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Is metascience being co-opted?

In July, the White House released a report that argued academia is deeply dysfunctional and in need of radical reform.Science: A New Golden Age sets out a litany of problems many academics will recognise: interminable waits for grants; short-term funding rather than support for longer, more ambitious projects; ballooning administrative requirements; pressure to publish, and many more. “The scientific machine is getting bogged down,” it says. At least on the face of it, Science: A New Golden Age is a triumph for the metascience movement, a loose-knit, global group of academics, philanthropists and think tankers that want far more testing and experimentation in how we fund public research and innovation. The report tells US research funders to set up internal metascience units to do just this. But it has also set alarm bells ringing that metascience is being conveniently deployed to help justify the defunding of US universities, which US vice president JD Vance has openly labelled “the enemy.” “Just because you have an issue with your plumbing in your house doesn't mean you light the entire house on fire and burn it to the ground,” said Colette Delawalla, chief executive of Stand Up for Science, a group campaigning against what it says are attacks on scientists by the Trump administration. No one is arguing that academia doesn’t need reform, but there’s debate over how far and how fast the system should be shaken up. Does public R&D need slow and steady evidence-based adjustment, or radical new experiments?One of the key arguments in Science: A New Golden Age is that there’s not enough funding for what it calls “mid-level” science: engineering-heavy projects that require tens of millions of dollars, involve ten to a hundred people, and last around five years. Such a project might develop a brain-computer interface for people with Alzheimer's disease, for example. As such, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) has already announced $1.5 billion to set up so-called X-Labs, effectively new research organisations to pursue breakthroughs in areas such as quantum sensing and new scientific instruments. Funding divertedBut there’s a catch: this money has squeezed NSF budgets for more traditional, fundamental research grants, Science reported in June, likely meaning less cash for university-based scientists. Science: A New Golden Age also makes various swipes at universities, accusing them of extracting overheads from scientists to fund administrative bloat. “We have become dependent on a narrow set of legacy institutions,” it says. The report doesn’t mention it, but the US government is simultaneously seeking greater powers over federal funding, which would allow political appointees at funding agencies to screen or cancel research grants mid-project. The White House is also seeking to slash the NSF’s budget by more than half in 2027, although similar cuts proposed for 2026 were blocked by Congress. Convenient hookThis has worried some that the metascience agenda could be misused as a kind of smokescreen to further weaken universities. James Wilsdon, executive director of the Research on Research Institute at University College London, said that the report contains lots of “interesting ideas” and agrees that in places, academia is a “pretty broken system.” But the risk is that metascience is being deployed as a “convenient hook” to support cuts and a “political land grab” to transfer grant power from scientists to political appointees in US funding agencies.So far, the metascience agenda hasn’t been seized on by radical right parties in Europe. But Wilsdon worries it will cross the Atlantic, politicising research reform efforts and making them more difficult to carry out. The report is already making some in Europe sceptical of the entire idea. “The system is not without flaws, but the metascience discussion is not likely to improve the system but rather to generate munition to undermine it,” said Claes de Vreese, a professor of AI and society at the University of Amsterdam. Peter Thiel protégéOfficially, Science: A New Golden Age has just one named author: Michael Kratsios, the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and a former chief of staff to Silicon Valley mogul Peter Thiel. He also served as chief financial officer of Thiel’s Clarium Capital Management. Since the 1990s, Thiel has criticised US universities for moving away from teaching what he views as the classic works of western civilisation, and drifting towards “anti-Western zealotry.” And since 2011, he has offered two-year fellowships of $250,000 to young people to skip or drop out of university, and instead start companies or pursue scientific research. “College can be good for learning about what’s been done before, but it can also discourage you from doing something new,” according to the Thiel Fellowships website. In other areas, the Trump administration has promoted academics with a longstanding interest in metascience. For example, the head of the National Institutes of Health, Jay Bhattacharya, in 2020 co-authored a study arguing the funder backs overly conservative proposals, although he achieved wider prominence as a critic of pandemic lockdowns. Careless talk costs fundingEven before the Trump administration embraced the metascience agenda, some metascientists privately wondered whether they should be careful not to overstate dysfunctions in academia, in case this gets used as ammunition against universities. But others think being cautious with criticism is pointless. After all, last year, the Trump administration sought to cut funding from US universities on an entirely different premise: supposed antisemitism on campus. “I don't think these governments need a technical metascientific excuse to attack the universities, they will want to do so anyway,” said Will Stone, a researcher at Science Works, a new think tank advocating for a “metascience revolution” in the UK. “I think researchers should report what they find, even when the findings may be used to advance