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'Rethink everything:' Local health leaders take pulse of challenges
Ventura County's biggest healthcare players examined the "big beautful bill," worker shortages and other challenges.
This truth emerges as political situations change fast: Maps show us our world, but not neutrally
There are choices involved in everything from which countries are centered to their size relative to each other and what the objects on the map are called. This map showed Africa more accurately and ...
This Truth Emerges as Political Situations Change Fast: Maps Show Us Our World, but Not Neutrally
NEW YORK (AP) — Maps. Where would we be without them? And how would we even know? They can anchor us in a place or help us get somewhere else. They can show us global political realities via the drawing of contested country borders. We take it as truth that not only does X mark the spot, it shows us ...
World Organization for Science Literacy
The World Organization for Science Literacy was officially launched in Beijing on September 20, with 32 founding institutions from 21 countries.
Litchfield County cancer screening program focuses on health risks facing firefighters
Fifty firefighters received cancer and health screenings Saturday as organizers work to expand a program designed specifically around the risks firefighters face on the job.
Iran Warns of Painful Response to Any US Aggression
TEHRAN (Tasnim) – The Khatam al-Anbia Central Headquarters of Iran warned the US and regional countries that any hostile action against Iran will trigger sustained, effective and painful attacks against their positions and interests in the region.
📸 Marseille v PSG: the biggest taunts of the decade!
All fair game. There are victories that stay in the memory... and the taunts that come with them.From Neymar to Payet, not to mention the community managers of both clubs, here’s a look back at a de...
A Cloudy Climate Mystery Over Antarctica Has Scientists Rethinking Their Models
Researchers compare observations with leading climate models to identify errors and help improve future climate predictions. Some simulations put too many low clouds over the Southern Ocean, yet still underestimate how much heat reaches the surface below. Observations from an Antarctic research voyage suggest that fixing the cloud count alone will not solve the problem.
East Tennessee has more measles cases. Health officials won’t say where
East Tennessee measles cases tallied six last week, but the state’s health department isn’t disclosing which counties those with the virus live in.
Mount Vesuvius Buried These Scrolls for 2,000 Years – Now Scientists May Read Them
Researchers recreated a damaged ancient scroll to test a new way to study the past. Lead in ancient ink could help researchers read the Herculaneum papyri, Roman scrolls buried when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE. Many are now too brittle to open, and reading them with X-rays poses its own problem. The ink and
Mark Ruffalo urges California AG Rob Bonta not to 'cave' in Paramount-Warner Bros. merger fight
Mark Ruffalo urged California Attorney General Rob Bonta not to cave on settlement talks over the $110 billion Paramount-Warner Bros. Discovery merger.
In Chile, even beloved hot dogs feel the economic squeeze
Chileans are feeling the pinch as the cost of living rises, impacting even affordable foods like the completo, the country's version of the hot dog. Official data show Chile is
Fun fall destinations in Loudoun County for home décor shopping
There are unique destination shops and events to experience this fall in Loudoun County. Here are a few of our top picks.
Loudoun County's Posh Porch Company creates stylish fall displays
Growing up in South Riding, Devon Szklennik always appreciated how her mom, Greta Davies, would transform their home with decorations each holiday season.
Viggósdóttir leading Bayern to new home
Unterhaching will welcome visitors from the world of European football on Tuesday evening as Manchester City come to town and the Champions League makes its debut here. And for FC Bayern Women, it’s...
Dejounte Murray: I wish it could have been better. I …
Dejounte Murray: I wish it could have been better. I …
Dealroom.co | Great Hill Partners: middle-market growth buyouts across software, financial services, healthcare, consumer and business services
What's the deal?Great Hill Partners is a Boston- and London-base…
Fast food from the US and China catches on in both countries
China and the United States are divided on many issues, from tariffs to Taiwan.
Ovarian cancer interrupted her travels, but it got family members to test for the BRCA1 gene
Dawn Riviere traveled the country for years with her husband Charles in their RV — from Colorado to Missouri. They always tried to come back south in the winter and
Can Democrats flip House seat in SC? Navy official fired by Hegseth faces Charleston councilwoman.
