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Philadelphia Phillies Announce Bryce Harper, Kyle Schwarber News After Elimination
Philadelphia Phillies president of baseball operations Dave Dombrowski announced news involving Bryce Harper and Kyle Schwarber on Thursday. The post Philadelphia Phillies Announce Bryce Harper, Kyle Schwarber News After Elimination appeared first on HEAVY.
Kyle Kuzma is taking his business interests to the microphone with new podcast
The Milwaukee Bucks forward will host weekly conversations with founders, investors, athletes and other leaders on “Read the Room with Kyle Kuzma,” premiering later this month.
NBA Star Kyle Kuzma New Business Podcast Read the Room
The Milwaukee Bucks forward and avid investor is launching 'Read the Room,' where he talks with founders, investors, scientists and other guests.
Vikings, Chargers Floated in Realistic Justin Herbert Trade Idea
The Minnesota Vikings don’t have any commitment to a quarterback beyond this season after the trade of J.J. McCarthy to the New York Giants. Both Kyler Murray and Carson Wentz are on one-year contracts, and new general manager Nolan Teasley could look to go in a different direction if neither impresses. Heading into the bye […] The post Vikings, Chargers Floated in Realistic Justin Herbert Trade Idea appeared first on HEAVY.
Minnesota Vikings Star Provides Big Announcement Before Week 6
Undefeated quarterback Kyler Murray officially closed his Arizona chapter, finalized a multi-million dollar estate sale to focus entirely on leading Minnesota’s offense through a dominant breakout season.
Kyle Monangai listed as DNP on practice report
Bears RB Kyle Monangai misses first practice of week because of injuries
(Sustainability Spotlight) From data to action
At Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast (Coke Northeast), sustainability means creating shared value by operating responsibly today while building a resilient tomorrow.
Colorado can help lead data center construction
Across Colorado, proposals for new data centers are running into fierce opposition. Residents are worried about noise, water use, health risks and high electricity costs. Six municipalities, including Denver, have imposed bans, caps or moratoriums while they figure out how these massive facilities could affect their communities. Local officials cannot ignore voters’ concerns. But the […]
Dacy Business Park begins third-phase expansion in Kyle
Construction has started on four new buildings at Dacy Business Park in Kyle, adding 43,050 square feet of commercial space by early 2027.
Georgia Tech star linebacker Kyle Efford announces retirement from football
Georgia Tech linebacker Kyle Efford has announced his retirement.
3 Citadel Offensive Threats Texas A&M Must Stop Saturday
Texas A&M faces a run-heavy Citadel offense Saturday. Three Bulldogs, including Gavin Garcia and Quentin Hayes, could challenge the Aggies' defense at Kyle Field.
Whittingham: Michigan football would be 'undefeated' without TO woes
"If we're plus in the turnover margin ... we're undefeated. I can tell you that without a doubt," Michigan football coach Kyle Whittingham said.
Whittingham: Michigan football would be 'undefeated' without TO woes
"If we're plus in the turnover margin ... we're undefeated. I can tell you that without a doubt," Michigan football coach Kyle Whittingham said.
Cris Carter Gives Clear Outlook on Kyler Murray’s Vikings Future
The Minnesota Vikings are in their bye week and have had Kyler Murray play in three full games. Murray and the Vikings’ offense showed signs of life in their Week 5 win over the New Orleans Saints, which is a confidence builder. Nonetheless, with the Vikings already a month into the season, the question regarding […] The post Cris Carter Gives Clear Outlook on Kyler Murray’s Vikings Future appeared first on HEAVY.
Kyle MacLachlan says he was ‘trying to keep’ Elizabeth Berkley ‘steady’ during “Showgirls” pool sex scene
MacLachlan spoke about the infamous scene during a NYCC discussion.
Kyle MacLachlan shares insight into ‘crazy’ pool sex scene in ‘Showgirls’: ‘I was trying to survive’
Kyle MacLachlan says he was just ‘trying to keep’ Elizabeth Berkley ‘steady’ during infamous ‘Showgirls’ pool sex scene.
