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Scientists identify avian cholera as major cause of penguin deaths in Antarctica
Thousands of Adélie penguins found dead in Antarctica in 2024 were primarily victims of avian cholera, not high pathogenicity avian influenza (H5N1) as researchers initially suspected, according to a ...
Mapping the genetic diversity of Antarctic life
Antarctica is home to organisms that have evolved to survive months of darkness, frigid temperatures and some of the harshest conditions on Earth. Hidden within their genetic material are clues to how life adapts and persists in extreme environments.
Antarctic Sea Ice Grows to Its 2026 Maximum
The ice reached its third-lowest maximum extent since satellite observations began.
Jim and Marilyn Simons lent their 68-metre superyacht to ocean scientists; an $80,000 system tested whether luxury vessels could help validate satellite data
Superyachts are usually associated with luxury travel, but the 68-metre Archimedes, owned by Jim and Marilyn Simons at the time of the research, also became a platform for marine science. During several deployments between 2018 and 2020, an autonomous measurement system aboard the yacht collected ocean-colour observations at a range of locations, including remote regions such as the Antarctic Peninsula.
A Massive Hole Opened Up in Antarctica. Scientists May Have Finally Figured Out Why
The open-water hole stretched across 34,400 square miles, or roughly the size of Portugal.
Italy looks North: Science anchors Rome’s Arctic strategy
Italy is leveraging its long-standing scientific presence in the polar regions to shape its future Arctic policies. The National Polar Conference, attended by over 200 participants, aims to define shared priorities and perspectives for Italian research in the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Himalayas. This scientific tradition underpins Italy’s credibility and strategic approach to the Arctic, [...]
Scientists Urge Consumers to Stop Buying Products Made From Antarctic Krill
A new global boycott comes as major retailers withdraw krill products from their shelves to protect whales and other marine life.
Marquette professor collaborates on Antarctic research honored with 2026 Nobel Prize
Dr. Karen Andeen conducted neutrino research in a Nobel Prize-winning laboratory located at the South Pole.
Scientist who hunts mysterious ghost particles in the Antarctic ice wins Nobel Prize for physics
Francis Halzen said it was predicted that he would win the prize, but the announcement still made him feel “strange.” The 82-year-old scientist is affiliated with the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the U.S.
Scientists finally understand why Antarctica froze long before the Arctic - Futura-Sciences
The research shows that the creation of an escarpment, plateau, and mountain region in East Antarctica produced the high terrain needed for snow and ice to build up. The process began when Antarctica and Africa started pulling apart during the Jurassic Period, between 201 and 143 million years ago. Powerful...
Francis Halzen wins Nobel Prize in physics for work on ghost particles
The Nobel Committee praised his work at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica, where he began studying neutrinos in the 1980s
Francis Halzen wins Nobel Prize in physics for work on ghost particles
The Nobel Committee praised his work at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica, where he began studying neutrinos in the 1980s
Nobel prize in physics goes to Francis Halzen for south pole work on neutrinos
Belgian physicist praised for work on the IceCube detector that observes the ghost-like particles in Antarctica
The ozone layer was supposed to be healing. So why is this year's Antarctic ozone hole so big?
The ozone hole above Antarctica is unusually large right now, and it might signal a shift in how the gap in Earth's protective layer behaves.
A Vast Hole Almost The Size of Portugal Opened Up in Antarctica's Winter Sea Ice. Now We Know Why.
An unprecedented gap in Antarctic sea ice.
Drones, satellites and AI help scientists watch over Antarctica's smallest lifeforms
Monitoring Antarctica's tiny, scattered ecosystems is a challenge that has long plagued researchers. But a new study led by the University of Wollongong (UOW) offers a new approach to tracking life in ...
Antarctic winter sea ice falls to third-lowest level on record as scientists warn of ‘now problem’
Coverage falls a million square kilometres short of long-term average with global heating likely driving losses
Scientists identify new species of penguin in subantarctic waters — the first in over a century
NSF backs research collaboration to sequence Antarctic genomes
The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $18.4 million to a group of scientists producing an extensive genetic database of Antarctic lifeforms. More than 250 Antarctic species’ genomes will
Scientists Say They've Found Remnants of Huge Life-Giving Continent Beneath Antarctica
Antarctica may be hiding many of the remnants of Himalaya-scale mountains that once allowed life to flourish underneath its coat of ice.