Democrats think they have a shot at picking up South Carolina’s 1st Congressional District in the Lowcountry after two straight thumpings from retiring U.S. Rep. Nancy Mace.
Aurora, Woodridge XC capture team titles at Spartan Invitational
In eight varsity races, the Greater Akron and Portage County areas combined for two team titles and two individual titles.
President Expounds on BRICS Summit Achievements
TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian outlined the achievements of his recent visit to India and participation in the 18th BRICS Summit, emphasizing the need to strengthen multilateralism, expand economic and trade cooperation, and counter unilateralism.
Chivas Let Victory Slip Away in El Clásico de México
Playing with intensity and fighting until the final minute, Chivas looked for the finishing touch but ultimately let the victory slip away, drawing 2-2 in El Clásico de México. With the point earned...
Three Titans players Philadelphia must locate before every snap
Jeffery Simmons, Calvin Ridley and Chimere Dike can alter Sunday’s matchup if Philadelphia can't account for their productivity
Politics: U.S. Senate ag committee advances revised farm bill
A revised farm bill saw action last week after the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture passed it by a vote of 12-11, but the amount of true bipartisan support that
France's debt climbs to highest since 1978
Paris is the third most indebted country in the eurozone, behind to Greece and Italy
Franciscan Health, Lake Co. Health Department partner for Path to Hope Suicide Awareness & Prevention 5K
CROWN POINT, Ind. – Franciscan Health is partnering with the Lake County Health Department to host the Path to Hope Suicide Awareness & Prevention 5K. The event is scheduled to take place starting with registration at 9 a.m. and the race starting at 10 a.m. on Saturday, Oct. 3 at the Lake County Fairgrounds, Shelter 6, 889 S. Court St. in Crown Point. The event is intended to bring the community together to raise awareness for suicide prevention and mental health, reduce stigma and honor those lost to suicide. Scheduled organizations planning to attend include National Alliance on Mental Illness
Art project transforms Denton youth mental health center - Cross Timbers Gazette | Southern Denton County | Flower Mound
A local mental health facility in Denton is getting a vibrant makeover thanks to an inspiring collaboration with Denton County. The Art Room, a local nonprofit dedicated to supporting individuals with mental health challenges through the healing power of art, has partnered with the Denton County MHMR Center’s Child & Adolescent Center for its latest […]
Tennessee Cruises Past Kennesaw State to Stay Perfect
The Tennessee Volunteers continued their strong start to the 2026 season Saturday night, cruising past Kennesaw State 42-9 at Neyland Stadium. The No. 15 Volunteers improved to 3-0 with the victory, wrapping up their nonconference schedule undefeated and setting up a massive matchup with No. 1 Texas next weekend. Faizon Brandon Continues to Impress Freshman…
Where does LSU go from here? Lane Kiffin, Tigers must handle business before November gauntlet
The Tigers' margin for error when it comes to CFP contention took a significant hit on Saturday night
Remodeled Frank O. Hunter Park unveiled
Political and business leaders from around Alexandria gathered for the grand reopening of Frank O. Hunter Park.
Thompson Health Hosting Job Fair in Canandaigua
Thompson Health, Ontario County's largest employer, holds a job fair September 30 in Canandaigua. Learn about openings and interview on-site for positions.
Alameda County health authorities alert of possible measles exposure
State and Bay Area health officials warned of a possible measles exposure Friday after a person infected with the disease traveled by train from the Midwest through California.
AI 'warning shots' focus Beijing on national security risks
While AI researchers in the United States fret over out-of-control superintelligence wiping out humanity, Chinese policymakers have until now been more focused on immediate risks, from deepfakes to child safety.
MVDs: Arkansas Edition
You don’t go on the road and take care of business in the SEC without a total team effort. Even then some Bulldogs are bound to distinguish themselves above and beyond the crowd. Those undaunted Dawgs are your MVDs, the Most Valuable ‘‘Dawgs from Georgia’s 45-17 victory over Arkansas. Offense: Gunner Stockton. Sure, we could […]
Dealroom.co | Veritas Capital acquires Coronis Health RCM platform
What's the deal? In July 2022, Veritas Capital acquired Coronis…
Senior fair gives health and wellness resources for seniors in Onondaga County
New York State Senator Christopher Ryan hosted a Senior Fair on Saturday morning. It was held the North Syracuse Junior High School from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m.
