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Fresno City Council selects business park alternative for SEDA, directs further analysis
KMPH Fox 26 is the Central Valley's news leader, covering Fresno, California and the surrounding area, including Clovis, Madera, Hanford, Visalia, Biola, Kerman, Tranquillity, San Joaquin, Reedley, Coalinga, Avenal, Lemoore, Tulare, Selma, Caruthers, Tollhouse, Three Rivers, Porterville, and Merced.
The field for New Orleans legislative races has been set. See candidates
The three-day qualifying period to fill a handful of New Orleans’ legislative seats on Friday has ended, setting the stage for new representation within the city's delegation.
Football gossip: Mainoo, Semenyo, Johnson, Lauriente, Neves, Silva, Dunk, Dumfries
Manchester United open talks with Antoine Semenyo but Kobbie Mainoo keen to leave Old Trafford, Bournemouth and Crystal Palace in for Brennan Johnson and three Premier League clubs interested in Denzel Dumfries.
East Lyme business owner sentenced to probation for tax fraud
An East Lyme woman who operated a cleaning business was sentenced to three years of probation for tax fraud after underreporting her income by hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Flint & Genesee Economic Alliance awards 25 small business grants
The grants were awarded in three categories — startup, micro, and small business — and can be used for expenses such as equipment, inventory, software and hardware, marketing, furniture, consulting services, and licensing or certification fees.
Naomi Osaka leaves Evolve, tennis agency she co-founded, after three years
Former world No. 1 and four-time Grand Slam champion Osaka launched the agency with Stuart Duguid in 2022.
Daily Business Report: Friday, December 19, 2025, San Diego Metro Magazine
How CARE Court lost its teeth in the California Legislature By Yue Stella Yu and Erica Yee | CalMatters Three years ago, Gov. Gavin Newsom called for a
CTSI to host three-part virtual mini-series on team science
Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) will host a three-part virtual mini-series focused on team science, led by Susan Simkins, director of Team Science with Penn State CTSI. Designed for researchers, staff and leaders working in collaborative environments, the series will provide practical, evidence-based strategies to help teams function more effectively and avoid the misalignment that often can slow down good science.
Kansas City spent decades healing a racial divide. Redistricting could reopen it
A recently enacted US House map would again make Troost Avenue a dividing line in the community, part of a plan to have Democratic-leaning Kansas City represented by three separate Republican lawmakers.
Hearts favourites against Rangers after 'remarkable transformation'
With Christmas just around the corner, Hearts supporters are craving the early present of three points against Rangers at a packed Tynecastle. For the first time in recent memory, the bookmakers have Hearts as favourites - and it's hard to argue. Derek McInnes' side have already shown this season that reputations count for little, with impressive victories at both Ibrox and Celtic Park.
New Zealand Consumer, Business Optimism to Stoke Economic Growth
New Zealand business confidence soared to a three-decade high in December and the mood of consumers also surged, adding to signs of further economic expansion in the fourth quarter and into 2026.
The Kings of Titanium EDC Perfected a Tiny Travel Staple Like No One Else Could
The Rubik's Cube of zipper locks boasts three (adjustable) levels of nuanced security, with fidgety bliss as a happy byproduct.
Physicists 3D-printed a Christmas tree made of ice particles
The three-inch-tall tree is more than just a holiday novelty.
Chargers-Cowboys Preview
ARLINGTON, Texas (AP) Justin Herbert has managed well enough while playing with a broken non-throwing hand to help the Los Angeles Chargers win three consecutive games and close in on a second trip to the playoffs in two seasons under coach Jim Harbaugh.
NFL playoff picture: Ranking the 10 most important remaining games
With just three weeks left in the regular season, 17 teams are fighting for 12 playoff spots.
History-makers Hearts top at Christmas
It's Christmas 1991, Queen are top of the singles charts with Bohemian Rhapsody - and Hearts sit atop the Scottish Premiership table. Now, more than three decades later, Hearts are guaranteed to be number one on Christmas Day. Celtic's 2-1 defeat at Dundee United on Wednesday night means Derek McInnes' side remain six points clear of the defending champions, who have played a game fewer.
