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An ordinary laptop solved a problem thought to require a quantum computer
A quantum problem once described as impossible for classical computers has now been solved using relatively modest hardware. Researchers used tensor networks to compress the overwhelming wave function created by hundreds of entangled qubits, allowing some calculations to run on a laptop. Their results matched both theoretical predictions and simulations performed with a quantum computer. The method could open new paths for exploring quantum dynamics and materials.
Solve complex materials-science problems with the new Fire Opal quantum-dynamics simulator
Fire Opal helps solve meaningfully advanced physical-simulation problems in fields including materials science and energy.
Why the Trump effect is different in 2026 than 2018
The brightest warning light for Democrats in this year’s election is the consistent finding in early national and state polls that they are not winning nearly as large a share of voters who disapprove of President Donald Trump’s performance as they did during his first term. Paradoxically, that dynamic could represent a major danger for Republicans if it proves unsustainable through November.
Evan Engram is key to unlocking the Broncos offense
Evan Engram adds an element to the Broncos offense that could make it more dynamic given he’s utilized properly.
Amazon delivery companies to lay off more than 100
San Francisco is totally unprepared for the coming wealth tsunami.
iPhone 18 Pro Launching in Two Months With These 12 New Features
It is now mid-July, and that means the iPhone 18 Pro and iPhone 18 Pro Max are now just two months away. The devices are expected to look similar to the iPhone 17 Pro and iPhone 17 Pro Max, but there will still be many year-over-year changes, with rumored features including a smaller Dynamic Island, 5G via satellite, and more.
Castlevania: Belmont’s Curse hands-on report
Konami and Evil Empire get the blood pumping with slick combat in classic Castlevania.
The Unlikely Story Of How Konami Asked Evil Empire To Make Castlevania: Belmont's Curse
What started as a simple crossover request became a years-long collaboration.
Packers to recognize Wisconsin mental health advocates for Packers Give Back Game Aug. 28
Preseason game to highlight NAMI Wisconsin’s commitment to mental health advocacy throughout Wisconsin
Google continues its renaming streak by turning NotebookLM to Gemini Notebook
Google said users can soon access their notebooks through AI Mode in Search.
Jennifer Garner praises ex-husband Ben Affleck as ‘incredible co-parent’: ‘He’s a great partner in that way’
‘The Five Star Weekend’ actress Jennifer Garner praises ex-husband Ben Affleck as an ‘incredible co-parent,’ and credits their dynamic for ‘freeing’ her to take more acting gigs now.
Soccer stadium partners with Rock Entertainment Group
Cleveland Soccer Group (CSG) today announced that Rock Entertainment Group (REG) – the organization behind the Cleveland Cavaliers, Rocket Arena and Cleveland’s incoming WNBA franchise – will lead the naming rights and entitlement sales process for South Gateway Stadium, CSG’s planned 10,000-seat venue on the south side of downtown Cleveland. Read More
Rock Entertainment Group to sell naming rights for downtown soccer stadium
REG previously partnered with the Cleveland Soccer Group on its failed bid to bring an expansion NWSL team to the city.
Every Team Has an Edge: EA SPORTS™ NHL® 27 Overhauls All 32 Arena Atmospheres and Presentation for Total Immersion
Powered by Real-World NHL EDGE™ Data and Unique Team Playbooks, NHL® 27 Releases September 11 with Generational Talent Macklin Celebrini Gracing the Cover Watch the Reveal Trailer HERE Electronic Arts Inc. (NASDAQ: EA) today unveiled EA SPORTS™ NHL 27 , launching September 11, 2026 on PlayStation®5 and Xbox Series X|S. EA SPORTS™ NHL® 27 brings all 32 NHL arenas to life with authentic atmospheres: presentation that reflects each team’s identity, a new commentary team, a new dynamic crowd system, and a new modernized broadcast package. Alongside new social and competitive mode Connected Franchise, this year marks one of the most significant upgrades in franchise history. Generational talent and San Jose Sharks forward Macklin Celebrini headlines the Standard and Deluxe Edition covers, ushering in a new era of the EA SPORTS™ NHL franchise. NHL 27 Deluxe Edition Cover “Seeing the Shark Tank brought to life like that is honestly unreal,” said Macklin Celebrini, NHL 27 cover athlete. “The
Not Politics, Just Heritage
The Interstate 40 bridge that crosses over Douglas Lake and the French Broad River now bears the name, “President Donald J. Trump Bridge.” On July 9, state officials unveiled the new bridge signs during a ceremony held at the exit 425 westbound rest area in Dandridge. This comes after the naming of the bridge was
Beck the Lead Author of Article Published in <em>Quaternary Science Reviews</em>
“Pleistocene record of a dynamic, fluctuating lacustrine margin from the Turkana Basin, Kenya,” co-authored by Associate Professor of Geosciences Catherine (Cat) Beck, appears in the October issue of Quaternary Science Reviews from Elsevier.