Early voting begins in US midterm elections that could flip control of Congress
In Fairfax, Virginia, 18-year-old Sanya Singhal said she voted early to “try to be the first early voter.” In Henrico County, Laura Bland said she cast a ballot to send “a signal that we’re still here.”
Fillmore County offers measles vaccinations after confirmed case
The clinic will cost $5 per person, or free for those covered by Minnesota Health Care Program Insurance (Medicare/Medicaid).
Bikini barista shop coming to Sulphur despite pushback
A bikini barista shop is coming soon to Sulphur, but the store’s owners are already facing pushback from the local community. Married couple Kloey and Hunter Machulski expect to begin […]
Body camera video released of fatal Phoenix shooting of 20-year-old man in mental health crisis
Phoenix police released body-camera footage showing a fatal encounter with a 20-year-old man whose family says was experiencing a mental health crisis.
Teladoc Health (TDOC) Missed On Earnings And Guided Lower, Is The Discount Too Wide?
Why Teladoc Health’s latest earnings matter for investors Teladoc Health (TDOC) set the tone for the stock this week after reporting quarterly results that showed a 4% revenue decline, missed forecasts on profitability, and softer guidance for the coming quarter. The update pointed to a 9.2% average drop in customer spending in recent years even as user counts grew. Management signaled expectations for another period of lower revenue and negative earnings per share. Recent trading suggests...
The 44th Annual Spanish River XC Invitational, best photos
One of South Florida's best cross country traditions continued Saturday with the 44th Annual Spanish River XC Invitational in Boca Raton.
New nanoparticles make hidden chemical differences light up
Scientists have developed ultra-bright nanoparticles that can detect tiny amounts of chemicals and distinguish between molecules that look almost identical. The technology could one day provide a cheaper way to catch dangerous drug impurities or trace pollutants using simple low-cost lasers.
NFL Fines Seahawks Star Devon Witherspoon After Patriots Win
Devon Witherspoon’s celebration of Seattle’s Week 1 escape came with a price. The NFL handed the Seahawks star another taunting fine. The post NFL Fines Seahawks Star Devon Witherspoon After Patriots Win appeared first on HEAVY.
Woodchucks and Aspirus Health partner to support Safe Kids Marathon County
WAUSAU – The Wausau Woodchucks and Aspirus Health raised $4,732 through a jersey auction and raffle to support Safe Kids Marathon County, the two
MLT’s new family-focused indoor entertainment complex open for business
Just in time for the rainy season, Monster Mini Golf opens its doors in Mountlake Terrace, across the street from the Grocery Outlet and Cinebarre. The 18-hole, glow-in-the-dark, mini golf […]
MLT’s new family-focused indoor entertainment complex open for business
Just in time for the rainy season, Monster Mini Golf opens its doors in Mountlake Terrace, across the street from the Grocery Outlet and Cinebarre. The 18-hole, glow-in-the-dark, mini golf […]
Saturday Sports: Football, soccer, and swimming updates from around the North Country
Here’s a recap of your North Country sports this Saturday.
Westside High School football team cleans up community
AUGUSTA, Ga (WJBF) – Westside High School football players volunteered with Habitat for Humanity for a cleanup event. Student-athletes were picking up trash as a way to give back. Coaches said attendance is not required for the team. They said it is a way to show the players there is more to life than football. […]
Nurses sound alarm on proposed healthcare cuts during Bangor bus tour stop
On Saturday, National Nurses United (NNU) made a stop at Bangor’s Cascade Park as they travel the country on its “Red Alert” bus tour, joined by the Maine State Nurses Association (MSNA).
Georgia Tech Cracked The Code At Southern Showcase
Georgia Tech's cross country squads dominated the Southern Showcase with a historic men's finish and multiple personal bests. See the full breakdown.
DPAA: WORLD CLASS ENTERTAINMENT AT OUR DOORSTEP
The Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, The Dayton Opera and The Dayton Ballet. will come together this coming weekend (Sept. 26-27) to perform West Side Story.