‘Robust little’ vessel begins treacherous 22,000km journey around Antarctica in the name of climate science
Powered by sun and wind, the uncrewed vehicle will collect data to help Australian scientists better understand how oceans absorb emissions
Scientists Say Antarctica's Lost 'Supermountains' May Have Fueled an Explosion of Life on Earth
Millions of years ago, continental collisions created enormous mountains in what's now Antarctica. As they eroded, Earth's life thrived from their nutrient-rich deposits.
For The First Time, Scientists Have Looked Inside Living Antarctic Cells And Found Incredible Adapations
Antarctic dwellers are wonderfully weird, and it shows in their cells.
We've Lost 12 Trillion Tons of Ice From Earth's Major Ice Sheets in Just 47 Years, Satellites Reveal
With no sign of stopping.
A Cloudy Climate Mystery Over Antarctica Has Scientists Rethinking Their Models
Researchers compare observations with leading climate models to identify errors and help improve future climate predictions. Some simulations put too many low clouds over the Southern Ocean, yet still underestimate how much heat reaches the surface below. Observations from an Antarctic research voyage suggest that fixing the cloud count alone will not solve the problem.
In January 2026, researchers completed a drilling project beneath 1,716 feet of ice in West Antarctica, recovering evidence of an ocean that once lay open to sunlight
The discovery rewrites Antarctica's climate history—and raises urgent questions about how quickly ice sheets can collapse.
Whales Have Rebounded in the Southern Ocean. Scientists Worry Commercial Fishing Could Threaten Their Comeback.
Researchers are calling for stricter regulations on krill fishing in Antarctica as climate change shrinks the habitat of whales’ primary prey.
Earth lost more than 12 trillion tons of ice from Greenland and Antarctica in 47 years, satellites show
A major report has found that 12.5 trillion tons of ice from Greenland and Antarctica have melted since 1979. The massive glacier melt is mainly attributed to warmer waters eroding the ice sheets from below and the sides.
Tiny krill are turning up in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Scientists want to know why
Antarctic krill serve as a crucial food source for penguins, seals, and whales. They recycle nutrients used by algae. Now researchers say they've found krill in a surprising place: hydrothermal vents.
A Strange Chain Reaction Is Causing Antarctica to Grow. The Scary Part Is What Happens When It Stops.
Despite surprising recent ice gains, the frozen continent remains in a perilous balance as warmer seas continue to erode the Antarctic Ice Sheet from below.
Antarctic ozone recovery alters austral summer Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns
Antarctic ozone recovery alters austral summer Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns
Ice cores, krill and ship-based science the focus for Australian Antarctic Program, conference told – Australian Antarctic Program (News 2026)
The Australian Antarctic Division will coordinate four strategic science campaigns over the next three years and contribute to an international collaborative research program called Antarctica InSync, a leading Antarctic research conference has heard.
Antarctica gained a record 695 billion tons of ice. Scientists found the surprising reason
East Antarctica gained an astonishing 695 billion tons of ice between 2021 and 2023, temporarily slowing Antarctica’s long-term decline. Researchers found that warming thousands of miles away in the tropical ocean altered atmospheric circulation and funneled moisture toward the continent, triggering exceptionally heavy snowfall.
Antarctic expedition reveals why Southern Ocean clouds remain one of climate science's greatest challenges
The Southern Ocean plays a pivotal role in regulating Earth's climate, yet the clouds that blanket this remote region remain among the least understood features in atmospheric science. By controlling ...