Blank Foundation to give $6 million to sports programs in metro Atlanta schools
The foundation, in partnership with Atlanta United, the Atlanta Falcons and the PGA Tour Superstore, will provide the funding to six school districts over three years.
Global Business Travel Group (GBTG): Reassessing Valuation After Recent Share Price Rebound and CWT Acquisition Progress
Global Business Travel Group (GBTG) has been quietly reshaping its business travel platform, and the stock’s recent mix of gains over the past month and weakness year to date has investors reassessing its trajectory. See our latest analysis for Global Business Travel Group. Despite the year to date share price return sitting in negative territory, the recent 1 month share price rebound and a solid three year total shareholder return suggest sentiment may be stabilising around Global Business...
Judges quiz California and GOP attorneys in Prop. 50 redistricting case
Three federal judges questioned attorneys as they weigh whether to grant the GOP’s request to block congressional redistricting under Proposition 50.
Riddle of nuclear science professor shot dead at home
Tributes pour in as murder hunt launched after three gunshots heard
LEADER JEFFRIES AHEAD OF VOTE ON GOP HEALTHCARE BILL: “REPUBLICANS NEED TO BRING THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT TAX CREDIT EXTENSION BILL TO THE FLOOR TODAY”
Today, House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries spoke on the House Floor, emphasizing that House Republicans have a responsibility to join House Democrats in protecting Americans’ healthcare after he received 218 signatures on his discharge petition to extend the ACA tax credits for three years. LEADER JEFFRIES: For months now, Democrats have made clear that we have a […]
Netflix Signs Deal With Dave Portnoy’s Barstool Sports for Exclusive Video Rights to Three Podcasts
Netflix clinched a multiyear pact with Dave Portnoy's Barstool Sports giving the streaming giant exclusive rights to video versions of a trio of its popular podcasts.
Four Republicans Sign On to Democrats' Discharge Petition on Extending Health Care Subsidies
Rep. Jim McGovern announces that four Republicans have joined 214 Democrats in signing a discharge petition to vote on a clean three-year extension of expiring health care subsidies. They are Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA), Michael Lawler (R-NY), Robert Bresnahan (R-PA), and Ryan Mackenzie (R-PA). A vote is expected on the measure when Congress returns in January.
A new era for sports communication at UNC Hussman | UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media
As director of UNC Hussman’s Sports Communication Focus Program, Distinguished Associate Professor of Sports Communication Livis Freeman is building on the work of the school’s legendary Distinguished Professor for Sports Communication John Sweeney. Sweeney, who retired last year, developed one of the most respected sports communication programs in the country. Freeman, now in his 12th year at the school, is launching an ambitious expansion of the program that is transforming how UNC prepares students for careers in sports media. The most visible change came this fall with a reimagining of “MEJO 377: Sports Communication.” Previously offered as two sections with 30 students each, the course expanded to 96 students and welcomed former UNC basketball star and NBA veteran Tyler Hansbrough as the co-instructor with Freeman, bringing real world professional experience directly into the classroom every week. The course has been a huge success. Students have participated in recording a podcast with Hansbrough and learned from an impressive lineup of guest speakers. Steve Kirschner, UNC’s senior associate director of athletics for communications, was the first in the course’s guest speaker series, followed by UNC Hussman alumni including Kaitlyn Schmidt ’23 from Bleacher Report, Deaton Bell ’90 from Turner Sports and Becca Royer ’19 from the Philadelphia 76ers. Travis Tygart, CEO of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, also shared his insights with the class. The highlight of the semester came when Roy Williams, who coached Hansbrough and the Tar Heels to a national championship in 2009, visited the classroom. Former UNC men’s basketball players Luke Maye and Marcus Ginyard showed up to support their former coach and Hansbrough, creating an unforgettable experience as Williams entertained students with stories and insights that captivated the room. Student demand has been overwhelming. The course reached capacity within two days of registration opening, with more than 40 students on the waitlist. “Students want to learn from people who have actually lived these experiences,” Freeman said. “Tyler shares insights into media relations, broadcast production and athlete communications that you simply can’t get from a textbook.” The model proved so successful that the school secured funding to continue it for the next five years, with a different former professional athlete co-teaching each fall. The school’s curriculum committee approved a proposal to expand the course to 150 to 200 students starting in fall 2026. This change will make it an introductory course accessible