair.
Melania Trump breaks with the president on media ban
President Donald Trump has implemented a ban on CNN, MS NOW and Politico at the White House, seizing reporters’ credentials amid what he deems unfair coverage. First lady Melania Trump, however, is taking a different approach on press freedom.
Orlando Health Watson Clinic Lakeland Highlands Hospital and Polk State College announce partnership with hospital’s $1 million historic gift
Orlando Health Watson Clinic Lakeland Highlands Hospital today announced that it is gifting $1 million to Polk State College over five years. In recognition of the commitment, the Radiography Suite at the soon-to-open Polk State…
Orlando Health gives Polk State College $1 million toward new campus
Orlando Health Watson Clinic Lakeland Highlands Hospital will donate $1 million over five years to the Polk State College Foundation.
The ICE Officer in Austin Wasn’t Wearing a Body Cam
The officer who shot a Venezuelan man was hired last year from another federal law-enforcement agency.
Republican senator calls for Don Jr. and Hunter Biden to be subpoenaed over business dealings
Sen. John Curtis (R-UT) called for Donald Trump Jr. and Hunter Biden to be subpoenaed over their business dealings, citing corruption concerns. In an open letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee, Curtis cited growing concerns from the public about corruption by the families of members of Congress and the president, who use their proximity to […]
New calls for ICE accountability, transparency emerge after Austin shooting
A Venezuelan man was shot and wounded by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer during a traffic stop in Austin on Sunday.
Hall of Famer Warns Browns QB Deshaun Watson
A Hall of Famer had a stark warning for Cleveland Browns quarterback Deshaun Watson ahead of his home debut. The post Hall of Famer Warns Browns QB Deshaun Watson appeared first on HEAVY.
Is 50 the new 60?
Subscribe TL;DR: Younger generations are showing signs of worse health compared to earlier-born cohorts at the same age This backward “drift” is showing up both in mortality risk and chronic disease Worsening trends in obesity and diabetes are the most consistent signals Taking the long view, we’ve made astonishing gains in health and life expectancy in the last century. Global average life expectancy has more than doubled from 32 years in 1900 to 73 years in 2024. (But don’t forget, there were still old people when life expectancy was 32). As people lived longer, they also generally lived healthier along the way. It turns out that avoiding things that can kill you early, like malnutrition and lots of childhood infections, also keeps you healthier later in life. In a classic 2004 paper, Finch and Crimmins proposed that cohorts of children who benefited from fewer early life infections had less lifetime exposure to inflammation and cardiovascular disease later in life, accelerating mortality improvements at older ages. Poor nutrition in the womb has also been linked to a higher risk of later chronic disease. The upshot is that improvements in childhood health can pay dividends many decades later. The combination of better living conditions (nutrition, sanitation) and medical advances (antibiotics, vaccines, blood pressure meds, etc) meant that people’s healthy lifespan generally expanded, even as they lived longer. Aging researchers call this best-case scenario “compression of morbidity”—meaning we delay the onset of disease and disability even faster than the years of life we are adding. During my 20+ year research career, we could generally bank on the idea that younger generations would not only live longer but also keep getting healthier along the way. “60 is the new 50” as they say… Enter “Generational Health Drift” Sadly, this expectation of steady progress may be changing. You’ve probably heard that US life expectancy gains have slowed to a crawl in the past couple of decades. Mortality improvements are also slowing (though less dramatically) in many other high-income countries (you can read more about that in a review paper I wrote here). Mortality is a very blunt health measure, but it is often a good barometer for the broader population health trends happening underneath. And we are now seeing that younger generations may be in worse health at similar ages compared to earlier born cohorts. My collaborator Prof. George Ploubidis at University College London coined this worsening health in more recently born cohorts “generational health drift.” “Generational health drift” is bad news on multiple fronts. Most obviously, we don’t want our health progress to go backward. But the timing is also bad, since our populations are aging. In demographic terms, “population aging” means that the proportion of the population at older ages (i.e >65 years) is increasing. Fun demography fact: Current population aging is not due to the recent declines in the birth rates making the news, but declines in fertility decades ago, after the “baby boom.” As baby boomers reach older ages, the smaller cohorts behind them mean the percentage of older adults will increase. For example, the share of the population age 65 and older in the US increased from 12.4% in 2004 to 18.0% in 2024. This story of population aging was written long ago. Many worry that population aging will put pressure on health care and pension systems. But if