Thermodynamic Computers Go With the (Energy) Flow
Today’s computers need safeguards against random energy fluctuations. Thermodynamic computers would put those fluctuations to use.
Imax, Goer Dynamics Partner on In-Car Entertainment System for China
Imax and Goer Dynamics are developing the world's first Imax-branded in-vehicle entertainment system, set to enter production in China this year.
Imax to Develop Entertainment System for Self-Driving Cars in China
The big-screen innovator and Goer Dynamics, an arm of the Chinese manufacturing giant behind Meta's headsets and Apple's AirPods, aim to start production by the end of 2026.
Konami Confirms Its New Castlevania Game Will Launch This October On Switch
Simultaneous release confirmed
Castlevania: Belmont’s Curse for Switch launches October 15
The Switch version of Castlevania: Belmont’s Curse will launch day and date with the PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC (Steam, Microsoft Store) versions on October 15, publisher Konami and d…
SkyFall
NASA's SkyFall mission to Mars, building on the success of the Ingenuity helicopter, will send a trio of aircraft to survey the Red Planet, uncover clues about its climate history, scout areas inaccessible to rovers, and prepare for human explorers.
County business park to get first infrastructure, new name
New Hanover County’s Holly Shelter Business Park could be getting its first infrastructure and a new name in the coming months. The New Hanover County Board of Commissioners unanimously approved a $6.5 million infrastructure construction contract and renaming on Monday. Once developed, the approximately 300-acre master-planned industrial park is expected to accommodate more than 2 million square feet of industrial space. The construction contract was awarded to Carolina Civilworks, which submitted the lowest responsive bid for the construction of the infrastructure, Akin Akinola, the county’s engineer, told commissioners on Monday. In May 2023, the county approved a development agreement with Sidbury Land & Property Company to establish the business park. The firm then conveyed approximately 52 acres to the county, giving officials the option to purchase another 200 acres, Akinola said. “The county’s role is to construct the initial public infrastructure that will make the site ready for future development,” he said. “Today’s contract award represents the first major construction phase of that project.” The first phase of development will include approximately 2,750 linear feet of business park roadway, a water main and fire hydrants, along with a sanitary sewer pump station, sewer force main and gravity sewer. Other infrastructure will include a right-turn lane on Holly Shelter Road, along with associated drainage, utilities and traffic control improvements. “Completing this work establishes the backbone infrastructure necessary to serve future development and positions the site for future economic investment,” Akinola said on Monday. County staff, in consultation with Wilmington Business Development officials, are also recommending renaming the park as the I-40 Coastal Commerce Park, said Jennifer Rigby, the county’s chief strategy officer. The new name would emphasize the park’s proximity to I-40 and its location on the coast, she said. Several county commissioners also asked to add New Hanover County's name to the business park's name to commemorate the county's contributions. “We are hoping to achieve space for our businesses to grow and expand here in New Hanover County,” Rigby said. “We’ve had great success with out Blue Clay Business Park and this is another opportunity to really provide locations for our businesses to grow and expand.”
SGMC Health Foundation Receives Gift for Joyce Aigen Labor and Delivery Unit
The SGMC Health Foundation announces the naming of the Joyce Aigen Labor and Delivery Unit at SGMC Health, honoring Ms. Joyce Aigen and her lasting impact on family and community.
Atlanta Dream and Emory Healthcare Announce Unique Collaboration to Advance Women's Health, Both On and Off the Court
Multi-year partnership will provide world-class athlete care, expand access to women's health resources, and use the power of sport to improve health outcomes for women and girls across Georgia ATLANTA (July 14, 2026) – The Atlanta Dream today announced a multi-year partnership with Emory Healthcare, naming Emory Healthcare the Official Team Healthcare Provider and Official Sports Medicine Provider of the Atlanta Dream. Rooted in a shared commitment to advancing women's health, the collaboration will deliver elite athlete care while expanding access to trusted health education and wellness resources throughout the community. A New Model for Women's Health The Atlanta Dream and Emory Healthcare believe sports can become one […]
Yazoo City board meeting turns contentious over city business
Several items were discussed during the meeting, including street renaming, permit issues, and the purchase of county vehicles. Some attendees directed blame at the previous administration during the proceedings.