to students from across the University, transforming it into a showcase course for the entire campus. The course redesign represents just one piece of a broader sports communication program overhaul. This fall, the curriculum committee approved “MEJO 390: Sports Play by Play,” the first course of its kind at UNC. Limited to 10 advanced students, the course will be taught by Matt Krause, the current voice of UNC women’s basketball and an ACC Network broadcaster. Students will call actual games across multiple sports including women’s softball, soccer, volleyball, field hockey and lacrosse, as well as men’s soccer and lacrosse. They will also shadow broadcasts of men’s and women’s basketball games. “The sports broadcasting industry is exploding with streaming platforms and conference networks creating unprecedented demand,” Freeman said. The course emerged directly from student advocacy, led by Anna Laible ’26 and others who pushed for hands-on broadcasting experience. Professional equipment has been acquired, partnerships with UNC Athletics are in place and a soft launch began this semester with three experienced students calling games to test the system. The program’s growth extends into other specialized areas as well. Last spring, Stembler Professor Charlie Tuggle launched a new sports event management and hospitality course in partnership with On Location, a company that manages major sporting event experiences. The course provided students with opportunities to travel to the Super Bowl and NFL Draft, and Tuggle plans to take a group to the 2026 Milan Olympics this spring. Looking ahead to spring 2026, Associate Professor Ryan Thornburg will debut a sports data visualization course, adding another dimension to the program’s skill-building offerings. The curriculum expansion reflects the increasingly diverse career paths available in sports media, from traditional journalism and broadcasting to digital analytics and strategic communication. The program is also diving into one of college athletics’ most transformative developments: Name, Image and Likeness rights. Freeman’s “MEJO 466: Sports Marketing” class collaborated last spring with Associate Professor Gary Kayye’s “MEJO 371: Advertising Creative” class on a project with UNC’s Carolina NIL group to help rebrand their organization. That same semester, Kayye’s class envisioned Chapel Thrill, UNC football’s new pregame concert and entertainment experience. And Shaun Anderson, the school’s Knight Chair in Sports, Race and Media, continues to explore the broader implications of NIL through his research and teaching. These NIL-focused initiatives give students direct exposure to the business side of college athletics at a moment when the landscape is rapidly evolving. “Our students aren’t just learning about these changes,” Freeman said. “They’re actively helping shape how schools and athletes navigate them.” The transformation of UNC Hussman’s sports communication program reflects a broader philosophy about how to prepare students for careers in a rapidly changing industry. By bringing in professional practitioners like Hansbrough and Krause, partnering with industry leaders like On Location and ACC Network, and engaging with current issues like NIL, the program ensures students graduate with both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. For alumni who remember the foundations John Sweeney built, the expansion represents an evolution rather than a departure. The program still emphasizes strong reporting, strategic communication, ethical communication and critical thinking. But now it also offers students the chance to call live games, work on real NIL campaigns and learn directly from former professional athletes. “We’re not just teaching students about sports media,” Freeman said. “We’re giving them the tools, experiences and connections to actually build careers in it.” With new courses launching, professional partnerships deepening and enrollment expanding, UNC Hussman’s sports communication program is positioning itself as a national leader in preparing the next generation of sports media professionals. For current students, the message is clear: if you’re interested in sports communication, there’s never been a better time to be at UNC Hussman. And for the hundreds of students trying to get off waitlists and into these new courses, the school is working to create more opportunities. The program John Sweeney built is growing in ways that honor his legacy while meeting the demands of a new era in sports media.
Three Things Learned from UNC’s win against ETSU
A good win against a pretty quality mid-major foe
Week 16 NFL QB Power Rankings: Shedeur Sanders tumbles; Josh Allen into top three
Evaluating all the NFL's starting signal-callers.
Video Dr. Tim Johnson details personal health battle
The former "GMA" chief medical editor, who held the role for more than three decades, joins the show to discuss his own battle with prostate cancer.
'False hope': Why families who celebrated California's new mental health court feel let down by it
Ronda Deplazes thought Gov. Newsom's CARE Court could save her son as he struggled with mental illness. Almost three years later, she and other families say little has changed for them.