policies they disagree with,” echoed Russell Funk, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, who in 2023 co-authored a highly influential paper that argued scientific papers were becoming less disruptive over time. No justificationThat said, Funk thinks that metascientific research certainly doesn’t justify a weakening of universities. Instead, scientists need “time, resources and stability to pursue unfamiliar ideas,” he said. “Taking away those conditions works against the very goal the reforms are supposed to achieve.”The Institute for Progress, a Washington DC-based innovation policy think tank that has championed X-Labs and metascience units, also says that reforms should complement, not supplant, universities. “Unpredictable, unreliable, and reduced federal funding to researchers is destabilising to the very foundations of research and development and is bad,” said Jenn Gustetic, the institute’s director of metascience and R&D policy.Evolution or revolution?This points to a much bigger divide in the metascience community: how far and how fast should public R&D be shaken up? Does it need evolution or revolution? For example, Science: A New Golden Age says the science system relies too heavily on traditional “workhorse” project grants, the type that pay out around $250,000 a year to fund “hypothesis-driven science by small teams on tractable questions.” However, in criticising project grants, the report “decisively picks one side of a debate that is far from settled,” David Hilmer Rex, a metascientist based in Denmark, has written. In June, Pierre Azoulay, a metascientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, defended project grants, saying that the alternative of X-Labs “merits scepticism.”A-B testingOne challenge in metascience is that it’s easier to generate evidence for some types of change than others. Most straightforwardly, research funders can run A-B tests on different ways of awarding money. For example, Germany’s Volkswagen Foundation recently trialled distributed peer review, where applicants rate each other’s proposals, and measured its results against traditional review panels. Distributed peer review made quicker decisions, although awarded money to largely different ideas. However, much of the focus of the metascience movement has been on founding fast-moving and free-acting new research organisations and funders, in contrast to the alleged stodginess of mainstream academia or public innovation grants. A culture of speed and freedom are the animating principles behind Germany’s Sprind or the UK’s Advanced Research and Invention Agency (Aria).Related articlesViewpoint: it's time to experiment with how Europe funds science European researchers sound the alarm that Trump rule changes will hit cooperationHowever, while it’s possible to closely study previously successful bodies, such as the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa), for historical clues to their secret sauce, it’s impossible to guarantee in advance that the likes of Sprind or Aria will actually work as hoped. But advocates of new organisations say this inherent uncertainly shouldn’t stop us trying. “If we wait for definitive proof that something will work before we try it, I don't know where your proof is coming from,” said Stone. Trade-offsUp until now, experiments in metascience haven’t generally come with hard trade-offs over money. In the US, new ideas such as focused research organisations have often been funded by billionaire philanthropists. In Europe, new innovation agencies such as Sprind and Aria, or the Netherland’s new National Agency for Disruptive Innovation, haven’t needed explicit cuts elsewhere in the research system. But with the $1.5 billion establishment of X-Labs by the NSF, the trade-offs are becoming clearer. Some metascientists privately wonder whether a smaller pilot would have been more appropriate, given that the idea is untested. The Institute for Progress counters that the $1.5 billion X-Labs budget is spread out over a decade, so will account for less than 2% of the NSF’s annual budget. “It’s important to remember that [Darpa] was once an institutional experiment as well. Now it’s one of the most cited innovative funding models in the world,” said Gustetic.As for Europe?The US isn’t the only country placing metascience at the heart of its research strategy. Science: A New Golden Age looks admiringly at the UK, which in 2024 set up a Metascience Unit to scrutinise how it funds research. In Brussels, it’s more of a mixed picture. In 2018, the EU set up the European Innovation Council to funnel grants and equity to start-ups, although it’s sometimes criticised for awarding money too slowly. Recently, the council has started experimenting with challenges, where teams of inventors compete to overcome a technological challenge. The European Commission also wants to experiment with partially randomising grant winners, to cut down on bureaucracy. However, the Commission’s own advisers have said the EU’s own research schemes are too conventional. They want the Commission to establish a new dedicated unit to scrutinise and experiment with funding. But there’s no sign of a such unit emerging in Brussels’ plans for the next Horizon Europe programme, which from 2028 is set to distribute more than €160 billion over seven years. Sam Bogerd, director of breakthrough innovation at the Brussels-based Arq Foundation, an AI-focused think tank that also looks at metascience, says that Europe might have the opposite problem to the US: universities and basic research funding are still reasonably well supported, but there’s not enough experimentation. “We're not taking a close enough look at where this money can achieve the most, and I am worried that the good ideas around metascience will be tainted politically by their association with the Trump administration,” he said. He’s still lobbying for the Commission to set up an experimental unit. But in the meantime, the Arq Foundation plans to do its own research, and is currently hiring two metascience researchers to run the rule over how Brussels spends research funding.