Yurachek discusses 2025-26 for Arkansas Athletics
Arkansas Athletics is navigating one of the biggest shifts in college sports history, and Athletic Director Hunter Yurachek explains what it all means. From the new CommunityAmerica Razorback Stadium naming rights agreement to NIL, revenue sharing, fundraising, football and the future of every Razorback program, Yurachek pulls back the curtain on the decisions shaping Arkansas Athletics. He also shares why he's confident in the direction of Ryan Silverfield's football program, the challenges of competing in the SEC's new era and how the Razorbacks plan to stay ahead in an ever-changing landscape.
Large Language Models in Life Science Research: What Scientists Need to Know
Large language models are reshaping literature review, coding, and scientific writing in life science research. Explore what LLMs can and cannot do reliably.
Scientists discovered the brain doesn't make decisions the way we thought
A new study suggests the brain begins making decisions much earlier than scientists previously thought. Researchers found that even primary sensory regions are influenced by higher brain areas through rapid feedback loops, rather than simply passing information forward. This more dynamic view of brain function could help engineers design future AI systems that think more like biological brains while using far less power.
Cloud Computing for Life Science Research: AWS, Google Cloud, and HPC—Which Do You Need?
A practical, no-hype comparison of cloud computing for life science research: when AWS, Google Cloud, or institutional HPC actually fits. Explore the guide.
Data Sharing in Life Sciences: How to Share Research Data Without Sharing What You Shouldn't
Discover how to manage research data sharing in life sciences, covering NIH and UKRI funder mandates, GDPR compliance, embargoes, and data availability rules.
Super Bomberman Collection update to add Super Bomberman: Panic Bomber W on August 20
Konami will release a free update for Super Bomberman Collection on August 20 that adds Super Bomberman: Panic Bomber W as a playable title, the company annonuced (2).
Super Bomberman Collection update announced, adding Panic Bomber W for free
A new update is in the works for Super Bomberman R which will add Panic Bomber W for free, Konami just announced. This is planned for August 20, 2026. Panic Bomber W originally released on the Super Famicom. It’s a puzzle game in which you can attack opponents with combos and “Big Bombs”. Super Bomberman Collection is already packed with...
What happens next with Lindsey Graham’s Senate seat
South Carolina's Republican governor is tasked with naming a replacement to serve out the rest of Graham's term, and a special primary is set for August.
Spyro: A Realm Beyond dev explains why it's not Spyro 4
Spyro is finally back with a brand new game with next year’s A Realm Beyond, but it technically isn’t Spyro 4 – at least in name. Toys for Bob recently commented on the naming decision. You may remember that when Crash Bandicoot was brought back with a brand new game, we did end up getting Crash Bandicoot 4. However, Toys...
Armor Health selected as new medical provider for Blair County Prison
HOLLIDAYSBURG — A Florida-based company is expected to take over inmate medical care at the Blair County Prison as of Aug. 1, after the county’s longtime contract with PrimeCare Medical, a Harrisburg-based company, expires as of July 31. Commissioners voted Thursday to award a three-year contract to Armor Health, with a first-year price of $3.73 […]
China targets Namibia’s oil, uranium and lithium in fresh strategic partnership
China and Namibia have signed agreements covering energy, critical minerals and infrastructure as Beijing strengthens ties with one of Africa’s fastest-growing resource economies
NASA Calibration Instrument Records First Measurements in Space
NASA’s Calibration Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory Pathfinder, or CLARREO Pathfinder mission, reached a significant milestone this summer by
Tunable resonant metasurfaces enabled by atomically thin semiconductors
Light: Science & Applications - Voltage-tunable hybrid metasurfaces integrating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with photonic bound states in the continuum enable dynamic control of...
Judge gives college basketball players a chance with injunction
CINCINNATI — An Ohio judge has granted a preliminary injunction for 24 men’s and women’s college basketball players suing the NCAA for eligibility, claiming the new age-based model unfairly shuts them out of further competition. Judge Christopher Wagner said Thursday the NCAA eligibility rules have been applied to 2022 high school graduates in an arbitrary […]
Illumina names new commercial, legal chiefs as sequencing business shows signs of stability
Illumina has filled two key C-sui | Illumina has filled two key C-suite posts, naming Mike Sullivan as chief commercial officer and Julie Coletti as chief legal officer as the DNA sequencing giant works to keep its turnaround on track after years of regulatory, geopolitical and investor turbulence.