ATLAS publishes first paper on Public Engagement with Science
You can’t exactly take the ATLAS experiment on tour. At 7,000 tonnes and buried 100 metres underground at CERN, it’s not easy to move. So, for more than a decade, the ATLAS Collaboration has found another way to bring the experiment to people around the world: live, interactive virtual visits with the scientists who work on it. In a recent paper published in the European Physical Journal Plus, the ATLAS Collaboration documents the evolution and impact of its flagship Virtual Visits programme. The paper is the Collaboration’s first publication focused specifically on science education, communication and outreach. It traces the programme from its beginnings as an experimental outreach effort in 2010 through its growth into a global programme – connecting classrooms in the Amazon, schools in the Himalayas and even a research station in Antarctica. Drawing on data collected between 2019 and 2025, the paper examines the programme’s reach and impact. Global reach, local connection Figure 1: World map showing the number of virtual visits across participating countries from 2019 to 2025. Cooler colours (purple and blue) are used for countries with fewer visits, and warmer colours (red and orange) for countries with more visits. (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN) The core mission of the ATLAS Virtual Visit programme is to connect audiences worldwide with particle physicists and engage them in accessible discussions about cutting-edge research. While visiting CERN in person is an unforgettable experience, financial and logistical barriers can make such a trip difficult for many students and public groups. Video conferencing has allowed the Collaboration to break down these barriers: between 2019 and 2025, the Collaboration hosted 698 virtual visits, engaging tens of thousands of participants across nearly 70 countries (see Figure 1). Interactivity is central to the programme. Far from simple one-way broadcasts, Virtual Visit audience members are encouraged to engage in conversation with the scientist(s) hosting the visit. Most hosts are volunteers from the ATLAS Collaboration, who bring their diverse scientific expertise, language skills and cultural backgrounds to each visit. Where possible, audiences are paired with volunteer scientists who share their native language and cultural background, making it easier to engage, ask questions and connect with the hosts. Between 2019 and 2025, Virtual Visits were held in 19 different languages. The core mission of the ATLAS Virtual Visit programme is to connect audiences worldwide with particle physicists and engage them in accessible discussions about cutting-edge research. Constant evolution Figure 2: The number of ATLAS Virtual Visits organised annually since 2019. (Image: ATLAS Collaboration/CERN) The ATLAS Virtual Visit programme has continuously evolved to enhance the visitor experience. Early sessions were hosted directly from the ATLAS Control Room before transitioning in 2014 to a dedicated space in the ATLAS Visitor Centre, equipped with modern videoconferencing technology. In 2019, the ATLAS Collaboration expanded the programme’s reach, introducing live Virtual Visits from the experimental cavern during year-end maintenance stops and long LHC shutdowns. These exclusive sessions take participants beyond the ATLAS visitor platform, offering real-time, up-close views of the towering detector. When the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted in-person gatherings worldwide, demand for virtual engagement surged. The ATLAS Collaboration adapted rapidly by introducing Open Virtual Visits streamed via Zoom and YouTube, allowing individual science enthusiasts and families to join live guided tours. Figure 2 shows that the programme reached a peak of 155 visits in 2021 and has since maintained around 100 visits per year, demonstrating sustained engagement beyond the pandemic-driven increase. More than just a tour Beyond participation numbers, the paper highlights the positive impact on participants and educators. Teachers report successfully integrating Virtual Visits into their physics curricula, sparking sustained curiosity and in many cases inspiring students to pursue STEM studies and careers. Feedback received also highlighted how the direct dialogue with ATLAS scientists has given students an authentic and personal perspective on particle physics, helping them connect what they learn in the classroom with the people behind ATLAS research. Looking ahead, the programme will continue to evolve with new technologies and communication platforms. The goal is simple: to give even more audiences the opportunity to engage directly with particle physics and make fundamental science open to all. Learn more Breaking barriers: the impact of ATLAS Virtual Visits in science communication (Eur. Phys. J. Plus 141, 874 (2026), arXiv:2601.22457, see figures) ATLAS Virtual Visit Dashboard Register for an ATLAS Virtual Visit
Antarctica developed a continental-scale ice sheet 34 million years ago while Earth was about 5°C warmer than today — helped by slow-moving mantle waves that had spent more than 100 million years lifting its interior high enough for permanent ice to survive.
A 2026 modelling study links East Antarctica’s high plateau to mantle processes begun during Jurassic breakup, while retaining falling carbon dioxide as the main trigger for glaciation.
Hundreds of hidden earthquakes found at Antarctica’s Doomsday Glacier
Hundreds of previously overlooked seismic events have been detected beneath Antarctica, including 245 near the marine edge of the Thwaites Glacier. Many appear to be glacial earthquakes caused when huge icebergs break off, capsize, and collide with the glacier. The surge in activity coincided with a period when Thwaites was flowing faster toward the ocean, hinting that changing ocean conditions may be destabilizing the ice.