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Sep 24 • 8:00 AM EDT • Science • sciencebusiness.net
Alabama Might Have Found Its Next Superstar

t’s only one game. And yes, it was East Carolina . But Alabama fans have every reason to be excited about Keelon Russell right now. The sophomore made his first career start Saturday and immediately showed why Kalen DeBoer handed him the keys to Alabama’s offense. Russell completed 18 of 30 passes for 256 yards…

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Sep 6 • 11:08 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Dems: Blakeman Should Not Get Matching Funds - Long Island Life & Politics

By Hank Russell The New York State Democratic Committee has accused Nassau County Executive and GOP gubernatorial candidate Bruce Blakeman of illegally trying to obtain matching funds with money he raised outside the state of [...]

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Oct 1 • 7:11 AM EDT • Politics • lilifepolitics.com
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Sep 4 • 11:45 PM EDT • Business • krcgtv.com
Cybersecurity firm, also North Augusta Small Business of the Year, marks 25 years in the CSRA

Founder Russell Wyatt started PC Techware in 2001, fixing home computers across Augusta. Today, the company serves businesses throughout the CSRA as an all-commercial cybersecurity and IT provider.

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Oct 8 • 5:15 AM EDT • Business • postandcourier.com
Can Alabama Star Keelon Russell Win Heisman Trophy This Season?

Alabama star quarterback Keelon Russell has pushed himself into the Heisman Trophy conversation this season.

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Oct 4 • 12:42 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
The Old Democrat Who Keeps Winning

Ed Markey will be 86 at the end of his next term.

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Sep 1 • 9:01 PM EDT • Politics • theatlantic.com
Viewpoint: When politics becomes a business, we pay the price

Russell Cleveland writes, This initiative won't solve every problem in our politics, but restoring transparency, accountability and a reasonable balance of power between ordinary citizens and wealthy political interests is a critical first step toward restoring something we desperately need: Trust.

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Aug 17 • 9:29 AM EDT • Business • missoulacurrent.com
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Exceptional Earnings and AI Immunity Fuel Hinge Health’s (HNGE) Performance

Osterweis Capital Management, an investment management firm, released its Q2 2026 investor update for its “Osterweis Opportunity Fund”. You can download a copy of the letter here. The fund returned 35.34% in the quarter, significantly outperforming the Russell 2000 Growth Index’s 25.71% gain. Robust corporate profits, AI investment, easing oil-shock concerns, strong labor markets, and […]

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Sep 23 • 10:31 AM EDT • Health • finance.yahoo.com
Warner Robins Fire Department finds cause of Russell Parkway business fire
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Oct 1 • 4:03 PM EDT • Business • 13wmaz.com
Lauren Foote Named Assistant Athletic Director for Sports Medicine

Hoboken, N.J. – Stevens Institute of Technology Assistant Vice President and Director of Athletics and Recreation Russell Rogers announced the hiring of Lauren Foote as Assistant Athletic Director for Sports Medicine Wednesday.

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Jul 29 • 8:19 AM EDT • Sports • stevensducks.com
Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs

Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share

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Oct 2 • 1:57 PM EDT • Science • publisherpt.substack.com
Inside's Variety's Sports and Entertainment Studio With Russell Wilson

Variety held its inaugural Sports & Entertainment Studio on July 16, featuring former NFL player Russell Wilson and NASCAR's Jimmie Johnson.

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Jul 23 • 12:30 PM EDT • Entertainment • variety.com
Alabama Fans Should Be Worried About This

Alabama couldn’t have asked for a much better start to the season. The Crimson Tide destroyed East Carolina 48-10 , Keelon Russell looked impressive in his first career start and Alabama finished with nearly 500 yards of offense. But there was one problem that looked very familiar. Ryan Coleman-Williams is still dropping passes. Coleman-Williams struggled…

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Sep 6 • 10:55 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Executive Summary: Russell prefers a collaborative, progressive approach

Editor’s note: The Fort Smith Metro Daily News Executive Summary series is focused on looking under the title, so to speak, of a business, government, and non-profit executive in the...

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Aug 23 • 12:06 PM EDT • Business • talkbusiness.net
Russell Westbrook wants to carry torch for L.A. Olympics

Retired NBA player and Olympic gold medal winner Russell Westbrook said he wants to carry the torch when his native Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Games.

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Oct 9 • 4:06 PM EDT • Sports • espn.com
Southern California University of Health Sciences Names Dr. Russell Greenfield Founding Executive Director of Institute for the Advancement of Whole Health

/PRNewswire/ -- Southern California University of Health Sciences (SCU) today announced the appointment of Russell Greenfield, MD, as Founding Executive...

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Sep 15 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • prnewswire.com
Elevance Health (ELV): Conviction Pays Off as Underwriting Disciplines Stabilize Margins

Cambiar Opportunity Fund, managed by Cambiar Investors, published its Q2 2026 investor letter. The letter can be downloaded here. U.S. equity markets experienced a significant rebound in Q2, with the S&P 500 rising 15.2% and the Russell 2000 up 21.5%. Growth stocks outperformed value, although value retained a year-to-date lead. The market’s rise was fueled […]

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Oct 1 • 11:43 AM EDT • Health • finance.yahoo.com
Wolff: “It’s difficult to cope” for Russell seeing Antonelli pace

The Bahrain GP in Malaysia represents a crucial moment in the Championship for Mercedes, who introduce a series of long-awaited upgrades to the W17. These updates are the first major aerodynamic changes for Mercedes in several months, who are finally responding to the developments from other teams - most notably McLaren. Despite the relative delay …

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Oct 3 • 12:08 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Washington’s Deuce Davis Continues Havoc at EDGE

Sunday afternoon saw the first reps that Russell "Deuce" Davis II has taken since his three-sack performance in the UCLA game of 2024. That year, he played just 34 defensive snaps before injuries sidelined him for all of 2025. In the Apple Cup, Davis recorded a sack on his first play back. He appeared on …

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Sep 8 • 6:22 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Russell Investments head lays out how she evaluates struggling funds

Kate El-Hillow invests capital into external funds at Russell Investments.