DJ Moore Out Against Rams As Buffalo Bills Announce Inactives
Buffalo's top target sidelined by a persistent shoulder injury headlines a depleted roster as the Bills lean on rookie Skyler Bell to fill the void against Los Angeles.
Kyle Busch's widow posts emotional update after celebration of life
Kyle Busch's widow revealed the NASCAR legend's celebration of life was not easy for her to get through in an emotional social media message.
Kyle Gordon on "Mr. Jambo", "Planet of the Bass", and His Dream Music Collab
"If you thought I was only this, I'm gonna do something completely different now!"
Whittingham Gives Three-Word Answer on Tommy Carr Playing Saturday
Kyle Whittingham says Tommy Carr will play Saturday only if it helps Michigan win. #GoBlue
KOC Excited About Kyler Murray, Vikings Offense
Kevin O'Connell was asked about Kyler Murray on Monday. Clearly, the Minnesota Vikings head coach thinks the offense is only getting started.
Whittingham Pulls Andrew Marsh From Punt Returns, Cites Injury
Kyle Whittingham is making a punt return change before Penn State, and injury is part of why. #GoBlue
We asked: What is one challenge facing the Greater Des Moines business community that deserves more attention?
– Compiled by Emily Barske Wood and Kyle Heim Each year the Business Record’s readers cast votes for what Des Moines has to offer in a variety of business-related categories. We asked the winners: What is one challenge facing the Greater Des Moines business community that deserves more attention? Here’s what some of them had…
Kyle MacLachlan explains why he lost ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ role to Patrick Dempsey
Kyle MacLachlan isn’t confused about why he lost the role of McDreamy on ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ to Patrick Dempsey.
Kyle Pitts scores first touchdown of 2026
Kyle Pitts recorded Atlanta's only offensive touchdown in Week 5, catching a 5-yard pass in the second quarter against Baltimore.
Offense finally shows some life as Vikings move to 5-0 following 23-13 victory over Saints
QB Kyler Murray finds his game and develops a rapport with star wideout Justin Jefferson.
OVC Preview Series: Lindenwood Lions
Kyle Gerdeman needed to replace everyone after having the school’s best season at Division I
Two Bills Out, Three Questionable Against Rams On Monday Night
Buffalo faces a short-handed roster in Los Angeles as injuries sideline Ed Oliver and Joshua Palmer, forcing rookie Skyler Bell into the spotlight for a high-stakes showdown.
Kyle Monangai ruled out
The Bears running back is going to miss Week 5 after a big Week 4.
Getting Open: Retired Bear Kyle Long Advocates for Mental Health
Minnesota Vikings Latest News
Charlotte Motor Speedway to host celebration of life for Kyle Busch
The event after the Trucks Series race will include Kyle Busch’s widow, Samantha, team owner Joe Gibbs and several Cup Series drivers.
Bears Get Troubling Kyle Monangai Update Contradicting Ben Johnson Report
The Chicago Bears got an unfortunate bit of information on the health of Kyle Monangai that was at odds with what Ben Johnson said recently. The post Bears Get Troubling Kyle Monangai Update Contradicting Ben Johnson Report appeared first on HEAVY.
Bills Predicted to Bench Struggling WR for Unproven Rookie
The Buffalo Bills could bench veteran wide receiver Joshua Palmer in favor of rookie Skyler Bell, an analyst suggested. The post Bills Predicted to Bench Struggling WR for Unproven Rookie appeared first on HEAVY.
Kyle Richards’ daughter Alexia reveals on “Special Forces ”she was ‘taken advantage of by a friend’
The “Real Housewives of Beverly Hills” star shared that neither of her parents know about the experience.
Kyle Monangai remains sidelined
Bears RB Kyle Monangai unable to practice Thursday because of injuries
EW reveals Breaking Big honorees for 2025 SCAD Film Festival
‘Primetime’ star Skyler Gisondo, ‘Off Campus’ actor Jalen Thomas Brooks,’ ‘Carrie’ star Summer H. Howell, and more are EW’s Breaking Big honorees at the 2026 SCAD Film Festival.