people reach older ages in better health than in years past, those fiscal pressures would be less dire than projected. Healthy older people can also continue to contribute to society in many valuable ways, including paid work, caregiving, community service….even high political office 🤷. On the flip side, if younger generations reach retirement age in worse health and with more disabling conditions, this could magnify the societal challenge of population aging. Evidence for worsening generational health A recent paper that I LOVED in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Dr. Leah Abrams and colleagues examined which birth cohorts (aka generations) were behind worsening US mortality. Behold the Lexis diagram (cue swooning demographers). Calendar time is on the x-axis, age on the y-axis. Birth cohorts can be followed over time as they age on the diagonal lines moving up and to the right. This figure plots the year-on-year % change in all-cause mortality at a given age. Green shading indicates mortality improvements over time, white is stagnation, and gray shading indicates worsening mortality. Following the diagonal line for those born in 1950, you can see a noticeable shift from green to gray that follows this cohort for most of their lives. This gray shading shows generally worsening mortality for the 1950 to 1959 birth cohorts compared to their predecessors across all ages. Concerningly for my GenX and elder millennial peeps, there was also a deterioration in mortality for birth cohorts born in the 1970s and 1980s, visible as dark gray areas at ages 30 to 45 during the 2010s. While some of these mortality changes reflect specific shocks such as the opioid epidemic, most deaths still occur from major causes of death such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. For cancer, the gray in the top left corner of the figure below reflects the legacies of smoking for older cohorts, followed by a period of green with improvements in cancer mortality as smoking rates declined. But the white/gray shading in the bottom right corner highlights a stagnation and reversal of the cancer trends, with cohorts born around 1970 to 1985 experiencing worsening cancer mortality. This deterioration was most noticeable for colon cancer mortality, possibly linked to obesity or dietary factors. Not just dying more, but less healthy along the way. A recent paper by Dr. Laura Gimeno of University College London (of which I am a co-author), found evidence that more recently born cohorts in Great Britain have stagnating or worsening health. A stylized picture of what“generational health drift” might look like: The review paper found: Rates of childhood overweight and obesity were highest among Gen Z. Rates of diabetes in the 40s almost doubled from 3.1% among the Baby Boomers to 5.9% in Generation X. Gen Z reported higher rates of poor mental health in adolescence compared to earlier-born groups. These UK results are consistent with studies showing worsening health across generations in the US as well. A 2021 US study found that more recently born cohorts had worse biological markers (like blood pressure and blood sugar) than earlier generations at the same age. A separate 2022 study of Americans aged 50 and over found that more recently born generations had a higher number of chronic diseases, with younger age of disease onset. A 2024 Lancet paper found that in the US, women born in 1945 had 33% obesity prevalence at age 50, rising to 48.2% for women born in 1970 turning 50. So what’s going on, and can we turn it around? We don’t have a definitive answer for what’s causing the deteriorating health of younger cohorts, but circumstantial evidence points to worsening trends in obesity and diabetes in both the US and UK. Remember that cohort trends reflect lagged effects of early environments, and younger generations have faced both earlier onset and more severe obesity across their lifetimes. Despite these very concerning trends, the future is not set in stone. We’ve reversed poor generational health trends before: drops in smoking are a major reason cancer and heart disease deaths fell so dramatically in recent decades. GLP-1 drugs may finally turn the tide against rising rates of obesity and diabetes, though it is still early days. But things could also get worse…for example from a return to higher levels of childhood infectious diseases that can have a lasting impact on health. See for example: [ ](https://jenndowd.substack.com/p/dont-you-forget-about-measles-the) [ Don’t You Forget About Me(asles): The Virus That Erases Immune Memory ](https://jenndowd.substack.com/p/dont-you-forget-about-measles-the) Jenn Dowd, PhD · March 24, 2025 [ Read full story ](https://jenndowd.substack.com/p/dont-you-forget-about-measles-the) Even as an optimist, emerging data on the “generational health drift” has my full attention. For most of my research career, we took it for granted that each generation would be healthier than the last. But if present trends continue, **50 could be the new 60….**and Gen Z celebrities will soon look older than Paul Rudd :). Stay well, Jenn Share the Health! If you found this post useful, please share it with a friend. Share
Cade Smith takes consistent, disciplined approach to mound for Guardians
Closer Cade Smith continues to take a consistent and disciplined approach to the mound for the first-place Cleveland Guardians.