EA SPORTS™ College Football 27 Launches Worldwide, Bringing New Era of College Football to Life
Do it For U with 138 Ways to Play in Dynasty Mode, Experience NIL and Build Your Legacy In Road to Glory Electronic Arts Inc. (NASDAQ: EA) today launched EA SPORTS™ College Football 27 worldwide on PlayStation®5, Xbox Series X|S and, for the first time ever, PC and mobile. Following the record-breaking return of the franchise, College Football 27 raises the bar once again, delivering the most authentic college football experience yet. College Football 27 captures real world elements that impact gameday like never before. College Football 27 is the definitive modern college football experience. Every major change happening in the sport — from NIL and coaching movement to recruiting, player development and game day — is now reflected in the game at unprecedented scale. Built around the current college football landscape, College Football 27 introduces the biggest changes to Dynasty Mode since the game's introduction, including all-new dynamic weather, expanded Road to Glory positions
Machine Learning for Life Scientists: A Practical Methods Guide
Learn practical machine learning methods for life science research, covering supervised learning, model evaluation, and how to choose the right approach.
Olympic Q-Series sports programme confirmed for Tokyo, Shanghai, Montreal and Orlando
The sports programme for each stop of the Olympic Q-Series has been confirmed, with Tokyo, Shanghai, Montreal and Orlando set to stage a dynamic mix of team and individual sports on the road to the LA28 Olympic Games.
Accel Entertainment (ACEL) Leaves An Index, Is The Stock Still Undervalued?
Accel Entertainment (ACEL) was recently removed from the Russell 2000 Dynamic Index, a change that can affect how some index-linked funds treat the stock, as well as how investors think about liquidity and visibility. See our latest analysis for Accel Entertainment. The recent index removal comes as Accel Entertainment’s share price sits at $12.42, with a 90-day share price return of 6.61% and a 3-year total shareholder return of 16.07%. This suggests momentum has been building over the...
Despite the hoopla, US men’s soccer still stagnant
SEATTLE — For all the growth in American soccer over the past quarter-century, the U.S. men’s national team remains stagnant. Christian Pulisic, Tyler Adams and Weston McKennie fared no better at the World Cup in 2022 and 2026 than Tim Howard, Michael Bradley and Jozy Altidore did in 2010 and 2014. “We want to be […]
Dynamic New Entertainment Venue Coming To Pittsburgh
The number of entertainment options on Pittsburgh's North Shore will continue to grow with the opening of Mic Drop. Get the details here.
Strong Flare Erupts from Sun
The Sun emitted a strong solar flare, peaking at 4:41 p.m. ET on July 4. NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, which watches the Sun constantly, captured an
AI and Data Science in Life Science Research: A Practical Guide for Scientists
Discover how AI and data science are reshaping life science research, covering genomics, imaging, ML methods, data management, and LLM tools for scientists.
Democrat Mallory McMorrow suspends her Michigan Senate campaign and scrambles the pivotal race
McMorrow’s exit comes after many Democrats increasingly viewed her as a long shot for the nomination. It also creates a fresh dynamic in one of the country’s most closely watched Senate races.
Record-breaking ocean drilling reveals why Japan's 2011 tsunami was so deadly
Scientists have uncovered a hidden weakness beneath the Pacific Ocean that helps explain why Japan’s catastrophic 2011 earthquake and tsunami became so devastating. By drilling deeper into the seafloor than ever before, researchers discovered a thin, slippery layer of ancient clay that allowed the massive rupture to race all the way to the ocean floor, triggering enormous seafloor movement and a powerful tsunami.
Drew Litton: The unifying power of sport
The cartoonist looks at the impact of soccer's World Cup and sees a dynamic that extends well beyond the pitch.
‘Education, entertainment and celebration’: American Village hosting 2-day event for Fourth of July, America’s 250th
The two day festival spans from July 3 to July 4, bringing together music, history, food, art and family-friendly experiences in a “dynamic and patriotic setting.”
Accel Entertainment (ACEL) After Russell 2000 Exit Has Undervaluation Back In Focus
Index removal puts Accel Entertainment back in focus Accel Entertainment (ACEL) was recently removed from the Russell 2000 Dynamic Index, an event that can influence institutional ownership patterns, index tracking fund flows, and short term trading activity around the stock. See our latest analysis for Accel Entertainment. Against that backdrop, Accel Entertainment’s recent share price moves have been mixed, with a 1-day share price return of 1.27% but a 7-day share price return that...
Jaylen Waddle and Courtland Sutton rank sixth in CBS Sports’ dynamic duo wide receiver ranking
Will 2026 be the year that the Denver Broncos once against boast two 1,000-yard wide receivers?