Kyle Larson Is Putting Together Historic NASCAR Chase Run
Current points leader Kyle Larson’s numbers have been ridiculous halfway through NASCAR’s Chase for the Cup. Larson drove the No. 5 Chevy to a second-place finish at Las Vegas last Sunday, extending his points lead and clocking in his fifth straight top-five finish in the Chase. After finishing 31st in the regular-season finale at Daytona, Larson has […] The post Kyle Larson Is Putting Together Historic NASCAR Chase Run appeared first on HEAVY.
Skyler Gisondo knows he's having (another) viral moment right now
An old red carpet photo of the actor is the gift that keeps on giving, this time becoming a vehicle for childhood nostalgia.
Kyle Kuzma: “I've always been somebody that's been …
Kyle Kuzma: “I've always been somebody that's been …
Dale Jr. Compares Keselowski Split to Kyle Busch’s JGR Exit
Dale Earnhardt Jr. says Brad Keselowski's split from RFK Racing reminds him of Kyle Busch leaving Joe Gibbs Racing. He believes Keselowski should have accepted a shorter deal.
Lower Burrell business outreach project gives city insight into wishes, challenges of business district
A summer intern’s project surveying Lower Burrell business owners is already helping the city strategize how to bridge gaps between its local government and business district. It’s also the catalyst for a new effort to form a business owner network, said City Manager Greg Primm. Kyle Radecki, an urban planning
Kyle Kuzma responds to Bucks fans after brutal preseason debut
The Milwaukee Bucks’ first preseason outing did not provide many positives on the offensive end, with the team struggling to convert their chances throughout the 116-97 defeat against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Kyle Kuzma had an especially difficult showing, managing only one point after going 0-for-6 from the floor. The frustration surrounding Kuzma has continued to [...]
Vikings’ QB Situation Sparks Major Bleacher Report Warning
The NFL trade deadline is not until Tuesday, November 10. However, several analysts have put together articles on ways teams can improve. For the Minnesota Vikings, Bleacher Report’s Moe Moton indicated that the Vikings should look at the quarterback position heading into the trade deadline.Kyler Murray has led the Vikings in the quarterback room this […] The post Vikings’ QB Situation Sparks Major Bleacher Report Warning appeared first on HEAVY.
Kyle Austin touts business experience in bid as Libertarian for U.S. Senate
Kyle Austin is the Libertarian candidate in Montana’s U.S. Senate race. The 43-year-old pharmacy owner and farmer says he’s had a desire to serve in a federal office since he was a teenager.
Kyle Austin touts business experience in bid as Libertarian for U.S. Senate
Kyle Austin is the Libertarian candidate in Montana’s U.S. Senate race. The 43-year-old pharmacy owner and farmer says he’s had a desire to serve in a federal office since he was a teenager.
Jeff Gordon Compares Kyle Larson’s Team to NASCAR Legends
Kyle Larson fought back from a lap down to finish second at Las Vegas. Jeff Gordon says that is what championship teams do, and he compared the No. 5 to some of NASCAR's greatest.
Emanuel Wilson, Kyle Monangai, And All Our Must-Start Fantasy Football Running Backs For Week 5
Our Week 5 must-start fantasy football running backs.
Week 5 fantasy running back rankings: Top RB streamers, starts
Kyle Monangai had a career-high 30 carries (and two TDs) in a breakout perfmance against the Jets. He's a top-10 running back this week at Green Bay.
Kyler Murray’s Fourth Quarter Is the Blueprint
The All-22 says this offense is one concept, and fewer false starts, from exploding.
Patient Dies By Suicide After 'Insurance Issue' Delayed Medicine For Lung Disease Flare-Ups
By Lauren Sausser and KFF Health News HealthDay ReportersTUESDAY, Oct. 6, 2026 (HealthDay News) — Kenney Blewett was diagnosed with lung disease more than a decade ago but started experiencing flare-ups this year that made him feel like he couldn’t breathe. Blewett, of Kyle, Texas, described those ...