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Aug 1 • 5:51 AM EDT • Business • businessinsider.com
Russell Westbrook retires + Lakers sold in record-breaking deal
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Aug 12 • 4:18 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Grand Canyon Education (LOPE): A Steady Cash-Generating Business Ignored in a Speculative Market

Riverwater Partners, an investment management company, released its ‘Small Cap Strategy’ Q2 2026 investor letter. The letter can be downloaded here. The Small Cap Strategy underperformed the Russell 2000 in the second quarter as the benchmark experienced one of its strongest risk-on rallies in recent memory, although the strategy remained ahead year-to-date. The quarter was defined […]

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Sep 1 • 9:08 AM EDT • Business • finance.yahoo.com
AI needs science’s search history

“Actually, that’s where the gold is,” said Alasdair Russell, my graduate school friend who leads a pre-clinical genome editing group at Cambridge. He was talking about the winding road of science that is omitted from published papers. “When you’re discussing how to do the experiment, and why this way is better than another way, and what does the data really mean? I know what it shows, but what does it mean?” At RAAIS 2026, he described how his group has begun logging the twisting path of discovery as it happens, recording the verbal and written exchanges that normally disappear. Ideas become nodes in a living graph: they branch when a meeting produces two plausible experiments, merge when separate lines of evidence converge, and go dark when someone quietly stops pursuing them. In his implementation, one agent scores novelty, while another tries to learn “how scientists think and how they navigate through a complex world of data,” so that high-potential nodes can trigger deeper investigation. As frontier AI labs deploy agents toward scientific discovery, giving AI authentic scientific taste remains a trillion-dollar dilemma. The bottleneck is that the record we have kept for centuries of science might be insufficient to get us there. The experiments that never make the paper Peter Medawar, 1960 Nobel laureate and “father of transplantation,” asked in 1963 whether the scientific paper was a fraud, and answered yes: the form of the paper misrepresents the thinking that produced it. Sixty years on, the diagnosis is unchanged. A paper presents a clean progression from hypothesis to result to conclusion. Lost along the way are the unconventional theories, the abandoned or unaffordable methods, and the underwhelming and inconclusive data. It reads like a browser history with every dead end deleted: the ten open tabs, the four rephrased queries, the wrong turn down a subforum. All scrubbed, leaving one clean path from question to answer as the canonical path. What has changed since then is that the discarded material is now worth something. No high-impact journal wants these artifacts, but raw trial and error is the most likely source of the training data required to develop scientific intuition, or what researchers call taste. Earlier attempts to capture the discards were motivated by scientific integrity. The Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine launched in 2002 to publish rigorous studies that disputed established models or exposed ineffective treatments. Its archive preserved negative conclusions after they had become papers, rather than the live alternatives and arguments that produced them. BioMed Central closed it in 2017, saying the mission had been served now that other journals publish null results. A less generous reading is that in fifteen years it published around 200 papers because almost nobody wants to read a negative result, let alone write one up when it will not count toward academic tenure. AI models are different. Even an uninteresting negative result can be useful, provided it is labeled. Earlier this year, Anthropic put a version of this to the test. The company pulled 129 decision points from real Claude Code sessions between January and March 2026, showed models the work up to a human detour, and asked what should happen next. Claude Mythos Preview beat the human choice 64% of the time, while Opus 4.5 managed 51%. The comparison was tilted toward the models because Anthropic deliberately chose moments where the human decision had room for improvement. On 127 further scenarios where the human action was already strong, the models improved on it only about 20% of the time. The study was possible because Anthropic’s researchers work inside a tool that logs by default. The reasoning, detours and outcome are produced in the same working environment. Biology has no equivalent. Its reasoning happens in hallways, at benches, in Slack threads and on whiteboards, while the outcome arrives weeks later somewhere else. The record has to emerge from the work itself. Ask scientists to reconstruct it afterwards and we’ll create another polished account. Subscribe A log is not a label Before any of this becomes training data, a negative result has to say what failed. The first paper published in the Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine examined 234 negative studies across five leading medical journals. Only 30% discussed statistical power, and half clearly defined a primary outcome. Tell a model an experiment failed, without telling it whether the assay was underpowered, a reagent had degraded, or the hypothesis was simply wrong, and it will learn noise with confidence. Decision histories have a second missing label too. When a lab considers five experiments and runs one, only the chosen branch returns an outcome. The other four are experimental counterfactuals. Researchers call this the selective labels problem: the data reveal results only for the actions someone chose to take. Such a record can teach a model to imitate a lab’s taste, but it cannot establish that the taste was good. It also smuggles local constraints into general lessons. A lab that never ran cryo-EM because it did not own a microscope teaches a model that cryo-EM is rarely the right call. Alasdair’s nodes preserve the candidate set, which is the necessary first step. To be useful, each decision record needs six fields: The evidence available at that moment, and nothing that arrived later. The candidates considered, including the ones dismissed in a sentence. For each candidate: the expected result, the confidence attached to it, and the cost in time and money. The route chosen, and the reason. What happened next. How the evidence changed the scientist’s view. These must be timestamped before the outcome, because hindsight turns uncertainty into inevitability. Disagreement also has to survive. Averaging three scientists into one clean rationale reproduces exactly the information loss we are trying to fix. But there is an obvious failure mode here. Once decisions are logged and scored, people log for the record post-facto. Anyone who has watched an electronic lab notebook fill up with retrospective tidying knows how quickly a research tool becomes a compliance exercise. A record that costs a scientist ten minutes of honest reflection per decision is worth far more than one that costs an hour of performance. A publication initiative called Registered Reports offers a useful starting point. Here, researchers submit their rationale, methods and analysis plan for peer review before the data exist, and the journal commits in principle to publish if they follow the approved plan. Nature has now expanded the format across every field it covers. This approach to paper writing timestamps intent before the outcome, but it freezes one plan. A useful search history must also preserve how the plan changed, which alternatives were rejected, when, and on what evidence. Subscribe Run the runner-up Autonomous labs show what happens when decisions and outcomes are connected in a loop. Liverpool’s mobile robotic chemist ran 688 experiments over eight days in a ten-variable formulation space. A batched Bayesian search used each result to choose the next experiments and found photocatalyst mixtures six times more active than the starting formulations. Every completed experiment changed what the system did next. The robot optimized within a goal and search space that humans had already chosen. It did not decide which scientific question mattered. So what this work demonstrates is narrower, but still useful: a search history pays off when the options return standardized outcomes quickly. Open-ended biology is harder because branches can take weeks and the discarded alternatives may never be run. Some exploration therefore has to be bought. Where two branches are plausible and the stakes justify the cost, a lab should sometimes run the runner-up. Otherwise the record captures what today’s scientists usually chose and stays silent on what they systematically overlooked. A funder could ring-fence a small fraction of a grant for the branch not taken, provided that the decision record and the outcome are both deposited. That costs money, but so does having every lab rediscover the same abandoned path. Test whether taste transfers When it comes time to evaluate if our new AI system exhibits taste, the comparison should run across laboratories and fields. At selected decision points in a live research campaign, we should freeze the six fields: the evidence, the candidates, expected results, confidence, costs and the choice made. Experts then rank the options before the outcomes are known, and those outcomes are checked independently later. We could give models one of two diets - papers alone, or papers plus decision histories - and ask them to rank the next experiment on unfamiliar projects. Then, we score information gained per dollar and week, calibration, and how quickly weak branches are abandoned. If histories improve choices only inside the lab that produced them, they amount to useful organizational memory. If they improve choices on unfamiliar problems elsewhere, Alasdair’s group will have captured something science has never managed to write down: a transferable record of taste. Until that happens, a scientific search history is a promising record, not yet a training set.