Oregon store pauses Yu-Gi-Oh! card game competitions after complaints about players’ hygiene
The issue of hygiene in competitive gaming has prompted major publishers, including Yu-Gi-Oh! publisher Konami, to enact formal regulations in the past
How Investors May Respond To PENN Entertainment (PENN) Aurora Casino Opening And Russell 2000 Shift
PENN Entertainment recently celebrated the grand opening of its new US$360 million Hollywood Casino and Hotel Aurora in Illinois, while also being moved from the Russell 1000 family of indices into the Russell 2000, Russell 2000 Value, and Russell 2000 Dynamic indices as part of the latest rebalancing. This combination of a large-scale brick-and-mortar investment and a shift toward small-cap and value-oriented index inclusion reshapes how both fundamental and index-tracking investors may...
2026 NFL WR dynamic duo rankings: Cowboys' Cee Dee Lamb-George Pickens tandem among elite
Which NFL team has the best pair of wide receivers?
Content Independence Day, one year on: building the business model for the agentic Internet
One year after declaring Content Independence Day, a dynamic market for monetized content has officially emerged. In this report, we examine how the rise of autonomous AI agents is upending traditional search referrals and detail the new infrastructure required to support a sustainable web economy.
How Trump chose a former Oklahoma state trooper to lead ICE — and handed Markwayne Mullin a win
After an occasionally rocky start in his new post, Homeland Security Secretary Markwayne Mullin won an internal debate when President Donald Trump announced he was nominating Lance Schroyer, a former Oklahoma state trooper, to lead Immigration and Customs Enforcement, five sources familiar with the dynamic told CNN.
Action! NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Begins Capturing the Greatest Cosmic Movie Ever Made
The wait is over: NSF–DOE Rubin Observatory, funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science, is now capturing the cosmos in unprecedented detail, transforming the way we study the dynamic Universe.
Apple Is Moving The iPhone 18 Pro’s IR Flooder To The Side, As A CT Scan Exposes A Huge Vapor Chamber Stretching To The Top, And A Smaller Dynamic Island
Apple has moved iPhone 18 Pro's infrared flooder to the side, while housing the front camera and the Face ID scanner within a smaller cutout.
Not many ‘Iron Men’ are left in Major League Baseball
Pete Alonso played his 500th consecutive game this week, although if he wanted that to seem impressive to local fans, he probably picked the wrong city to play in. Alonso, of course, joined the Baltimore Orioles this past offseason. Their franchise record for consecutive games is also the big league record of 2,632 by true […]
Alt-rock band Drip Edges hits the stage at Gabe’s
Drip Edges, led by Jeremy Scott, delivers powerful alt-rock influenced by power pop bands like Sugar and the Smithereens, showcasing catchy, dynamic tracks that highlight the lead singer’s dedication to
A massive asteroid slammed into the North Sea and triggered a 330-foot tsunami
Scientists have finally confirmed the origin of the mysterious Silverpit Crater beneath the North Sea. New evidence shows that an asteroid about 160 meters wide struck the seabed roughly 43 to 46 million years ago. The impact triggered a tsunami more than 100 meters high and left behind a crater that geologists debated for years.
Jose Mourinho eyes Chelsea mainstay as his ‘priority’ signing
Former Real Madrid manager Xabi Alonso has taken over the reins as Chelsea’s new coach and is already planning the squad and his dynamics for the upcoming season.The revolutionary thinker that he is...
Andy Burnham’s meteoric rise tells us much about how politics and power are changing
The former may of Greater Manchester’s rise raises questions about the changing dynamics of political parties and leadership in an accelerated political climate.
Prescott, Parker present Cowboys with an 'iron sharpens iron' dynamic
Cowboys quarterback Dak Prescott has had issues solving two defensive schemes. With Christian Parker in the building, he may finally figure it out.
Back in business: Blue and White Snack Bar owners vow to uphold tradition of Hollidaysburg mainstay
HOLLIDAYSBURG — A local Hollidaysburg landmark is back as Blue and White Snack Bar, 905 Union St., reopened for business May 12. “The Blue and White is a landmark in Hollidaysburg and really all of Blair County. To say that people are excited to see it open again is an understatement,” Mayor Chad Repko said. […]
You’ve never seen this before: the shocking moment the sound barrier breaks - Futura-Sciences
The XB-1 is a critical stepping stone toward commercial supersonic travel, representing the first civil designed aircraft to break the sound barrier since the Concorde retired. To verify the aircraft’s aerodynamic performance during its supersonic transition, NASA deployed an advanced optical technology called schlieren imaging to make the invisible forces...
iPhone 18 Pro and Pro Max May See $200 Price Increase
Apple's iPhone 18 Pro models could be up to $200 more expensive, according to a prediction from analytics firm IDC. IDC expected Apple to raise iPhone 18 prices, but prior to yesterday's Mac and iPad price hike, the prediction was a $100 increase for the 18 Pro and Pro Max, and a $50 increase for the base models. IDC Senior Director of Data & Analytics Nabila Popal says the magnitude of the Mac and iPad price increase points to even higher iPhone 18 prices.