Nonprofit for disabled adults shines as Loudoun's small business of the year
This is how the work day gets started at Every Citizen Has Opportunities (ECHO), a nonprofit that links adults who have disabilities with jobs: More than half of the 200 participants head out for work in the community, others staff three businesses operating inside the large ECHO headquarters near Leesburg, Virginia. Michael Doolin has earned a paycheck there for two…
What's working and what isn't three years into the NBA Cup?
Some aspects of the league's in-season tournament are clicking... and some still need improvement
A weekend of "redemption" for downtown businesses
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — After three consecutive weekends of not-so-friendly weather, businesses in downtown Sioux Falls are attempting to end the holiday shopping season on a high note. It…
DLT ENTERTAINMENT RESPONDS TO FAN ENTHUSIASM FOR THREE'S COMPANY AND THE ROPERS WITH LICENSED MERCHANDISE PUSH
DLT Entertainment, the award-winning international production and distribution company, is undertaking a push into multiple categories of official Three's Company merchandise, including clothing, calendars, action figures, bobbleheads, tote bags, and new DVD boxed sets.
Three From Pride Named To College Sports Communicators Academic All-District Team
Hempstead, NY - Three members of the Hofstra volleyball team - Beatriz Braga, Lauren Konzen, and Constanza Perez Sain - have been named to the College Sports Communicators Academic All-District Team, it was announced today.
Larian want to complete Divinity in "three to four years", and they're making limited use of generative AI
Larian are hoping to get their latest Divinity RPG out a lot faster than Baldur's Gate 3, care of a larger development team.
US Business Activity Growth Slows While Price Pressures Mount
US business activity expanded in December at the slowest pace in six months, while a measure of input prices jumped to a more than three-year high.
US politics live updates: Hegseth and Rubio to brief members of Congress on boat strikes as questions mount
On Monday night, the US military said it attacked three more boats believed to have been smuggling drugs in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing eight people
Three Student-Athletes Earn College Sports Communicators Academic All-District Honors
CHICAGO - Three DePaul volleyball student-athletes received Academic All-District honors from the College Sports Communicators (previously CoSIDA), Tuesday a...
Hollow Knight: Silksong sells over 7m copies in three months
Team Cherry announces Sea of Sorrow expansion for Silksong and Hollow Knight: Nintendo Switch 2 Edition
Kenner business owner in cancer remission arrested in Operation Catahoula Crunch
Cremilsa Caetano, 47, is a mother of three with health issues
News | Retail leasing surges in San Jose as lifestyle and entertainment concepts drive demand
The first three quarters of 2025 had the strongest activity in years
Commanders shutting down QB Jayden Daniels for rest of season
With Washington out of the playoff picture, backup Marcus Mariota is scheduled to start for the final three games of the season, including a Christmas day matchup against the Cowboys.
Money lessons from generational family businesses
We spoke with three families who told us what it really takes to inherit and keep a family business alive for generations.
Three international companies get tax incentives for jobs in central Ohio
The Ohio Tax Credit Authority projects may result in more than $148 million in new payroll and generate over $1.1 billion in Ohio investments.
iOS 26.2 expands Liquid Glass in three ways, here’s what’s new
iOS 26.2 is here, packing a ton of new features for iPhone users, and also several expansions of Liquid Glass. Here’s what’s new.
Prison health workers are among the best-paid public employees. Why are so many jobs vacant?
California spent hundreds of millions on high-paying prison and hospital healthcare jobs, auditors found -- but vacancy rates rose since 2019, exceeding 30% at three facilities despite bonuses and pay raises.
Three Dallas-Area 'Rising Star' Researchers Set to Receive Top Texas Science and Tech Honors
North Texas O’Donnell Awards honorees earn 2026 TAMEST recognition in engineering, physics, and biomedical science.
Home-Delivered Food Boxes Improve Diabetes Control, Experts Say
By Dennis Thompson HealthDay ReporterMONDAY, Dec. 15, 2025 (HealthDay News) — Folks with diabetes might fare better if health care professionals pick out and deliver their groceries, a new study says. Folks with diabetes who received home deliveries of diabetes-appropriate grocery boxes for three ...