Egan's late career resurgence back to Premier League
BBC Sport NI looks at Republic of Ireland centre-back's John Egan's rise back to the Premier League with Hull City and the international set-up under Heimir Hallgrimsson.
Cleveland to demolish J Glen Smith health center, relocate services
CMSD plans to build a new Glenville High School there. Cleveland and MetroHealth plan to move their services elsewhere in the area.
Andy Reid reveals injury updates on Josh Simmons, Mansoor Delane
During his press conference, Kansas City Chiefs head coach Andy Reid revealed injury updates on Josh Simmons and Mansoor Delane | @EdEastonJr
The SEC in a Sentence: Magnolia State Magic Edition
Welcome to the SEC in a sentence, in which we attempt to distill yet another wild and crazy weekend of SEC football into, but a single sentence for each of the leagues 16 combatants. It was another wild one, perhaps wilder that some teams (lookin’ at you, Aggieland) would have preferred. But that’s why we […]
Cavaliers Receive Top-15 NBA Preseason Power Ranking From Yahoo Sports
The Cleveland Cavaliers got a top-15 NBA preseason power ranking from Yahoo Sports. Find out where they landed.
Inside Florida Politics podcasters talk Melania Trump's AI event
First lady Melania Trump traveled to North Carolina recently to discuss Hurricane Helene and artificial intelligence. Hear about it on Inside Florida Politics.
Apple TV series postponed after Charlie Kirk shooting gets release date
Jessica Chastain’s “The Savant” will premiere in spring 2027 after Apple TV postponed the political thriller days before its planned 2025 debut.
Browns Concerns Raised as Star Playmaker Struggles Again
The Cleveland Browns got their first win when they beat the Buccaneers on Sunday, but one area remains a big concern. The post Browns Concerns Raised as Star Playmaker Struggles Again appeared first on HEAVY.
Business briefs: Treymor community opens in Mt. Juliet
Homebuilder group PulteGroup has announced the opening of its newest and largest Middle Tennessee John Wieland Homes neighborhood, Treymor, in Mt. Juliet. The 317-acre development community is located near Benders Ferry Road. It will feature 349 homes on lots up to nearly an acre, according to a company news release. The community will also offer
Browns NFL playoff standings: Why not after Week 2’s win?
The Week 2 victory for the Cleveland Browns means the NFL playoff order, not the NFL draft order, gets attention Monday
Akron City, Leviathan owners acquire 28-team amateur soccer league
The new owners plan to add teams and markets while creating new opportunities for players, coaches, clubs and sports business professionals.
NJ labor chief criticizes 'river of misinformation' about independent contractor rule
A rule set to take effect Oct. 1 has caused a furor among business groups and freelancers, but the state insists enforcement won't change.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers news: Bucs panic rising after Browns loss
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are picking up the pieces after their loss against the Cleveland Browns in Week 2.
Game Changers: Alberta Lewis Lee, Cleveland Cavaliers and Rock Entertainment Group
Game Changers: Alberta Lewis Lee, Cleveland Cavaliers and Rock Entertainment Group
Ads challenging a candidate are one thing. Dehumanizing someone is another: The Readers Write
Ohio voters report widespread frustration with negative political ads, citing concerns over dehumanizing attacks, excessive spending, and the impact on children and voter engagement.
Gavin and Stacey co-stars support Strictly debut, says Melanie Walters
Walters, best known for playing Gwen West in the BBC comedy, is partnered with professional Aljaz Skorjanec.
The Collapse of Western Hegemony Amid the Ruins of Gaza
Ireland, in particular, carries within its national memory the trauma of British colonialism and forced displacement from its lands.
Republic of Ireland braced for testing Nations League
BBC Sport NI looks at how Republic of Ireland and their opponents - Kosovo, Israel and Austria are shaping up for the Nations League.
Browns vs. Panthers odds: Opening lines for Week 3 matchup
Is Cleveland a home favorite after getting their first win? Let’s see what the odds say.
Panthers vs. Browns odds: Opening lines for Week 3 matchup
Where does FanDuel put the Carolina Panthers against the Cleveland Browns next week?
Rueben Bain Jr. Invisible Again as Buccaneers Fall to Cleveland
Tampa Bay's prized rookie, Rueben Bain Jr., was invisible once again as the Buccaneers fell at home to the Cleveland Browns in a devastating upset.