Forces deep inside Earth helped Antarctica freeze before the Arctic
Scientists may have solved the mystery of why Antarctica froze millions of years before the Arctic. Slow-moving waves deep inside Earth gradually lifted East Antarctica, building mountains and a high plateau where snow and ice could survive even in a much warmer world. Once glaciers took hold, their bright surfaces reflected sunlight and helped cool the region further.
In 2007, scientists used NASA satellite measurements to reveal 14 areas of moving water beneath West Antarctica; one hidden lake had drained about 2 cubic kilometres in three years
Antarctica may look like a vast, frozen and unchanging landscape, but deep beneath its thick ice lies a surprisingly active world. In 2007, scientists reported findings based on measurements collected by NASA’s ICESat satellite between 2003 and 2006, revealing major changes in the surface of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and signs of water moving through hidden lakes far below.
Inside the Experimental Traps Scientists Set for Ghostly Neutrinos
Observatories have been built in mines, deep under the Antarctic ice sheet, and elsewhere in an effort to detect the fleeting particles.
A Maine-Built Hero: How One Little Ship Changed Antarctic Science Forever
New book by educator and historian Charles Lagerbom chronicles the remarkable journey of the R/V HERO, from a South Bristol shipyard to the front lines of climate research, and back
U.S. Lost Antarctic Research Vessel, Limiting Science Access
The U.S. lacks a dedicated Antarctic research vessel for the first time since 1968. Discover how this gap impacts climate research and what Congress is...
Sensing the Poles’ Hidden Heat
New animations from NASA's PREFIRE mission reveal two years of seasonal temperature swings at the Arctic and Antarctic.
'Unique Refuge': A Lost Sea May Still Be Alive Beneath Antarctica's Eerie Blood Falls
An ancient ecosystem living in the dark.
Antarctica’s Blood Falls teems life from unexpected source
Despite being over 20 miles from the ocean, it's organisms are pretty salty.
Scientists Discover More Than 1,000 Fish Nests Hiding Beneath Antarctica's Ice
"Critical evidence of unique, structured breeding habitats."
In 2009, Scientists Drilled 183 Meters Beneath An Antarctic Ice Shelf And Found A Surprising Lifeform
Sometimes when you gaze into the abyss, something really does gaze back.
Antarctica just experienced minus 119 F, Earth's coldest temperature since 2012
Too hot? Head to the Concordia research station in Antarctica, where "astronauts of ice" just experienced near-record-breaking cold.
Baby seal gets a swimming lesson
Weddell seal pups living in the Antarctic need to learn how to hold their breath and get in and out of the water.
Scientists stunned as glacier ‘piracy’ unfolds at a pace never seen before - Futura-Sciences
The scene of the heist: West Antarctica In West Antarctica, plenty of glaciers have responded to climate change in the way you might expect: they’re hurrying their flow into the ocean. On average, since 2005, these glaciers have sped up by around 51%. But not every glacier is following the...
Scientists Sound Alarm as Disturbing Volcanic Scenario Unfolds Beneath Antarctica - Futura-Sciences
When Climate and Volcanoes Collide It’s well known that major volcanic events can influence the climate. But—as it turns out—the reverse is also true. The ongoing destabilization of the Antarctic ice sheet, driven by global warming, could actually lead to an increase in subglacial eruptions on this icy continent. You...
Science at the End of the World
What happens when a cruise to Antarctica tries to balance STEM with swanky?
An Antarctic sea squirt could help treat melanoma
The organism may help produce a cancer-killing toxin
Scientists Turned Earth’s Radio Waves into Music. Listen to the Eerie Sounds Made by Lightning and Solar Storms
Lightning, auroras and polar winds become an eerie album of planetary sound.
Why Antarctica Froze 25 Million Years Before the Arctic Even Though They're Both at the Poles
New solutions to two interlinked mysteries reveal how and why the Antarctic’s enormous ice sheet formed.
Scientists discover giant fan-shaped structure beneath Antarctica's ice sheet: The hidden structure rewriting Earth's ancient history
For decades, Antarctica has been treated as a kind of frozen time capsule, a place where evidence of Earth's deep past sits preserved, undisturbed, beneath layers of ice that have built up over millions of years. As per the study published in Nature Geoscience, scientists have now uncovered something remarkable within that buried record: an enormous, fan-shaped geological structure stretching across a huge swath of East Antarctica, hidden entirely from view beneath the ice.