These unsettled health policies leave billions in health spending in limbo
Three unfinished efforts will determine how billions in federal health spending are directed.
Japan business mood hits 4-year high
TOKYO >> Big Japanese manufacturers’ business sentiment hit a four-year high in the three months to December, a closely watched survey showed on Monday, reinforcing market expectations the central bank will raise interest rates this week.
Brice Turang Could Be .300 Hitter For Brewers Next Season
Milwaukee second baseman has shown marked improvement at plate in his three MLB seasons. Hitting .300 might not be that much out of range for Turang.
The father and son who built an Irish entertainment empire
The Ellimans once owned 34 cinemas and three theatres, including the Theatre Royal and the Gaiety
“The Bus” Keeps Rolling – Hurricanes 3, Flyers 2
The Carolina Hurricanes won their third straight shootout game as they outlasted the Philadelphia Flyers, 3-2 on Sunday night at the Lenovo Center. The win allowed Carolina to sweep the back-to-back and home-and-home series. The Canes now have a 21-9-2 record as they sit three points ahead of the second place New York Islanders in […]
Poised Pistons primed for third clash with Celtics
The Detroit Pistons enter Monday night's road contest against the Boston Celtics with a three-game winning streak and plenty of confidence.
WATCH: Trump addresses deadly attacks in Syria, Australia and Rhode Island at Christmas reception
As he arrived at the White House's Christmas reception, Trump paid tribute to those killed and injured in the three attacks.
Fourth-Quarter Drought Sends EKU to 75-50 Loss Against Marshall - Eastern Kentucky University Athletics
LEXINGTON, Ky. – Eastern Kentucky University battled Marshall for three quarters but was held scoreless in the fourth quarter, resulting in a 75-50 loss Sunday afternoon at the Clive M. Beck Center.
Live updates: Eagles look to snap 3-game losing skid against Raiders
Follow along for live updates as Jalen Hurts and the Eagles look to snap a three-game losing skid against the Raiders.
Celebrity News | Ella McCay Release + Dick Van Dyke’s Centennial: Revisiting Three Entertainment Giants
James L. Brooks, Dick Van Dyke & Carl Reiner: Three Great Talents
Nottingham Forest vs Tottenham Hotspur – Match Preview and Team News
Tottenham Hotspur travel to the City Ground on Sunday afternoon, aiming to secure three consecutive wins in all competitions for the first time under Thomas Frank.They face a Nottingham Forest side lo...
2025 NFL Odds: Best Bets for Ravens-Bengals, Bills-Patriots
Sammy P has three NFL games on his slip this weekend. See how he's betting Ravens-Bengals, Bills-Patriots and Browns-Bears.
Full-length Replay: Jackson State at Northwestern
Northwestern (5-4) tries to put an end to a three-game slide when it hosts Jackson State (1-8).
Higher cost, worse coverage: Affordable Care Act enrollees say expiring subsidies will hit them hard
Americans are feeling the strain already with less than three weeks to go until the expiration of COVID-era tax credits that have helped many people pay for health insurance through the Affordable Care Act.
Trump moves on D.C. golf courses with a default notice to nonprofit
The administration puts the National Links Trust on the clock in a bid to take control of the city’s three public golf courses.
Today is Dick Van Dyke’s 100th birthday: His tips for a long, healthy life—'sometimes I feel like I'm 15 again'
Dick Van Dyke is officially a centenarian! Here are three research-backed staples in his routine that he credits for his 100 years of life.
Why redistricting fell flat in Indiana: From the Politics Desk
Plus, three questions ahead of our new poll this weekend.
Roundup: Indiana rejects redistricting, Trump bashes immigrants in Pennsylvania : The NPR Politics Podcast
It’s been a busy week in the political world. We discuss the Indiana state Senate's rejection of President Trump's push to redraw the state’s congressional districts, President Trump's speech on the economy in Pennsylvania in which he denigrated immigrants, and the United States' seizure of an oil tanker off the coast of Venezuela.This episode: political correspondent Sarah McCammon, senior White House correspondent Tamara Keith, and senior political editor and correspondent Domenico Montanaro.This podcast was produced by Casey Morell and Bria Suggs, and edited by Rachel Baye.Our executive producer is Muthoni Muturi.Listen to every episode of the NPR Politics Podcast sponsor-free, unlock access to bonus episodes with more from the NPR Politics team, and support public media when you sign up for The NPR Politics Podcast+ at plus.npr.org/politics.Please let us know what you think of our show and how we can make it better by filling out this quick survey. As a token of our appreciation, three respondents will be randomly selected to receive a $25 gift card.
NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst Receives $1 Million in Advanced Surgical Microscope Equipment Funded by Queens Borough President Donovan Richards - NYC Health + Hospitals
NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst recently held a ribbon-cutting ceremony to celebrate the acquisition of three new state-of-the-art Leica surgical
Science-minded artisans help WHOI move forward at Woods Hole shop
Three Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution employees make ocean-inspired art to support organization's mission. Here's where to find it.
The greatest Tyne-Wear derby moments?
When you have a rivalry as fierce and as storied as the Tyne-Wear derby, you are never short of memorable moments. With Sunderland and Newcastle set to face each other for the first time in the Premier League since 2016 on Sunday, we have taken a trip down Memory Lane to find some of the standout moments. Neither team came into the match in great form, but there was particular pressure on Newcastle boss Ruud Gullit after three defeats in the opening four games.
Taking Stock of Elevance Health (ELV)’s Valuation After Digital Health Push and Board Refresh
Elevance Health (ELV) just paired a broader rollout of its AI powered Virtual Assistant with the appointment of veteran healthcare deal maker and governance expert Amy Schulman to its board, a combination investors should parse carefully. See our latest analysis for Elevance Health. Those digital health moves and the Schulman appointment are landing against a clear shift in sentiment, with the share price up 14.3 percent over the past month but a three year total shareholder return still...
Revived Patriots face Bills test in hunt for playoffs
High-flying New England face a mouth-watering test against Josh Allen's Buffalo Bills Sunday, seeking a win over their AFC East rivals that would secure the Patriots a playoff berth and the divisional title.They face a mountain to climb against their divisional rivals, the Los Angeles Chargers, who sit three wins ahead in the AFC West.
Mayor Adams weighs in on his legacy, achievements
He will leave as New York City’s second Black mayor, and the first one-term mayor in more than three decades.
Penske Entertainment establishes formal Independent Officiating Board for IndyCar
Comprised of three members tasked with presiding over the IndyCar Series and its Indy NXT development series, the IOB reports to a new non-profit entity, IndyCar Officiating, Inc, created by Penske Entertainment.
Dueling Senate bills to address health care affordability fail to pass
The Senate today failed to pass legislation to address health care affordability. The chamber first voted on a Republican-backed bill that failed by a 51-48 vote. The bill would have disbursed $1,000 in health spending accounts for individuals age 18-49 and $1,500 for those age 50-64. A Democrat-led plan that would have extended the enhanced premium tax credits for three years also failed by a 51-48 tally. The bills needed 60 votes to pass.
Disney bets $1 billion on OpenAI in deal that opens its vault of characters to ChatGPT and Sora
Darth Vader and other Disney characters are coming to ChatGPT and OpenAI's Sora AI video app as part of a three-year licensing deal.
Live updates: Dueling Senate health care plans come up for votes; US, Venezuela tensions rise
Senators will go on record Thursday on competing health care plans that try to address enhanced ObamaCare tax subsidies set to expire at the end of the year. A vote on the Democrats’ three-ye…
Mental health needs of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities can't be ignored
William Skipworth’s three-part investigation in the New Hampshire Bulletin has laid bare the ongoing traumas experienced by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. The community’s response has been swift — shock, grief, and a collective demand for action to prevent future harm. As the dust settles, pressing questions are emerging about oversight and accountability: Which […]
907 Sports: An in-depth look at the Alaska Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2026
The Alaska Sports Hall of Fame announced it’s Class of 2026 earlier this week, inducting three people and two moments.
Social media and ADHD diagnosis, new mpox strain in England and early firestarters
Science editor Ian Sample sits down with co-host Madeleine Finlay to discuss three eye-catching stories from the week
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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