Harold Fannin Jr. totals five receptions
Cleveland Browns tight end Harold Fannin Jr. had five receptions for 54 yards on six targets in Week 2
Denzel Boston records another long TD
Cleveland Browns wide receiver Denzel Boston finished with five receptions for a game-high 95 yards and a 55-yard touchdown in Week 2
Quinshon Judkins stuck in neutral in Week 2
Cleveland Browns running back Quinshon Judkins rushed 12 times for just 21 yards in Week 2
Deshaun Watson tosses two TDs in win
Cleveland Browns quarterback Deshaun Watson completed 24 of 30 passes for 238 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions in Week 2.
Another poor game for Colston Loveland
Chicago Bears tight end Colston Loveland had one catch for just three yards on three targets in Week 2
Browns-Buccaneers delayed by lightning in final minutes
The Cleveland Browns game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers was delayed by lightning at the two-minute warning.
How the Cleveland Guardians Could Get a Playoff Bye
The Cleveland Guardians are playing for more than just a spot in the postseason. A playoff bye is still very much in the cards.
USA loss a game Ireland 'should have won'
Ireland head coach Scott Bemand says their defeat against USA in the WXV Global Series opener at Tallaght Stadium was "a game we should have won".
Cleveland Browns vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Week 2 discussion
The Cleveland Browns take on the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 2.
Browns vs. Bucs live updates: Score, highlights and analysis
Our live blog covering the Browns in Week 2 is here for their matchup with the Bucs.
I moved from NYC to Boston and had 3 kids while building my career
I left my 9-5 to freelance and my husband and I moved from New York to Boston. While we built our family of 5, I built my career.
Jelly Roll says he’s prepared to give up music career for different calling
Jelly Roll said he has achieved everything he wanted in music and is seeking spiritual guidance about what comes next.
'Trespasses' review: Come for the romance, stay for the historical drama
This adaptation of Louise Kennedy's 2022 debut novel on PBS follows a clandestine affair between a young Catholic schoolteacher and a Protestant barrister during the Troubles in Ireland.
Is the deluge of negative dark-money political ads in Ohio working? Editorial Board Roundtable
So what does our Editorial Board Roundtable make of this onslaught of negative ads? A sign that dark-money spending needs to be better regulated? Could it depress turnout or make governing harder for whoever does win?
Latest on Brayan Rocchio After Early Exit in Guardians’ Win
Brayan Rocchio left with an injury during the Cleveland Guardians' win over the Athletics.
Cleveland Guardians' Cade Smith in Elite Company
Cleveland Guardians closer Cade Smith is an elite pitcher but still isn't getting the recognition he deserves.
Prediction For Buccaneers Week 2 Game Against Cleveland Browns
Tampa Bay is looking to bounce back in Week 2 against a Cleveland team that was dominated a week ago.
Guardians’ Jose Ramirez Regaining Form at Perfect Time
Jose Ramirez has come up with multiple big hits for the Cleveland Guardians over the last week.
EB-2 NIW Green Card Case Study: Approval for Business and Wellness Professional from Venezuela
Business Executive and Wellness Professional Colombo & Hurd secured an EB-2 National Interest Waiver (NIW) green card for a business and wellness professional from Venezuela focused on mental wellness education, early awareness, and prevention. USCIS approved the EB-2 NIW petition without a Request for Evidence, and after the Adjustment of Status (AOS) process, the client received her green card and is now a permanent resident of the United States.
Melanie Griffith stuns in black swimsuit during wellness retreat: 'Healing and renewal'
Melanie Griffith shared stunning swimsuit photos from her week at Austrian health resort, calling the experience "a little heaven on earth."
Guardians News: When Detroit Wins, Cleveland Wins
News and Notes for Saturday, September 19th, 2026
White Sox See 307-2 Scenario Go Against Them
The Chicago White Sox looked comfortably on their way to tying the AL Central Division at the top again with the Cleveland Guardians. The Guardians were finishing off a Friday night win over the Athletics, but the White Sox were also in control, leading 8-2 against the Detroit Tigers. That’s when everything went wrong. And […] The post White Sox See 307-2 Scenario Go Against Them appeared first on HEAVY.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. 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Browns Predicted to Shelve Deshaun Watson Mid-Game Against Buccaneers
The Cleveland Browns are expected to essentially end their relationship with quarterback Deshaun Watson during Week 2. The post Browns Predicted to Shelve Deshaun Watson Mid-Game Against Buccaneers appeared first on HEAVY.