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Aug 13 • 11:16 AM EDT • Science • press.airstreet.com
Dodgers notes: Attention to detail, Russell Martin, Zach Ehrhard

It’s the start of the Dodgers postseason on Saturday, but here are some related and adjacent stories that aren’t necessarily about the National League Division Series. Andy McCullough at The Athletic wrote about the Dodgers’ place in baseball heading into the postseason, and their role as the main antagonist for many about two months before […]

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Oct 3 • 9:13 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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1993 Classic, Starring Kurt Russell, Features the ‘Greatest Western Movie Character of All Time'

This film became a success at the box office.

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Sep 20 • 7:55 AM EDT • Entertainment • sacbee.com
Dana White Kills Stevenson-Pacquiao Talk

Dana White shut down Shakur Stevenson vs. Manny Pacquiao at a Zuffa Boxing press conference. An offer is out to Gary Antuanne Russell to unify at 140.

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Sep 29 • 3:50 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Entertainment Unleashed: Sphere Entertainment’s (SPHR) Innovative Approaches

Sands Capital, an investment management company, released its “Sands Capital Select Growth Fund” Q2 2026 investor letter. The letter can be downloaded here. Select Growth Fund targets U.S. businesses driving significant structural change through disruptive innovation. The fund returned 23.2% in the quarter, outperforming the Russell 1000 Growth Index’s 16.7%. U.S. large-cap growth equities rebounded […]

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Sep 2 • 9:36 AM EDT • Entertainment • finance.yahoo.com
Seahawks Legend Russell Wilson Sends ‘Special’ Message to Kenneth Walker

Russell Wilson never played with Kenneth Walker in Seattle, but the Seahawks legend noticed what K9 did in his first game with the Chiefs. The post Seahawks Legend Russell Wilson Sends ‘Special’ Message to Kenneth Walker appeared first on HEAVY.