Kyle Pitts tallies season-high 47 yards receiving
Kyle Pitts surpassed his season-to-date totals in both receptions and yards against the Saints on Monday night.
Kyle Juszczyk may miss some time
49ers FB Kyle Juszczyk could be sidelined a few weeks after injuring knee in Week 4
‘Primetime’: Is catching predators justice or just entertainment?
Rating: ★★★½ Starring Robert Pattinson, Skyler Gisondo, Merritt Wever Directed by Lance Oppenheim Rated R Release Date: Sept. 25, 2026 A man waits unknowingly inside a sting house. His eyes draw up to the sound of curtains ruffling as Chris Hansen (Robert Pattinson), host of Dateline NBC’s “To Catch a Predator,” enters flamboyantly. Hansen descends...
The Best TV Performances of 2026 (So Far)
A ridiculous amount of talent is dominating the small screen this year, including Hoon Lee, Kyle Chandler, Pierce Brosnan, and so many more.
Phillies news: Bryce Harper, Bryson Stott, Kyle Schwarber
I’d like to see Munetaka Murakami hit another home run tonight
'All INdiana Politics': Albright and Forrestal battle for closely divided seat in Senate District 31
INDIANAPOLIS — One of Indiana’s most competitive Senate districts is the site of a high-stakes showdown as a family physician and a former sheriff vie for the seat vacated by Republican Sen. Kyle Walker. Senate District 31 covers Delaware and Fall Creek townships in Hamilton County, including most of Fishers, along with Lawrence and parts […]
49ers get optimistic Kyle Juszczyk update after scary knee injury
San Francisco 49ers fullback Kyle Juszczyk seems to have avoided the worst after injuring his knee against the Denver Broncos.
Kyler Murray throws for 247 yards
Minnesota Vikings QB Kyler Murray throws 37 times in win
Kyle Monangai picks up two rushing TDs in Week 4
Bears RB Kyle Monangai has outstanding performance in win
All INdiana Politics: Albright and Forrestal battle for closely divided seat in Senate District 31
INDIANAPOLIS — One of Indiana’s most competitive Senate districts is the site of a high-stakes showdown as a family physician and a former sheriff vie for the seat vacated by Republican Sen. Kyle Walker. Senate District 31 covers Delaware and Fall Creek townships in Hamilton County, including most of Fishers, along with Lawrence and parts […]
49ers head coach explains methodology behind his trick plays
Kyle Shanahan (mostly) has a plan for when to deploy his trick plays.
New York Islanders vs. New Jersey Devils: Home opener thread
The Islanders host the Devils for their 2026-27 home opener Saturday night. They’re on a 7-0-1 run against the Devils so expect a certain loss. Here are the tweaked lines as Pete DeBoer searches for chemistry, whether or not he has the elements and molecules to find it: mil Heineman – Bo Horvat – Kyle […]
Kyle Whittingham Makes Stunning Admission After Michigan Loss
Kyle Whittingham called Michigan perhaps the biggest challenge of his 40-plus-year coaching career after a 20-14 loss to Minnesota.
Kyle Shanahan explains why 49ers keep welcoming back former players
Deebo Samuel, Dre Greenlaw and Dante Pettis all returned to the 49ers after spent at least the past season on other teams.
Kyle Shanahan explains why 49ers rarely draft offensive linemen early
The 49ers have faith in their coaching that they can develop linemen drafted anywhere.
49ers’ Kyle Shanahan Set to Make History Against Broncos
Kyle Shanahan is about to etch his name into San Francisco 49ers history. It’s arriving faster than it might seem.Shanahan Set to Pass Bill Walsh on the 49ers’ All-Time ListHeading into Week 4 against the Denver Broncos, Shanahan will surpass legendary coach Bill Walsh for the most games as San Francisco’s head coach. He’ll reach […] The post 49ers’ Kyle Shanahan Set to Make History Against Broncos appeared first on HEAVY.