Touting Success Of Health Links Van
Health officials say it has traveled throughout the county over the past four years, bringing health services, education, and resource navigation directly to residents where they live, work, and gather
Employer Health Costs Are Projected to Jump 8.2%. At 65, Moving to Medicare Means Her HSA Contributions Have to Stop
Switching from an employer plan to Medicare looks straightforward until a single enrollment rule quietly wipes out months of tax-free contributions, and most workers only discover it after the damage is done.
Employer Health Costs Are Projected to Jump 8.2%. At 65, Moving to Medicare Means Her HSA Contributions Have to Stop
Switching from an employer plan to Medicare looks straightforward until a single enrollment rule quietly wipes out months of tax-free contributions, and most workers only discover it after the damage is done.
LA Union Station travelers may have been exposed to measles by infected passenger, officials warned
L.A. County health officials warned Friday that people who were at Union Station during a 4-hour period last weekend may have been exposed to measles.
Health officials warning people about measles exposure across 6 counties in CA: Here's what we know
Health officials are warning about a possible measles exposure across California including in the Bay Area. A person with measles who was unvaccinated traveled around the state in trains and buses, ac...
Health officials warning people about measles exposure across 6 counties in CA: Here's what we know
Health officials are warning about a possible measles exposure across California including in the Bay Area. A person with measles who was unvaccinated traveled around the state in trains and buses, according to health officials.
Local First Foundation advocates for community-based healthcare plan across La Plata County
Nonprofit asks city to get involved
Volunteers help Carson City locals receive health checkups at first Love Heals Free Clinic
Locals unable to afford health checkups can get them done by medical professionals today, Saturday, at the Carson City Community Center during the first Love Heals Free Clinic event happening […]
Flora’s all-around day leads Iowa State over Bowling Green
For the first time in school history, Iowa State returned a kickoff and a punt for a touchdown. Jaylen Raynor threw for 133 yards and one touchdown to true freshman Jamal Polite Jr. and Iowa State defeated Bowling Green 55-7 on Saturday. Cam Pettaway, a Bowling Green transfer, had three receptions for 47 yards and […]
Hennepin County sheriff's office lacks records to start small business grant fraud investigation
After Hennepin County staff reported apparent fraudulent applications for a small business recovery grant fund, they asked the sheriff's office to investigate in June, KSTP reports.In July the Hennepin County Sheriff's Office requested the documents they needed to open the investigation, but as of mid-September, those documents haven't been shared yet.
Mt. Gilead mayor: Our community’s mental health system is personal to me
As the Mayor of Mount Gilead, I have the privilege of serving the community that I call home. But before I am a mayor, I am a mother. That is why the work of the Delaware-Morrow Mental Health and Recovery Services Board is personal to me, and why I support the Board’s levy request on […]
7-Year-Old Boy Burned in Fire After ‘Science Experiment’ with Household Items Goes Wrong
“Every single day asks an unbelievable amount of strength from him,” a family member wrote on GoFundMe
Rabies Cases Prompt Nationwide Health Advisory: What VA Residents Should Know
Reports of people exposed to rabid or possibly rabid animals are rising across the country. Here's where Virginia cases stand.
Deals: iPhone 18 Pros launch, refurbished iPhone 17 Pros are expensive, Galaxy Z8 foldables discounted
A refurbished 17 Pro Max costs as much as when it was new. The iPhone 18 Pro and 18 Pro Max went on sale this week in the US, along with 64 other countries...
White House Staff Blame Media Ban on President Being Left Unsupervised
Blindsided senior White House staffers learned of President Donald Trump’s media ban at the same time as the rest of the country, a new report alleges. Trump’s directive to ban reporters from CNN, MS ...
New documentary series examines the personal side of political division in ‘Bucks County, USA’
The five-part series premieres nationally on PBS and locally on WHYY on Sept. 21.
California warns of measles exposure in six counties from unvaccinated train passenger
Health authorities work to notify people who were exposed to person who traveled through at least six counties
Florida health department confirms dengue as Tampa woman's cause of death
The 80-year-old was apparently the first person in the region killed by the mosquito-spread virus in nearly a century. There are signs the Hillsborough County outbreak could be waning.