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Sep 15 • 4:17 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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100%
Jared Goff Makes NFL History During Detroit Lions’ Win Over Cardinals

Detroit Lions QB Jared Goff joins Russell Wilson as the only NFL quarterbacks with 12+ touchdowns and zero interceptions through five games.

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Oct 11 • 8:28 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
'We can't become callous': KIRO hosts debate what a startup's departure to Texas says about Seattle's business climate

Another Seattle-area tech startup is heading to Texas, and Ursula Reutin and Angela Poe Russell say the region can't afford to shrug it off.

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Aug 13 • 7:12 PM EDT • Business • mynorthwest.com
Russell Fry Backs Darline Graham in South Carolina Senate Runoff Amid Trump Pressure

The president has been focused on the race since the death of Lindsey Graham in July. Ms. Graham, the late senator’s sister, is competing against Representative Ralph Norman in a runoff on Aug. 25.

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Aug 14 • 11:10 AM EDT • Politics • nytimes.com
Unabomber

Russell Crowe as Henry Murray, left, and Jacob Tremblay as Ted Kaczynski in "Unabomber."

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Sep 22 • 1:56 PM EDT • Entertainment • galvnews.com
Chris Russell and Shea Bennett Launch ENTER, An Entertainment Company for Brands

The Sydney-based business is built on the belief that 'brands are the great entertainers of our time' and uses its own methodology to assess how entertaining a brand currently is

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Oct 8 • 7:16 PM EDT • Entertainment • lbbonline.com
F1 Business Summit adds Haas boss Ayao Komatsu, Gordon Ramsay and Russell Wilson

The F1 Business Summit returns on 19 November at Caesars Palace, with Haas Team Principal Ayao Komatsu, Gordon Ramsay and Russell Wilson among the speakers.

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Sep 29 • 10:02 AM EDT • Business • formula1.com
Executive Summary: Russell prefers a collaborative, progressive approach

Editor’s note: The Fort Smith Metro Daily News Executive Summary series is focused on looking under the title, so to speak, of a business, government, and non-profit executive in the...

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Aug 23 • 12:06 PM EDT • Politics • talkbusiness.net
Media Mention: Attorneys Tyler Russell and Marley Peterson Featured in Triad Business Journal Coverage of NC Hemp Bill

Ward and Smith attorneys Tyler Russell and Marley Peterson recently provided insight to Triad Business Journal reporter Elizabeth “Lilly” Egan for t

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Aug 7 • 4:30 AM EDT • Business • wardandsmith.com
Dakota Fanning reveals valuable lesson she learned from working with Kurt Russell

Dakota Fanning reveals the valuable lesson she learned from working with Kurt Russell on the 2005 sports drama film ‘Dreamer.’

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Oct 6 • 10:40 AM EDT • Entertainment • ew.com
Northwest Colorado Health reports $230K loss in financial fraud scheme

Northwest Colorado Health lost approximately $230,000 this summer from fraudulent account transactions, with CEO Steph Einfeld describing the organization as the “victim of a sophisticated crime” involving the impersonation of one of the nonprofit’s financial...

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Sep 16 • 12:53 PM EDT • Health • steamboatpilot.com
Business People

Arvest Bank announced it has named Leo Cantu community bank president for the bank's Russellville and Clarksville markets. In his new role, he will provide leadership and day-to-day direction for the bank's operations, serving businesses and organizations throughout Pope and Johnson counties.

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Sep 27 • 3:49 AM EDT • Business • nwaonline.com
F1 Singapore: George Russell Penalized for Engine Change

The Briton will start from the back of the grid after the power unit failure in Malaysia. Mercedes brings forward the engine change planned for later. The sanction will be applied on Sunday, not in the Sprint, which gives him an opportunity to score.

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Oct 8 • 11:48 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
F1 Grand Slams, explained

George Russell joined an exclusive F1 list at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix

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Sep 30 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Jan Jarboe Russell Was a Widely Admired Author and Journalist. She Was an Even Better Friend

The long-tenured Texas Monthly staff writer and author of several books has died at the age of 75.

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Sep 30 • 5:41 PM EDT • Politics • texasmonthly.com
America’s Most Divided State Loves Its Extremes

Wisconsin has never been a bastion of moderation.

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Aug 1 • 7:00 AM EDT • Politics • theatlantic.com
'Tip Toe' is one of 2026's most talked-about TV shows. Russell T Davies 'would love to be wrong' about it.

"In writing this, in saying what I believed about the state of the world, there was part of me hoping I was wrong."

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Oct 10 • 5:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • mashable.com
The 11 NBA players on the Basketball Hall of Fame's waiting list

There's only one NBA player in this year's class, but these stars -- including the recently retired Russell Westbrook -- should hear their names called in the near future.

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Aug 14 • 7:00 AM EDT • Sports • espn.com
Leicester's style 'enjoyable to play in'

Leicester City forward Tommy Watson is enjoying the style of play under Russell Martin after netting his first goals for the club against Fulham U21s.

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Sep 23 • 7:17 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Russell: “Antonelli Has Done a Better Job Than Me”

The Briton acknowledges that the Italian deserves to lead the championship and that he will need luck to close the 66 point gap. Despite the disadvantage, he assures that he does not give up and that he will continue fighting race by race for the title.