NFL Analyst Drops Honest Admission on Vikings QB Kyler Murray
Despite a sluggish start for the league's lowest-ranked offense, insiders predict Kyler Murray will finally ignite against Miami to silence critics and secure a dominant 4-0 start.
Patient Dies by Suicide After ‘Insurance Issue’ Delayed Medicine for Lung Disease Flare-Ups
Hours after experiencing a flare-up related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Kenney Blewett of Kyle, Texas, died by suicide in June. A medication his doctor prescribed days earlier to ease his breathing problems hadn’t been filled due to an “insurance issue,” his pharmacy explained via email.
GRCC English and Science Students Attended the Detroit River Story Lab
By Kyle Jackson On Saturday, Sept. 26, The Collegiate was invited to join the Grand Rapids Community College English Department on a trip to Detroit to take part in the University of Michigan’s Detroit River Schooner Program. The program itself, run by U-M’s College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LSA), has literature and science […]
Texas A&M Looks To Extend Arkansas Dominance At Kyle Field
Texas A&M returns home trying to stop a two-game skid and beat Arkansas for a fifth straight time in a rivalry the Aggies have dominated since 2012.
Kyle Richards Shows Her Support for Morgan Wade As She Reflects on Her Health Journey
Kyle Richards showed her support for her friend, Morgan Wade, after the latter reflected on her health journey. Read on for more info.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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If you decide to see Lance Oppenheim’s Primetime, it’s important to remember the title as you watch. Yes, this is a biopic of sorts about Chris Hansen and his work on To Catch a Predator, but it is more accurately about the quest for fame and using people’s trauma to attract ratings. True crime entertainment continues to have a prominent place in many people’s television habits, and this film asks us to examine what that means both for those whose stories have become our viewing pleasure and those of us watching. Primetime starts as Chris Hansen (Robert Pattinson) is told that his show, To Catch a Predator, is moving to a 9 PM spot opposite LOST. Chris and his producer, Andie (Merritt Wever), see this as an opportunity to make the program even more sensational, looking for bigger, more horrific predators. As part of their plan, they hire a young actor, Dan Plum (Skyler Gisondo), to play “Decoy Dan,” the person who greets the would-be predators who were catfished by Xavier Von Erck (Matthew Maher). Oppenheim, along with writers Ajon Singh and Luke Dittrich, is less concerned with an accurate retelling of the show as much as they are interested in interrogating the why of it all. That decision sometimes leaves Primetime feeling less like a biopic and more like a satirical look at the nature of programming like this. Visually, the movie is impressive. Oppenheim uses light and color effectively to cast Hansen as both villain and savior. Pattinson plays Hansen in an almost comical manner, as we see him wake his two young sons to watch a clip of the show, just to brag that he was moving into a prime spot on television. Even Andie struggles to accept a “nice” job when there is so much more fame to be found producing salacious true-crime content. Wever does an excellent job showing how the hunger for fame is not just in front of the camera, but in every aspect of the production. The heart of the movie, and the standout performance, belongs to Gisondo as Dan Plum. He is someone who just wants to get enough hours to be admitted into the Screen Actors Guild, and stumbles into this job without really knowing what it is. Throughout the film, we watch him suffer one trauma after another, ending with him witnessing the suicide of a District Attorney who is about to become the next unwitting star of Hansen’s show. If there is a sympathetic character in Primetime, it is Decoy Dan, and Gisondo plays him brilliantly. If you’re a fan of programming like To Catch a Predator, then Primetime will probably make you feel uncomfortable, and I think it’s worth sitting with that feeling and examining why we turn on shows that display the worst of humanity while we judge from our couches. Yes, it is correct to want to see people who would hurt children brought to justice, but perhaps it shouldn’t be something that we watch as entertainment. Rating: 3.5/5 This review originally appeared in The Dominion Post on September 25, 2026. MacGuffin or Meaning: Film & TV Reviews and Reflections is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. Subscribe
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