Orange County restaurants shut down by health inspectors (Sept. 10-17)
There were 16 restaurants and food establishments ordered closed by Orange County inspectors from Sept. 10 to Sept. 17.
Eustace claims Derby deserved to beat Burnley
Derby County manager John Eustace speaks to BBC Radio Derby after Mo Fuseini scored a stoppage-time equaliser in their 1-1 draw with Burnley at Turf Moor
The ‘Hunter’s Supermoon’ Rises This Weekend — Here’s When To See It
Everything you need to know about October’s full Hunter’s Moon — including exactly when it turns full, which evening offers the clearest view and why it’s a supermoon.
Full Moon October 2026: When To See The ‘Hunter’s Supermoon’ Rise
October’s full Hunter’s Moon will also be a supermoon, beginning a run of three to end 2026. Here’s exactly when it rises and the best time to see it.
Friday Sports: A recap of this week’s high school football
Here’s a recap of your North Country sports this Friday.
Millions of funds from Rural Health Transformation program earmarked for Coast efforts
Mississippi is awarding more than $104 million to modernize and expand rural healthcare. The funding is part of the state’s Rural Health Transformation Program. George County is receiving multiple awards for hospital and healthcare upgrades, including new patient monitoring, lab and maternal health equipment, cybersecurity improvements, and other technology. Memorial Health System is also receiving millions for projects in Stone...
Analysis: Wake-up call for below-par Gunners
Arsenal's season had been going perfectly until this heavy loss - against a side who beat them by the same margin at Emirates Stadium in 2023. The Gunners had conceded just one goal in the league this term during their impressive winning streak, but the performance against the Seagulls was far from the standards Mikel Arteta has demanded from his side. Bruno Guimaraes was given his first league start, but the Brazilian failed to click with Declan Rice and Martin Odegaard in the middle of the pitch.
Training: Final prep for Sunderland clash
Check out images from training on the eve of our Etihad encounter with Sunderland. Match Preview City v Sunderland: Kick-off time and TV information The Black Cats head to Manchester for a 14:00 (UK) ...
Amazon cuts Apple Watch Series 12, Ultra 4 prices upon release
Apple Watch Series 12 and Apple Watch Ultra 4 models are on sale this weekend, with Amazon rotating discounts across case options and band colors.
Power & Politics: Dangers of AI; 'Pay The People!' author John Driscoll; Former Budget Deputy Kosta Diamantis flees the country
State Sen. James Maroney and author and University of Connecticut Health's Board of Directors Chairman John Driscoll join the show this week.
Heidelberg vs Mount Union college football live updates, highlights
Heidelberg and Mount Union kicked off Ohio Athletic Conference play in college football action Saturday. Click here for live scoring and updates
Health officials confirm first dengue fever death in Hillsborough County
The Florida Department of Health confirmed the first dengue fever-related death in Hillsborough County.
Thousands join protest outside Kennedy Center, expressing concern that Trump might tear it down
Friday's event followed a tumultuous week in federal courts in Washington where filings and counter-filings flooded the courts as the administration continues pushing for the president’s vanity projects.
Small businesses, big impact | Inside Blount County's hospitality growth
Oldham Hospitality and Gemini Hospitality are proving that locally-owned restaurants can be real engines of small business growth and economic and community development.
What Wake Forest Said After the Miami Loss
Playing with heart is important in college football. Playing with guts and determination matters. Playing with an inability to cut down your own penalties gets you beat, particularly by one of the top teams in the country. Wake Forest had a 31-7 deficit at the hands of Miami Friday night at Allegacy Stadium. They outscored …
Apple Watch Ultra 4 Sees First Discount After Launch, Now $779.99 on Amazon
The new Apple Watch Ultra 4 just launched yesterday, and Amazon is offering the first cash discounts on select models for the first time since their launch. You can get the Apple Watch Ultra 4 in Natural with Translucent Gray Ocean Band for $779.99, down from $799.00. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
Red Bull New York sign homegrown forward Dennis Nelich
By MLSsoccer staffTRANSFER TRACKER STATUS: SigningRed Bull New York have signed homegrown winger Dennis Nelich through the 2027-28 season, with options extending until the 2030-31 campaign, the club a...
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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