Scientists have detected a giant fan-shaped structure buried beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, suggesting the frozen continent may be hiding the geological scars of the breakup that helped separate Antarctica from Australia
East Antarctica can look, from above, like the quiet half of the frozen continent: old, thick, cold and buried under kilometres of ice. But beneath that ice, new mapping suggests the bedrock may carry the shape of a much more violent past. In a Nature Geoscience study published in June 2026, researchers described a giant […]
Scientists Sound the Alarm: Antarctic Discovery Is More Disturbing Than Anyone Feared - Futura-Sciences
The Frozen Continent Is Changing Faster Than We Thought Antarctica has always been a tough nut to crack for scientists. Its complex and sometimes baffling phenomena have long made it mysterious, and recent findings suggest its influence on our planet’s climate could be much greater than we thought. In September...
There's a Waterfall in Antarctica That Bleeds Red – Here's What's Hiding Inside It
Antarctica's Blood Falls are even weirder than they look.
First ever dinosaur found in Antarctica described for science
The first dinosaur fossil found on the Antarctic continent has been described scientifically. The fossil, a vertebra, was found on a British Antarctic Survey (BAS) expedition in 1985 but has only recently ...
First ever dinosaur found in Antarctica described for science
Dinosaur backbone is the first found on the icy continent, and belongs to a titanosaur around 6–7 meters in length.
A Submarine Found Something Strange On The Ocean Floor
A submarine named Ran was sent below the ice shelf in Antarctica and found some strange readings before disappearing entirely. Here's what it found.
A Submarine Found Something Strange On The Ocean Floor
A submarine named Ran was sent below the ice shelf in Antarctica and found some strange readings before disappearing entirely. Here's what it found.
Hundreds of Mysterious Quakes Have Been Detected Deep Under Antarctica
How is this happening?
Hundreds of Mysterious Quakes Have Been Detected Deep Under Antarctica
How is this happening?
Researchers discover 500 hidden earthquakes beneath Antarctica: 'Improve our understanding of possible futures'
“As machine-learning tools continue to improve, they could reveal that deep, continental-interior earthquakes are more common than currently recognized.”
Scientists stunned by the world’s largest whale “graveyard” millions of years old - Futura-Sciences
The Hidden Depths of the Diamantina Zone Deep beneath the Indian Ocean, researchers from China, Italy, and New Zealand got more than they bargained for during their recent expedition. Exploring the remote Diamantina Fracture Zone—which formed during the separation of Australia and Antarctica—the team operated the Fendouzhe submersible, a machine...
Scientists Detect Hundreds of Earthquakes Deep Beneath Antarctica
They say they've figured out what caused them.
Otherworldly music albums feature space weather data
A science-art team uses research data to make music featuring sounds of Antarctica and outer space
Hundreds of hidden earthquakes discovered beneath Antarctica — and they're happening in a very odd location
Antarctica was long thought to be seismically calm, but new technology makes it possible to detect unexpected types of earthquakes beneath the ice.
Scientists Horrified as Huge Heatwave Hits Antarctica
Record-breaking temperatures are hitting Antarctica, which is extremely bad news for the planet's delicate climate.
Scientists Found a Continent-Sized Geological Structure Hiding Beneath Antarctica
A team led by a geophysicist in Italy now believes that about 90% of Earth’s fresh water ice may not be on solid ground after all.
Scientists discover giant, fan-shaped structure deep beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
A mysterious geological structure that resembles a human hand with outstretched fingers has been revealed beneath East Antarctica. The discovery shows the frozen continent still hides many geological ...
Scientists discover giant, fan-shaped structure deep beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
A mysterious geological structure that resembles a human hand with outstretched fingers has been revealed beneath East Antarctica. The discovery shows the frozen continent still hides many geological secrets.
Scientists Discover a Vast Structure Hiding Beneath Antarctica's Ice
It's huge, ancient, and shaped like a fan.
Scientists Detect Massive Structure Under Antarctica
Researchers have uncovered evidence showing that several subglacial landmarks are the result of the same geological process.