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Sep 11 • 8:01 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Pat Bev says Darvin Ham asked him for Russell …

Pat Bev says Darvin Ham asked him for Russell …

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Sep 21 • 11:16 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Taber ceremonially opens $85 million facility expansion

Russellville-based Taber Extrusions held a grand opening Tuesday (Sept. 15) of the $85 million expansion at its Russellville operation. The new facility and equipment – the largest direct extrusion press...

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Sep 15 • 1:33 PM EDT • Business • talkbusiness.net
How to watch Benjamin Russell vs Wetumpka high school football

You can watch Benjamin Russell football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Wetumpka.

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Oct 2 • 7:06 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Trump Is Destroying Public Health. Democrats Need to Fight Back.

If they win in the midterms, the party must move quickly and aggressively to undo the harm Trump and his cronies have caused. It is truly difficult to keep up with the pace of OMB Director Russell Vou...

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Sep 25 • 5:23 AM EDT • Health • yahoo.com
Russell Peters opens up about race, politics and why he still needs comedy

Russell Peters talks race, prejudice, politics, and why making people laugh still matters.

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Sep 8 • 3:02 PM EDT • Politics • metrotimes.com
In brief: 'Yaga' gets AMC+ premiere date and more

We now know when the upcoming series Yaga will debut on AMC+. The new mystery-thriller series will premiere its first two episodes on Oct. 23. The streamer also released a sneak peek clip of the show that reimagines the myth of Baba Yaga. Noah Reid, Hudson Williams, Clark Backo and Carrie-Anne Moss star in the series ...Did you miss the film Tuner when it was in theaters earlier this year? Not to worry. The movie will mark its streaming premiere to Paramount+ on Sept. 21. Tuner follows a gifted young piano tuner who uses his heightened sense of hearing to open safes in the world of high-stakes theft. Leo Woodall, Dustin Hoffman and Havana Rose Liu star in the crime thriller ... TNCMS.AdManager.render({region: 'fixed-big-ad-top-asset', slot: 1, fold: "above"}); Ben Platt and Russell Tovey are disrupting the industry. Well, the cast of Industry, that is. HBO has announced that Platt and Tovey have joined the cast of the upcoming fifth and final season of the drama series. The season is currently in production ...Copyright © 2026, ABC Audio. All rights reserved. Thank you for reading kmaland.comAt KMA, we attempt to be accurate in our reporting. If you see a typo or mistake in a story, please contact us by emailing kmaradio@kmaland.com.

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Sep 15 • 8:30 AM EDT • Entertainment • kmaland.com
‘The Rivals of Amziah King’ Review: There’s No Business Like Bee Business

Matthew McConaughey stars as an Oklahoma honeymaker in a perplexing film that also features Kurt Russell and Angelina LookingGlass.

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Aug 13 • 3:42 PM EDT • Business • wsj.com
Jean Arnault, Russell Wilson, and Gordon Ramsey Headline Expanded F1 Business Summit

The F1 Business Summit, announced to be returning to the Las Vegas Strip just over two months ago, finally has a keynote and a full list of panelists to round o

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Sep 30 • 10:07 AM EDT • Business • si.com
Russell dismisses wall scare as cause of Madrid qualifying slump

George Russell explained the difficult qualifying session that left him only sixth on the grid for the Madrid Grand Prix, while Mercedes teammate Kimi Antonelli will start from the front row alongside Lando Norris. The British driver endured a difficult qualifying session, once again losing out to the championship leader in the intra-team battle.

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Sep 13 • 7:44 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Redevelopment of Busy Bee site in Eastern Market gets $1.5M state boost

Property owner and developer Roger Basmajian is planning 17 apartments and 6,100 square feet of retail space at Gratiot Avenue and Russell Street in Detroit.

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Jul 29 • 11:53 AM EDT • Business • crainsdetroit.com
The Power of Shared Pregnancy: Parents Build Bonds Before Babies' Arrival

Soft squeals of joy interrupted the quiet at the Birth Center of Denver each time a new stroller pushed its way through the door.“You guys, look at us!” said new mom Courtney Allison, with her 6-week-old snuggled into her baby carrier.“Yeah, we’re like parents and stuff,” fellow new mom Riley Russell responded.Moms were beaming. After ...

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Sep 11 • 4:58 PM EDT • Health • news.intermountainhealth.org
Josh Allen earns Russell Wilson MVP endorsement after torching Texans

Week 1 of the NFL season is officially in the books, and Josh Allen is already receiving MVP endorsements . Super Bowl champion quarterback and new CBS NFL analyst Russell Wilson appeared on the Set Hut podcast and shared where he thinks Allen will land in MVP voting. After significant buzz around Josh Allen’s viability as an MVP, he finally won […] The post Josh Allen earns Russell Wilson MVP endorsement after torching Texans appeared first on ClutchPoints.