Past participants are now the leaders of MIT’s dynaMIT Club
The MIT student club dynaMIT teaches STEM principles to local middle school students for free every summer. They use fun, innovative experiments to inspire the next generation of scientists and engineers.
Should “Success” in Science Be Measured Differently?
Publication volumes are one of the main ways that success is measured for researchers today. From mentorship to real-world impact, scientists argue that “publish or perish” pressures overlook many of the contributions that drive discovery forward.
Octavia Spencer's Orit Entertainment Names New Heads Of Film & TV
Octavia Spencer's Orit Entertainment has made two key executive hires, naming Kathryn Tyus-Adair as Head of Film and Adam Wagner as Head of Television
Octavia Spencer’s Orit Entertainment Names Kathryn Tyus-Adair Head Of Film & Adam Wagner Head Of Television
EXCLUSIVE: Octavia Spencer’s Orit Entertainment has made two key executive hires, naming Kathryn Tyus-Adair as Head of Film and Adam Wagner as Head of Television. “Kathryn and Adam are exceptional exe...
Making Our Own Luck
We are cross-posting a piece that former NIH official Kris Willis wrote for Macroscience. Kris is now the President and Founder of the Woodley Park Institute, for which I’m a board member. Picking winners or hedging bets? Federal science agencies have long wrestled with the question of how to ensure their billions of dollars of grants and contracts result in maximum benefits for Americans. On the surface, it might seem that a goal-oriented, interventionist style of management would be the best policy: prioritize our most pressing problems and distribute funding accordingly.This top-down strategy creates a unique hazard, though: bad choices can send resources in the wrong direction, resulting in slow progress that impedes the delivery of tangible benefits to citizens. Moreover, if decision makers pursue an applied advance when the underlying scientific principles remain poorly understood, they risk costly failures and a loss of support for the research enterprise at large. Examples include Nixon’s 1971 War on Cancer, undertaken on the premise that a cure could be achieved in less than a decade, the drive to build an operational commercial fusion plant by the mid-1990s, and the National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease, which failed to produce the effective treatments and prevention strategies promised by 2025. The contrasting laissez-faire approach is to hedge your bets. If the path to an advance is impossible to predict, then the wisest choice might be to distribute funding to as widely as possible. The main risk of this strategy is that spreading funding thinly may limit the resources available to the most promising research, resulting in the same negative outcomes as the interventionist approach: limited support for the most promising topics, slow progress, and delayed returns. In reality, at science agencies like the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health, program managers navigate between these two extremes, setting some funds aside to target high-priority areas and using the rest to cover the widest possible range of meritorious proposals. This middle path seems like the most rational way to proceed, but it still requires making choices. How much should be set aside for high priority topics? What should those topics be? How should we define merit? Expert opinion can provide a helpful guide, but leading experts can have remarkably different opinions about what matters and what should be prioritized. Moreover, experts and administrators alike can be risk averse, giving an edge to high-profile, well-established concepts. What’s really needed is a data-driven framework to help guide decision-making, one that doesn’t simply repackage prestige or incumbency. Recognizing breakthroughs years in advance Many breakthroughs fail to attract funding or recognition at the earliest stages of development. Katalin Karikó, for example, spent years struggling to win grants for work on mRNA that would eventually win her and Drew Weissman a Nobel Prize. Similar stories can be told about Jim Allison’s groundbreaking studies leading to the development of cancer immunotherapy, Stan Pruisner’s demonstration that prions can self-replicate without DNA, or Robin Warren and Barry Marshall’s proof that Helicobacter pylori, not stress, causes ulcers. Yet at some point, the scientific community recognizes and responds to transformative breakthroughs like these. How does that change happen? And what if science funders could identify the areas that are on the cusp of a breakthrough? Those questions led my collaborators and me to study how scientists responded to past breakthroughs. Based on patterns in that data, we developed a means of predicting future breakthroughs, using biomedicine as a proof of concept. It’s worth taking a moment to describe how our approach works. Briefly, our prediction process begins by grouping the 18 million or so peer-reviewed papers in PubMed, the authoritative database of biomedical research, into roughly 50,000 unique topics. A small subset of these topics are so widely acclaimed as breakthroughs that they have been recognized with a major prize like a Nobel or a Lasker Award. We theorized that studying the development of these outliers over time, especially before they gained acclaim, was the key to identifying future instances of them. After defining topics, we chose 21 representative breakthroughs and asked what they looked like before they won prestigious prizes. To answer that question, we re-ran our topic-mapping algorithm repeatedly, winding back the clock one year each time, stringing together the years to follow the progress of each field as it grew and advanced. We found that in each case, the years