Scientists discover vast hidden structure beneath Antarctica’s ice
A giant fan-shaped network of hidden basins has been discovered beneath East Antarctica, revealing that several well-known subglacial features are actually part of one massive geological structure. The finding sheds new light on Antarctica’s ancient tectonic history and could help scientists better understand how the ice sheet behaves today.
KBR Awarded $8 Billion Antarctic Science and Engineering Support Contract by U.S. National Science Foundation
KBR secures an $8 billion Antarctic contract to support U.S. scientific operations over 20 years.Quiver AI SummaryKBR has been awarded an $8 billion ceiling Antarctic Science and Engineering Support Contract by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), which will span 20 years starting in June 2026. This contract involves providing operations, maintenance, logistics, and science support for the U.S. Antarctic Program, which manages three year-r
How Science Works
The 2nd Weather and Climate Livestream is now underway. It is organized by a group of early-career researchers concerned about declining funding for the field and eager to demonstrate how weather and climate research makes a difference in our lives. Last year’s event was a great success, drawing terrific press coverage including a piece in the NY Times. This year features a strong lineup of talks aimed at a general audience — I highly recommend tuning in. Share I gave a talk yesterday about How Science Works in Three Steps. You can see the short presentation here (I’ve appended a transcript below): And please tune into the livestream here. It runs through tomorrow at 6 pm ET. Thanks for reading The Climate Brink! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work. Subscribe Cleaned up transcript: Thank you, and thanks to everyone tuning in. I want to talk about something I think a lot of people don’t really understand: how science actually works. Arguments over any scientific topic — climate change, vaccines, you name it — revolve around competing claims. For climate change, the claims are: Is the Earth warming? Are humans to blame? What will the impacts be? Over the last 150 years, the scientific community has developed a remarkably robust method for sorting out which claims are true and which aren’t. That method is what I want to walk through. So how does science generate knowledge? If you ask a high schooler, they’ll give you the version they learned in ninth grade: an individual scientist forms a hypothesis, runs an experiment, and draws a conclusion. That’s more or less what happens at the individual level, though in practice it’s more iterative — you design, test, and refine all at once, landing on a slightly different idea each time until you reach a conclusion about whatever hypothesis you’ve ended up with. But this isn’t science. It’s only step one. Any individual scientist can make mistakes — scientists are human. Maybe there’s a bug in the code, maybe there’s an error in the experiment. Just because someone ran an experiment and reached a conclusion doesn’t mean it’s right, and scientists don’t treat a single result as settled truth. Step two is peer review, the first layer of quality control. The scientist writes up what they did and submits it to a journal, which sends the paper to other experts in the field. Those experts judge whether the methods are sound, whether it properly references prior work, and whether the conclusions actually follow from the data. Ask any scientist and they’ll tell you peer review is miserable — the comments come back brutal, often harsh, and you have to revise and resubmit, sometimes multiple times, before an editor finally accepts the paper. Peer review catches an immense amount of bad science, but it can’t catch all of it. Reviewers get sloppy or overworked, they miss obvious mistakes, and they can’t catch hidden errors — a bug in the code, a misread instrument. So a peer-reviewed paper making it into a journal doesn’t mean the paper is right. Nobody treats a single paper as the final word. That’s where step three comes in: the crucible of science. Important results get retested by the broader community. If you publish something interesting, it gets dissected. Sometimes people try to reproduce your work directly but more often they test its implications. If someone claims X is true, and that implies that Y is also true, then scientists will go check Y. If a claim survives this gauntlet long enough, it becomes accepted. That’s how we generate knowledge. Let me give an example: the ozone hole. In 1985 — and I doubt many people watching were around then, but I remember it well — Joe Farman and his colleagues published observations from Antarctica showing that a huge chunk of ozone was disappearing every year. This was shocking because most atmospheric chemists had expected ozone loss to occur at mid-latitudes and high altitudes, not over the South Pole. When scientists see something they don’t understand, they rush to explain it, and several competing hypotheses quickly appeared in the peer-reviewed literature. One pointed to chlorine chemistry from chlorofluorocarbons. A second blamed nitrogen chemistry, possibly driven by solar proton events — meaning the sun was responsible. A third argued it wasn’t chemistry at all but dynamics: winds were carrying naturally low-ozone air from the lower atmosphere up into the stratosphere. Then the community went to work testing which theory could survive the crucible. Aircraft flew into the ozone