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Sep 15 • 5:45 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Content creator Cameron Parker talks community, consistency and career pivots with RCOB students - Gary W. Rollins College of Business

Content creator Cameron Parker spoke to Professor Ryan Russell's Social Media class at UTC's Gary W. Rollins College of Business about authenticity, consistency and turning content into a career.

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Sep 11 • 2:48 PM EDT • Business • blog.utc.edu
Leclerc Points at Ferrari: “We Have Lost Pure Performance”

The Monegasque is not satisfied with third position in the Sprint qualifying in Singapore, assures that the SF-26 has lost competitiveness in the last races and that it is still not at the level of Verstappen and Russell over one lap.

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Oct 11 • 1:30 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Here’s What Lifted BrightSpring Health Services (BTSG)

Carillon Tower Advisers, an investment management company, released its second-quarter 2026 investor letter for the “Carillon Eagle Small Cap Growth Fund”. The letter can be downloaded here. Small-cap stocks rallied broadly in the second quarter, with the Russell 2000 Growth Index (+25.71%) outpacing Value +17.24%). Information Technology (+46.79%) led all sectors, supported by solid gains […]

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Sep 21 • 10:01 AM EDT • Health • finance.yahoo.com
Washington Wizards Free Agent Player Profile: Russell Westbrook

With still one roster spot to fill, we take a look at whether veteran Russell Westbrook is a sensible fit for the Washington Wizards in 2026-27

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Jul 28 • 6:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
All About Alabama QB Keelon Russell’s Family

His dad is a former college football player.

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Oct 10 • 12:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Heisman Watch: Alabama's Keelon Russell could continue his climb with a big win over Georgia
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Oct 7 • 9:34 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Why Alphabet (GOOGL) Is Proving AI Can Strengthen Its Search Business

Aristotle Capital Management, LLC, an investment management company, released its “Value Equity Fund” Q2 2026 investor letter. A copy of the letter can be downloaded here. The Fund delivered a 4.32% total return in Q2 2026, underperforming the 13.87% gain for the Russell 1000 Value Index and the 15.20% return for the S&P 500, while […]

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Aug 28 • 12:42 PM EDT • Business • finance.yahoo.com
Oil prices fall on signs Middle East crude flows recovering

Oil prices declined as Saudi Arabia resumed crude exports via the East-West pipeline, easing concerns over supply disruptions amid the US-Israeli war on Iran.

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Sep 29 • 3:37 PM EDT • Business • virginiabusiness.com
Russell Brand arrives at a London court for his trial on rape and sexual assault charges

Comedian Russell Brand has arrived at a London court for the opening of his trial on charges of rape and sexual assault | WBBM Newsradio 780 AM & 105.9 FM

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Oct 12 • 4:36 AM EDT • Entertainment • audacy.com
Needling for change: the surprisingly political history of knitting

Labour MP Deborah Russell’s knitting caused a stir in parliament. But the humble craft has a long history as a tool for protest, solidarity and political change.

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Sep 10 • 7:07 PM EDT • Politics • theconversation.com
Alpine's Gasly beats Russell to stunning Monza pole

Alpine driver Pierre Gasly takes a stunning pole position at the Italian Grand Prix, ahead of Mercedes' George Russell.

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Sep 5 • 11:15 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Vietnam joins FTSE Russell emerging market benchmark

HANOI, Sept 21 (Reuters) - Vietnamese stocks were added to FTSE Russell's emerging market indexes on Monday, marking a milestone for the country's stock market after years of reforms aimed

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Sep 20 • 10:35 PM EDT • Business • lufkindailynews.com
Marker Lectures in Physics set for Sept. 30, Oct. 1

Jun Ye, professor of physics and JILA Fellow at the University of Colorado Boulder, will present the 2026 Russell E. Marker Lectures in Physics on Sept. 30 and Oct. 1 on the Penn State University Park campus. These free public lectures are sponsored by the Penn State Eberly College of Science.

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Sep 4 • 2:11 PM EDT • Science • psu.edu
Wins and Losses Ep: 41

Titus, Jackson and Jeff are back to discuss Russell Westbrook's retirement and Western Slope high school football. Plus, who are this week's winners and losers?

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Aug 17 • 12:37 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
🙂 Positive (30%)
Does Kentucky Have Any Chance to Upset Alabama?

Let’s get one thing out of the way. Alabama should beat Kentucky. The Crimson Tide are around 10.5-point favorites , have considerably more talent and looked dominant in their 48-10 Week 1 victory over East Carolina. But does Kentucky have a chance? Absolutely. Make Keelon Russell Look Young This is the biggest key. Keelon Russell…

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Sep 9 • 1:41 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
‘Watermelons’: Zack Polanski and the rise of the ‘green outside, red inside’ eco-populists

Author Russell Warfield argues the Green leader’s brand of politics is not new but has evolved in the party over time

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Sep 23 • 9:52 AM EDT • Politics • theguardian.com
Hampshire need miracle to avoid relegation

Hampshire cricket head coach Russell Domingo believes his side need "a bit of a miracle" if they are to remain a Division One side in the County Championship.

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Sep 11 • 10:11 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time

This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe

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