leading up to a discovery followed a pattern: a burst of papers on a new, rapidly evolving topic, many of which quickly became influential. These characteristics—the percent of papers that are new, the percentage of papers that are brought in from other topics, and the influence of each individual paper—can all be measured separately for any given topic. Together, they act as a predictive signal that is detectable an average of five years before a transformative discovery is made, and up to thirty years before the discovery receives a major prize. Scanning the current research landscape for topics that display this signal allows us to predict what work will likely produce a future breakthrough. Each year we analyzed includes four or five signals, a number that appears to have remained constant across a twenty year time frame. In their classic work on the sociology of science, Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar established that the desire to participate in a major discovery is an important motivator for scientists as they consider whether they should take up (or abandon) a research problem. Although further work is needed, the simplest explanation for our results is that this behavior is widespread enough to detect at scale. A foundational advance, or something like it, draws the attention of scientists and causes them to change the direction of their research. They vote with their feet, staking their own reputation and careers by publishing on and citing the new idea. That upswell of interest is the foundation of our breakthrough signal. What kind of research does our model identify as a breakthrough? After building a model based on the patterns in our 21 preselected breakthroughs, we tested it by identifying all early signals of discovery from 1994 through 1997. Of the 18 signals we found in that time period, 17 can be traced forward in time to a breakthrough. Examples include super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (see the image above), the directed evolution of proteins and enzymes (Chemistry Nobel, 2018), and sequencing the human genome (National Medal of Science, 2008). The discovery of the role of leptin signaling in obesity is a particularly interesting case study. Around 1950, scientists noticed the existence of a type of lab mouse that suffered from a unique inherited form of obesity. When given the freedom to choose their own diet, these mice ate more than normal and preferred food that was high in fat. Researchers had few clues as to why the animals overate; early experiments pointed to the existence of a soluble ob factor found circulating in the bloodstream that regulated appetite, but its identity was unknown. In 1994, Jeffrey Friedman and colleagues identified and sequenced the ob gene, noting that the protein it encoded appeared to fit the profile of a circulating factor. A year later, a trio of high-profile publications demonstrated that ob was a hormone that regulated body weight and fat deposition by regulating appetite. One of these was co-authored by Friedman, who christened it leptin from the ancient Greek word for thin. Using our model, the data from 1996 make it clear this advance would become a breakthrough. Scientists had flocked to study the biology of the new hormone, generating the flurry of new papers and citations required to produce a signal. One of these demonstrated that serum leptin concentrations reflected the amount of adipose tissue in the human body, providing clinical validation of the earlier mouse studies. Before the identification of leptin, scientists were unable to point to a specific molecule that controlled appetite and adiposity, so that it was impossible to rule out non-physiological causes of obesity; its characterization fundamentally changed our concept of weight gain. In 2010, Friedman and fellow pioneer Douglas Coleman were awarded a Lasker for the discovery. Our work also identifies breakthroughs in clinical practice and behavioral and social sciences, even though these areas are less likely to draw the attention of major prize committees. One example that falls into this category is the introduction of endovascular aneurysm repair, a minimally invasive surgical procedure for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm, a leading cause of death among Americans over the age of 65. Relative to the previous standard of care, it reduces in-hospital mortality by almost four-fold. In 2017, Timothy Chuter received the American College of Surgeons’ prestigious Jacobsen Innovation award for his multiple refinements to the technique. Another under-recognized breakthrough identified by our model is the development of standardized survey instruments to assess the quality of life for HIV+ patients. The antiretroviral cocktails introduced in the mid-1990s reduced AIDS mortality, but treatment came with serious side effects. The new evaluations showed that patients whose disease progressed had worse physical functioning than Americans with other chronic diseases, while those who were asymptomatic maintained a health-related quality of life on par with the overall US population. This evidence made it possible for patients and activists to argue that even in the absence of a total cure, and in spite of the side effects, alleviation of symptoms was a worthwhile priority for clinicians. My colleagues and I have failed to identify any significant recognition for the physicians and health policy experts who pioneered this advance, although in 2016, researchers called for the World Health Organization to set targets for good health-related quality of life as part of its framework to end the AIDS pandemic. From forecasting to funding How should science funders use our predictions? Any serious discussion of what we should do with this new capability needs to begin with an