hole and found no nitrogen, ruling out the nitrogen theory. Measurements showed the air in the polar vortex was descending, not rising — which would bring high-ozone air down, eliminating the dynamics theory. Meanwhile, those same flights measured enormous amounts of chlorine, strongly correlated with exactly the regions where ozone was being destroyed. That became known as the “smoking gun” paper, and it established that chlorine chemistry was the cause. Through this process, a consensus emerged. And it’s worth being clear that this consensus is organic. There’s no vote, no poll, no meeting where it gets decided. Scientists go to conferences, talk to one another, and independently arrived at the same answer. It’s the ultimate free market of ideas. After the consensus was established, the peer-reviewed literature doesn’t even mention the rival theories — it simply takes chlorine chemistry as given. That’s what a consensus looks like. It doesn’t mean every single scientist agrees, but it does mean there’s no longer any legitimate debate. So where can you see what scientists actually think? It’s all in the peer-reviewed literature, which contains the entire historical record of the argument: the discovery, the competing theories, the debate, the testing, and finally the community coalescing around one answer. But there’s a lot of room for misrepresentation. You can dig up an old paper claiming the ozone hole was caused by dynamics and wave it around as if there still was a debate about the cause of the ozone hole — without mentioning that the idea was disproven long ago and that even its own authors no longer believe it. There’s a bigger problem, though: the peer-reviewed literature is written in a language I call “nerd.” It’s extremely hard to read — honestly, some of it is hard for me to follow. It takes graduate students years to work through the literature in a single field, so we can’t expect policymakers or ordinary people to do it. This is where scientific assessments come in. The most famous is the IPCC — the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The job of an assessment is to read and summarize the peer-reviewed literature, synthesizing what’s settled, what’s been disproven, and what remains genuinely debated. To ensure the assessments accurately summarize the peer-reviewed literature, assessments are written by large teams, which are far less prone to bias than individuals and which dilute the influence of any one scientist with an axe to grind. The teams are deliberately assembled to avoid stacking the deck, and the reports themselves go through multiple rounds of peer review. That rigorous process is exactly why you can trust them and why people consider the IPCC to be the gold standard of what we know about the climate system. An assessment produced through a different process may well not be credible. You can even watch the consensus evolve across assessments. Take the attribution of warming. The 1990 IPCC report said the observed warming was broadly consistent with model predictions but also comparable to natural variability — in other words, we don’t know whether humans are responsible. By 1995, it concluded that the balance of evidence suggested a discernible human influence — a sentence only a committee could write, and one that barely commits to anything. By 2001, most of the warming over the previous 50 years was judged “likely” due to greenhouse gases; by 2007, “very likely”; by 2013, “extremely likely.” The 2023 report says essentially the same as 2013 — there’s not much stronger language available. So, to wrap up: science is our ultimate tool for deciphering the universe — the most successful method we’ve ever developed for determining what’s true and what isn’t. Our understanding is written into the peer-reviewed literature, so if you want to know what scientists think, that’s where to look. And for those of us who don’t speak nerd, scientific assessments are the Rosetta Stone — they translate nerd into English. Let me open the floor to questions. Thank you.
Antarctica’s ice sheet hit a climate tipping point 1 million years ago
A new study suggests Antarctica’s ice sheet hit a climate tipping point about one million years ago, making it far more reactive to temperature and CO2 changes. Researchers warn this surprising sensitivity could offer clues about how the continent may respond to today’s warming world.
The 'Doomsday Glacier' is poised to lose its ice shelf this year. An Antarctic researcher explains what that means for global sea levels
Researchers have warned that the Thwaites Glacier, one of the largest glaciers in the world, is about to lose its eastern ice shelf. We spoke to marine geophysicist Robert Larter about what this means for the "Doomsday Glacier."
New Instrument Used Antarctic Ice Sheet to Probe Extreme Universe
The Payload for Ultrahigh Energy Observations (PUEO) is a NASA Astrophysics Pioneers Program mission designed to detect the most energetic particles in the universe.
This prehistoric fish may explain how animals first walked on Earth
Scientists have peered inside the skull of a 380-million-year-old Antarctic fish that was closely related to the first animals to walk on land, revealing surprising clues about how life began its move out of the water. Using advanced neutron imaging, researchers discovered that Koharalepis jarviki had features suited for living near the water’s surface, including openings in its skull that may have helped it gulp air and a light-sensitive organ linked to day-night rhythms.