understanding of its limitations. We can’t (and shouldn’t) invest all of our resources in the small number of topics predicted to produce breakthroughs. Innovative new fields are born from existing ones; they rarely arise de novo. If funders don’t maintain a diverse portfolio, the breakthroughs of tomorrow will have no antecedents. Think of this as eating the seed corn, or killing the goose that lays the golden egg. There are also multiple goals of funding beyond basic scientific discovery, including translating discoveries into clinical practice, developing new technologies, supporting economic development, and training new scientists. The investments needed to accomplish these goals are likely different from those required to support emerging breakthroughs. Finally, we must be aware that we may not capture every instance of a breakthrough. The concept is fuzzy, and not every significant discovery is recognized with a major award. Further, breakthroughs are rare, meaning that our dataset is, by necessity, small. This makes formal estimates of accuracy challenging. Although our overall success rate appears to be high, any one signal may turn out to be a false positive. We found one apparent example: the development of the third generation COX-2 inhibitors, Vioxx and Celebrex, which were much celebrated in the early 2000s as effective but non-addictive pain relievers, meets all the algorithmic criteria of a breakthrough. Five years after it received FDA approval, researchers demonstrated that Vioxx was associated with serious cardiovascular complications, and the manufacturer voluntarily pulled the drug from the market. Celebrex remains available, although like other NSAIDs, it carries an FDA warning for increased cardiovascular risk. Decision makers who were overly focused on the breakthrough potential of this research might have wasted substantial resources nurturing an area that ultimately proved to be a failure—but so would those who relied on expert opinion at the time. That said, the potential benefits of funding the next mRNA vaccine or cancer immunotherapy years earlier than we might have are large. When we can’t assume the outcome of an action, it’s worth conducting an experiment. Can targeted support for areas that are poised to produce a breakthrough increase the return on scientific investment without cannibalizing future advances? With the necessary administrative infrastructure in place, conducting this experiment would be straightforward. First, identify all the breakthrough signals between 2018 and 2023, select half at random, and commit to a decade of investment. For biomedicine, a six year window should yield about 30 topics with the potential to produce a breakthrough. Providing strong support to half of these might be accomplished for $300 million a year. That’s roughly half of the recent annual budget of the NIH Common Fund or around 20% of the fiscal year 2025 budget for ARPA-H. After five years, then again at ten, compare to see which group — the one that was actively managed, or the control — produced more breakthroughs, and on what timescale. Although we used biomedicine as an example, the same experiment could just as well be run for physics, materials science, or any other discipline. Any attempt to undertake such an experiment should keep three points top of mind. First, we can predict the topic of future breakthroughs, but the people and vision for how to move the work forward are still important. In practice, this means success requires active program managers with the expertise to develop the science and the authority to do so, including by recruiting investigators. Second, we would be wise to learn from the failures of past attempts to fund transformative research. High among these are funding modestly repackaged work, confusing the genuinely novel with the merely unfamiliar, and relying too much on incumbent investigators. All of these risks can be mitigated by thoroughly and intelligently integrating high quality data into portfolio management. Finally, we need to have patience. Even with strong funding support, producing a breakthrough takes time. If supporting breakthroughs is the best way to nurture the birth of new fields, we also need to accurately describe and properly manage the other two stages, so that we invest wisely throughout the productive lifetime of ideas and divest once they reach the point of diminishing returns. We would benefit from more study of all of these phases, especially the transition from one to another. More research could answer questions like: When does a breakthrough become an established field? How do the availability of funding, the size and characteristics of the available workforce, and the accumulation of evidence that disagrees with prevailing models affect a field’s decline? Exactly how do old ideas give birth to new ones, and can we speed up the process? The more we understand about the dynamics of scientific progress, the better we can maximize the odds that our curiosity leads to results. I’d call that finding a way to make our own luck.
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Morehead State University is honored to announce the naming of the Greene College of Science & Engineering in recognition of a significant and generous gift from Drs. Randy (Class of 1967) and Judy Greene. Approved by the MSU Board of Regents at the meeting on June 12, the college naming will take effect on July 1. A formal recognition and transition will occur later in the year. To learn more about the College of Science & Engineering and its programs, email dsci@moreheadstate.edu or call 606-783-2626. For more information on the Greene Family Scholarship Endowment, or to establish your own, contact MSU’s Office of Alumni Relations & Development at 606-783-2033 or email giving@moreheadstate.edu.