Scientists warn Antarctica may be locked in 'irreversible' spiral after sea ice hits record lows
The process wiped out sea ice over an area roughly the size of Greenland.
Hidden beneath Antarctic ice, scientists uncover a living river-like ecosystem
Ever wondered what lies beneath the frozen continent of Antarctica? Well, it’s an ecosystem that once seemed inconceivable.
Scientists found stardust trapped in Antarctic ice. What could it tell us about our solar system?
"This dust can penetrate the shielding of the solar system and end up on Earth."
Antarctica’s sudden sea ice loss is one of the most extreme and confusing events in the modern climate record. Scientists now know why it's happening.
In 2015, after decades of relative stability, Antarctica's sea ice suddenly began to disappear. Sea ice extent reached a record low in 2023, and scientists have now figured out what happened in that period.
Antarctica is melting from below and scientists say it’s worse than expected
Scientists have uncovered a hidden Antarctic threat that could accelerate global sea level rise far faster than expected. Deep beneath floating ice shelves, long channels carved into the ice appear to trap warmer ocean water, dramatically speeding up melting from below. Even regions of East Antarctica once considered relatively stable may be far more vulnerable than scientists realized. Researchers warn that current climate models may be missing this dangerous process entirely, meaning future sea level rise could be underestimated.
Antarctica sea ice collapse driven by triple whammy of climate chaos, scientists find
Antarctica is being ravaged by a triple-whammy of climate chaos that has melted sea ice to record lows, a new study has revealed. For decades, the frozen wilderness at the bottom of the world defied global ...
Scientists split gentoo penguins into four species, one totally new to science
The four-foot-tall Emperor penguin of Antarctica may be the most iconic member of this unique family of birds, but 17 other species of penguins populate the Southern Hemisphere, many of them confined ...
A Sea of Spinning Clouds
Icy, isolated Peter I Island stirred up a show in the atmosphere off the West Antarctic coast.
Record-Setting Retreat of Hektoria Glacier
Scientists relied on satellite data to understand how the Antarctic glacier lost so much ice so rapidly.
300-degree hot springs hiding under the frozen Antarctic sea
A robotic sub explored a hidden world 1,300 meters under Antarctica.
Antarctica's sea ice suddenly started shrinking a decade ago — and deep-diving robots are revealing why
A decade ago, southern sea ice suddenly and dramatically declined. Scientists say the culprit was a "very violent release" of deep, pent-up heat.
Small Antarctic Telescope Makes An Outsized Impact On Exoplanetary Science
ASTEP, the Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets, a small visible telescope operating at Concordia station, continues making a real impact in characterizing odd new exoplanetary systems.
Scientists just uncovered a 3 million-year climate mystery in Antarctic ice
Ancient Antarctic ice is revealing a surprising new chapter in Earth’s climate story, stretching back 3 million years. By analyzing tiny pockets of trapped air and rare gases, scientists have discovered that while the planet cooled significantly—especially in the oceans—levels of key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane changed only modestly. This unexpected mismatch suggests other powerful forces, such as shifting ice sheets, ocean circulation, and Earth’s reflectivity, played major roles in driving long-term climate change.
Megaberg Ends Its Long Odyssey at Sea
Antarctic Iceberg A-23A’s journey ends in fragmentation in the South Atlantic Ocean, after a 40-year lifespan documented by satellites.
Science Under the Ice Reveals Antarctica’s Hidden Ocean Life
Scientists dive beneath Antarctic ice to study unique marine life and track the impact of climate change on fragile ecosystems.
Earth’s most powerful ocean current didn’t form the way we thought
A colossal ocean current encircling Antarctica—stronger than all the world’s rivers combined—played a far more complex role in shaping Earth’s climate than scientists once thought. New research shows it didn’t form just because ocean gateways opened, but required shifting continents and powerful winds to align. This shift helped pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, contributing to a major cooling event that transformed Earth into the ice-covered world we know today.
Scientists Unlock 3 Million Years of Climate Secrets Hidden in Antarctic Ice
Ancient Antarctic ice is revealing a more detailed and unexpected picture of Earth’s climate history.